{
    "tag": 7723,
    "title": "Time-series coral-cover data from Hawaii, Florida, Mo'orea, and the Virgin Islands",
    "pubdate": "20180430",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "doi:10.5066\/F78W3C7W",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/spcmsc\/Coral_Cover_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "Coral reefs around the world have degraded over the last half-century as evidenced by loss of live coral cover. This ubiquitous observation led to the establishment of long-term, ecological monitoring programs in several regions with sizable coral-reef resources. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis working group \"Local-scale ecosystem resilience amid global-scale ocean change: the coral reef example,\" scientists gathered resultant data from four of these programs in the main Hawaiian Islands, the Florida Keys, Mo'orea in French Polynesia, and St. John in the U.S. Virgin Islands to examine among-site, within-region spatial and temporal variation in coral cover. Data from the four focal regions represent spatial scales ranging from ~80 to 17,000 km2. The surveys chosen for the analysis were carried out at fixed sites between 1992 and 2015. Survey durations differed among focal regions and extended from 11 years at Mo'orea to 24 years at some of the sites in St. John. One hundred and twenty-three fixed sites (defined here as distinct surveys carried out within a defined reef habitat, depth range, or area of shoreline) were surveyed repeatedly (annually or every few years) in each focal region. Only sites with surveys extending over a decade or more and with at least 3 years of surveys were used so as to capture a variety of disturbance events (for example, El Ni\u00f1o events, major storms, etc.). Each focal region has experienced disturbances such as overfishing, disease pandemics, thermal stress, pollution, invasive species, predator outbreaks, and major storms. The data gathered for analysis are provided in this data release and are interpreted in Guest and others (2018).",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Guest, James R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Edmunds, Peter J.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Gates, Ruth D.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Kuffner, Ilsa B.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Brown, Eric K.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Rodgers, Ku'ulei S.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Jokiel, Paul L.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Ruzicka, Robert R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Colella, Michael A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Miller, Jeff",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Atkinson, Andrea",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Feeley, Michael W.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Rogers, Caroline S.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Andersson, Andreas J.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Barnes, Brian B.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Chollett, Iliana",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Elahi, Robin",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Courtney, Travis A",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Gross, Kevin",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Lenz, Elizabeth A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Mitarai, Satoshi",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Mumby, Peter J.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Nelson, Hannah R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Parker, Britt A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Putnam, Hollie M.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Toth, Lauren T.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "53",
            "name": "aquatic biology",
            "scope": "The scientific study of organisms living in or near water.  This term is to be used for the science of 'aquatic biology' and for  biological studies in fresh and brackish water. For marine biological studies, use 'marine biology'."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "177",
            "name": "coelenterates",
            "scope": "Freshwater and marine invertebrates, such as corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones, belonging to the phylum Coelenterata and living as sedentary polyps or free swimming medusae."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "706",
            "name": "marine geology",
            "scope": "Branch of geology concerned with the composition, geologic history, and earth processes of the ocean floor and the continental margin."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "971",
            "name": "reef ecosystems",
            "scope": "Biological communities formed by the skeletons of calcareous seawater organisms, usually corals."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "007",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "Environmental resources, protection and conservation, for example environmental pollution, waste storage and treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring environmental risk, nature reserves, landscape, water quality, air quality, environmental modeling"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}