{
    "tag": 13036,
    "title": "Enhanced 1-meter Composite Grayscale Image of the Sidescan-Sonar Data From National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Survey H11079 of the Sea Floor in Great Round Shoal Channel, Offshore Massachusetts (H11079_UTM19_1MRSSS.TIF, UTM Zone 19)",
    "pubdate": "2008",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "2008-1196",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/whcmsc\/open_file_report\/ofr2008-1196\/h11079_utm19_1mrsss.tif.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (MA CZM), is producing detailed geologic maps of the coastal sea floor. Sidescan-sonar imagery, originally collected by NOAA for charting purposes, provide a fundamental framework for research and management activities along this part of the Massachusetts coastline, show the composition and terrain of the seabed, and provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitat. While acceptable for charting purposes, the original data contained numerous tonal artifacts due to environmental conditions (such as sea state), variable system settings (such as gain changes), attitude variations in the flight path of the towfish, or processing (such as lack of line to line normalization).  Many of these artifacts have now been removed by enhancing the imagery to provide a more continuous grayscale GeoTIFF that enhances the true backscatter character and trends of the sea floor.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Poppe, Lawrence J.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "McMullen, Katherine Y.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Williams, S. Jeffress",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Ackerman, Seth D.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Glomb, K. A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Forfinski, N. A.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "2046",
            "name": "image mosaics",
            "scope": "Composite images formed by overlapping existing images, typically arranged to achieve greater spatial coverage."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "707",
            "name": "marine geophysics",
            "scope": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the physical processes of the oceans and continental margins.  We include here studies of large bodies of brackish and fresh water, such as lakes and rivers."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "2053",
            "name": "sea-floor acoustic reflectivity",
            "scope": "Acoustic energy received by a sonar system, providing a measure of the roughness of the sea floor."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1025",
            "name": "sea-floor characteristics",
            "scope": "Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "2038",
            "name": "sidescan sonar",
            "scope": "Acoustic technique for creating oblique backscatter imagery of the seafloor or lakebed."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "010",
            "name": "imageryBaseMapsEarthCover",
            "scope": "Base maps, for example land\/earth cover, topographic maps, imagery, unclassified images, annotations, digital ortho imagery"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "3",
            "name": "Distributions",
            "scope": "Locations or patterns of a feature of interest across space and (or) time. These data can include point data, lines, polygons, and temporal data at any scale relevant to CMSP and can be produced by observation, interpolation, or modeling. Distributions can also include maps or statistics of climatology, the environmental values that are expected to be observed at the present time."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "738",
            "name": "marine geophysics",
            "scope": "used for geophysical and related studies of ocean basins and margins."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "173",
            "name": "seabed",
            "scope": "the floor of a sea or ocean."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "403",
            "name": "sidescan sonar",
            "scope": "acoustic technique for producing oblique imagery of the sea floor."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [
        {
            "name": "https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2008\/1196\/data\/sidescan\/h11079\/utm\/h11079_utm19_1mrsss.gif",
            "description": "Thumbnail image showing the reprocessed sidescan-sonar imagery produced from data collected during NOAA survey H11079"
        }
    ],
    "fan": []
}