{
    "tag": 12125,
    "title": "Projected groundwater emergence and shoaling for coastal California using present-day and future sea-level rise scenarios",
    "pubdate": "20200811",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "DOI:10.5066\/P9H5PBXP",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/DataReleases\/ScienceBase\/DR_P9H5PBXP\/Groundwater_emergence_shoaling_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "Seamless unconfined groundwater heads for coastal California groundwater systems were modeled with homogeneous, steady-state MODFLOW simulations. The geographic extent examined was limited primarily to low-elevation (i.e. land surface less than approximately 10 m above mean sea level) areas. In areas where coastal elevations increase rapidly (e.g., bluff stretches), the model boundary was set approximately 1 kilometer inland of the present-day shoreline. Steady-state MODFLOW groundwater flow models were used to obtain detailed (10-meter-scale) predictions over large geographic scales (100s of kilometers) of groundwater heads for both current and future sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios (0 to 2 meters (m) in 0.25 m increments, 2.5 m, 3 m, and 5 m) using a range of horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kh) scenarios (0.1, 1, and 10 m\/day). For each SLR\/Kh combination, results are provided for two marine boundary conditions, local mean sea level (LMSL) and mean higher-high water (MHHW), and two model versions. In the first model version, groundwater reaching the land surface is removed from the model, simulating loss via natural drainage. In the second model version, groundwater reaching the land surface is retained, simulating the worst-case \"linear\" response of groundwater head to sea-level rise. Modeled groundwater heads were then subtracted from high-resolution topographic digital elevation model (DEM) data to obtain the water table depths, which are represented as polygons for specific depth ranges in this dataset. Additional details about the groundwater model and data sources are outlined in Befus and others (2020) and in Groundwater_model_methods.pdf (available at https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/5b8ef008e4b0702d0e7ec72b?name=Groundwater_model_methods.pdf). Methods specific to groundwater head and water table depth products are outlined in Groundwater_head_and_water_table_depth_methods.pdf (available at https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/5bda1563e4b0b3fc5cec39b4?name=Groundwater_head _and_water_table_depth_methods.pdf). Methods specific to groundwater emergence and shoaling products are outlined in Groundwater_emergence_and_shoaling_methods.pdf (available at https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/5bd9f318e4b0b3fc5cec20ed?name=Groundwater_emergence_and_shoaling_methods.pdf). Please read the model details, data sources and methods summaries and inspect model output carefully. Data are complete for the information presented. Users should note that while the metadata Spatial Reference Information\/UTM Zone Number in this document is 10, some files in southern California are in UTM Zone 11, as noted in the Format Specification for individual downloadable files. As a result users may need to modify the metadata for automated import and display of Zone 11 datafiles.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Befus, Kevin M.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Hoover, Daniel J.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Barnard, Patrick",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Erikson, Li H.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "168",
            "name": "climate change",
            "scope": "Long-term alteration in the characteristic weather conditions of a region, such as changes in precipitation and temperature."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "291",
            "name": "earth sciences",
            "scope": "Broad term for all science related to the study of the earth."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "485",
            "name": "effects of climate change",
            "scope": "Characteristics and behaviors of organisms and earth systems that are modified as a result of changes in global, regional, or local climate."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "398",
            "name": "floods",
            "scope": "Relatively high water that overflows the natural or artificial banks of a stream or coastal area that submerges land not normally below water level."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "514",
            "name": "groundwater flow",
            "scope": "Movement of subsurface water in the saturated zone from areas of recharge to areas of discharge."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "713",
            "name": "mathematical modeling",
            "scope": "Operational representation of a system in which the characteristics and behaviors of the component processes, phenomena, or objects, understood using mathematical relationships, are represented by numerical values (measured or hypothetical), so that calculations carried out using them return numerical estimates of system parameters that were not measured directly."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1028",
            "name": "sea-level change",
            "scope": "Variation in the relative vertical position of land and ocean waters. Caused globally by changes in the distribution of ice masses and the shape of the oceans, and locally by the rate of uplift or subsidence of the land surface.  Includes both global (eustatic) and local (relative) sea-level variations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "012",
            "name": "inlandWaters",
            "scope": "Inland water features, drainage systems and characteristics, for example rivers and glaciers, salt lakes, water utilization plans, dams, currents, floods and flood hazards, water quality, hydrographic charts, watersheds, wetlands, hydrography"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "343",
            "name": "floods",
            "scope": "the loss of life, property, or natural resources due to a body of water exceeding its \"usual\" bounds."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "275",
            "name": "sea level change",
            "scope": "changes in sea level controlled by fluctuations in the volume of the polar ice caps; associated issues include the effects on coastlines and shallow benthic habitats."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [
        {
            "name": "https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/5b8ef008e4b0702d0e7ec72b?name=groundwater_model_map.png&allowOpen=true",
            "description": "Map of groundwater modeling coverage"
        }
    ],
    "fan": []
}