{
    "tag": 18351,
    "title": "Point Shapefiles of Locations and Results of Ocean Bottom Ferromanganese Crusts Chemical Analyses Published in Appendix C of USGS Open-File Report 89-020",
    "pubdate": "2014",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "89-020",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/whcmsc\/open_file_report\/ofr1989-0020\/tables1-18_ofr89-020_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "The chemical compositions and natural distribution of ferromanganese crusts have been a topic of interest to scientific research, as well as to industrial and military applications.  These crusts form largely on hard substrates in marine environments largely free from heavy amounts of sedimentation.  They are distinct from ferromanganese nodules that form in abyssal geographic locations, by their chemical composition, mineralogy, and source of metals.  A database containing analytical data pertaining to globally distributed crust samples was assembled from published and unpublished sources.  These sources come from academic and government research laboratories, with contributions from U.S. and international sources. > Manheim and Lane-Bostwick (1989) provide analytical results gathered from published and unpublished sources in a series of 20 tables in Appendix C: >Table 1 - Composition of crusts analyzed by the USGS Reston analytical laboratories  >Table 2 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by USGS Woods Hole analytical laboratories  >Table 3 - Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by Bureau of Mines Avondale analytical laboratories  >Table 4 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by the Technical University, Clausthal-Zellerfield (TUCLZ) and the German Geological Survey  >Table 5 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed onboard the SP Lee cruises L5-83HW and L5-84CP using Portaspec XRF  >Table 5a - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed onboard the R\/V Sonne cruises Midpac2a and Midpac2b using XRF  >Table 6 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by the Japanese (Usui, unpublished data)  >Table 7 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by Analytical Services Company (cruise KK84)  >Table 8 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by Aplin (PhD. thesis) - major and minor analyses; Table 8a - Composition of ferromanganese crusts analyzed by Aplin (PhD. thesis) - rare earth elements  >Table 9 - Composition of crusts from the Scripps Nodule Databank - major and minor analyses  >Table 10 - Trace analyses of crusts from the Scripps Nodule Databank  >Table 11 - Composition of Manganese oxide as reported by the NGDC - major and minor analyses  >Table 12 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts as reported in Glasby (written communication), Dillard and Crowther (1984) and Exon (1982)  >Table 13 - Composition of ferromanganese crusts as reported in Volkov and others (1976) and Dymond and others (1984)  >Table 14 - Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts as reported in Goddard and others (1987)  >Table 15 - Chemical composition of ferromanganese crust layers as reported in Goddard and others (1987)  >Table 16 - Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts as reported in DeCarlo and others (1987)  >Table 17 - Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts as reported in DeCarlo and others (1987)  >Table 18 - Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts as reported in OF87-281 (Hein and others, 1987). > Citation list: > Aplin, A.C., 1983, The geochemistry and environment of deposition of some ferromanganese oxide deposits from the south equatorial Pacific: D.Sc. dissertation, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, 347 p. > DeCarlo, E.H., McMurtry, G.M., and Kim, K.H., 1987, Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago Exclusive Economic Zone - Northern survey areas; Deep-Sea Research, v. 34, p. 441-467. > Dillard, J.D., Crowther, D.L., 1984, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of ferromanganese nodules: Chemical speciation for selected transition metals: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 5, p. 1565-1569. > Dymond, J., Lyle, M., Finney, B., Piper, D.Z., Murphy, K., Conard, R., and Pisia, N., 1984, Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R - Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 931-949. > Exon, N.F., 1982, Offshore sediments, phosphorite and manganese nodules in the Samoan region, southwest pacific: Southwest Pacific Marine Geological Notes, v. 2, no. 7, p. 103-120. > Goddard, D.A., Thompson, G., Jones, E.J.W., and Okada, H., 1987, The chemistry and mineralogy of ferromanganese encrustations on rocks from the Sierra Leone Rise, Equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge and New England Seamount Chain: Marine Geology, v. 77, p. 87-98. > Hein, J.R., Fleishman, C.L., Morgenson, L.A., Bloomer, S.H., and Stern, R.J., 1987, Submarine ferromanganese deposits from the Mariana and Volcano volcanic arcs, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-281, 9 p. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/ofr87281. > Manheim, F.T., Lane-Bostwick, C.M., 1989, Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts in the world ocean: A review and comprehensive database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-020,  https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/1989\/0020\/pdf\/ofr89-20_ver1-1.pdf > Volkov, I.I., Fomina, L.S., and Yagadinskaya, T.A., 1976, Chemical composition of iron-manganese concretions of the Pacific Ocean on the transect from Wake Atoll to the Mexican coast (in Russian), in Volkov, I.I. (ed.), Biokhimiya Diageneza Osadkov Okeana, Nauka, Moscow, p. 186-204.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Manheim, Frank T.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Bostwick, Candice M.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1390",
            "name": "aluminum",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Al and atomic number 13 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/13.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1393",
            "name": "antimony",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/51.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1396",
            "name": "arsenic",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol As and atomic number 33 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/33.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "69",
            "name": "atomic absorption analysis",
            "scope": "Technique used to identify chemicals based on the measurement of the spectra produced by atoms and molecules with absorption of electromagnetic radiation."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1342",
            "name": "atomic emission spectroscopy",
            "scope": "Chemical detection of element concentration by examining the intensity and wavelength of light emitted from the sample when gaseous sample is ionized and maintained in a plasma state."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1403",
            "name": "barium",
            "scope": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/56.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1406",
            "name": "beryllium",
            "scope": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Be and atomic number 4 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/4.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1409",
            "name": "bismuth",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/83.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1412",
            "name": "boron",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol B and atomic number 5 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/5.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1417",
            "name": "cadmium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/48.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1418",
            "name": "calcium",
            "scope": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/20.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1420",
            "name": "carbon",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol C and atomic number 6 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/6.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1423",
            "name": "cerium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/58.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1428",
            "name": "chlorine",
            "scope": "Halogen element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/17.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1429",
            "name": "chromium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/24.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1433",
            "name": "cobalt",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Co and atomic number 27 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/27.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1434",
            "name": "copper",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/29.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1444",
            "name": "dysprosium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/66.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1447",
            "name": "erbium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Er and atomic number 68 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/68.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1450",
            "name": "europium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/63.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "379",
            "name": "field sampling",
            "scope": "Collecting pieces or specimens or making measurements or observations at determined intervals or areas.  Results may be used as representative of the whole research area or population."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1454",
            "name": "fluorine",
            "scope": "Halogen element with symbol F and atomic number 9 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/9.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1459",
            "name": "gadolinium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/64.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1460",
            "name": "gallium",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/31.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "437",
            "name": "geochemistry",
            "scope": "Study of the distribution of chemical elements and natural compounds on the earth and in the atmosphere and the chemical processes that affect the earth."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "474",
            "name": "geospatial datasets",
            "scope": "Collections of related digital information that are geographically referenced."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1466",
            "name": "hafnium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/72.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1474",
            "name": "holmium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/67.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1483",
            "name": "iron",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/26.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1490",
            "name": "lanthanum",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol La and atomic number 57 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/57.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1492",
            "name": "lead",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/82.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1497",
            "name": "lutetium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/71.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1498",
            "name": "magnesium",
            "scope": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/12.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1499",
            "name": "manganese",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/25.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1503",
            "name": "mercury",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/80.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "745",
            "name": "mineral resources",
            "scope": "Natural occurrences of useful inorganic elements or compounds."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1509",
            "name": "molybdenum",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/42.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1516",
            "name": "neodymium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/60.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1520",
            "name": "nickel",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/28.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1534",
            "name": "palladium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/46.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1537",
            "name": "phosphorus",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol P and atomic number 15 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/15.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1538",
            "name": "platinum",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/78.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1543",
            "name": "potassium",
            "scope": "Alkali metal element with symbol K and atomic number 19 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/19.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1545",
            "name": "praseodymium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/59.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1559",
            "name": "rhodium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/45.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1566",
            "name": "samarium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/62.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1569",
            "name": "scandium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/21.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1025",
            "name": "sea-floor characteristics",
            "scope": "Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1035",
            "name": "sedimentary rocks",
            "scope": "Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose, uncemented pieces of sediments."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1572",
            "name": "selenium",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol Se and atomic number 34 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/34.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1575",
            "name": "silicon",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol si and atomic number 14 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/14.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1576",
            "name": "silver",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/47.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1579",
            "name": "sodium",
            "scope": "Alkali metal element with symbol Na and atomic number 11 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/11.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1581",
            "name": "strontium",
            "scope": "Alkaline earth element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/38.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1582",
            "name": "sulfur",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol S and atomic number 16 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/16.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1589",
            "name": "tellurium",
            "scope": "Nonmetal element with symbol Te and atomic number 52 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/52.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1590",
            "name": "terbium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/65.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1592",
            "name": "thallium",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/81.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1593",
            "name": "thorium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol Th and atomic number 90 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/90.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1594",
            "name": "thulium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/69.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1596",
            "name": "tin",
            "scope": "Metalloid element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/50.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1597",
            "name": "titanium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/22.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1600",
            "name": "tungsten",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol W and atomic number 74 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/74.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1605",
            "name": "uranium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (actinide series) element with symbol U and atomic number 92 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/92.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1610",
            "name": "vanadium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol V and atomic number 23 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/23.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "2001",
            "name": "x-ray fluorescence",
            "scope": "Estimation of chemical element concentration by measuring the energy level of secondary X-rays generated when the sample is bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1616",
            "name": "ytterbium",
            "scope": "Rare earth (lanthanide series) element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/70.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1617",
            "name": "yttrium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Y and atomic number 39 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/39.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1618",
            "name": "zinc",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/30.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1619",
            "name": "zirconium",
            "scope": "Metal element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40 <http:\/\/periodic.lanl.gov\/40.shtml>"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 3,
            "code": "686",
            "name": "mineral deposit areas",
            "scope": "Areas where masses of naturally occurring mineral material are found, e.g. metal ores or nonmetallic minerals. [Adapted from Glossary of Geology, 4th ed.]"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}