{
    "tag": 15362,
    "title": "California State Waters Map Series--Offshore of San Francisco Web Services",
    "pubdate": "20150101",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": null,
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/SeriesReports\/DS_DDS\/DS_781\/XMLs_on_ScienceBase\/WebServices4SPN-HostedData\/SanFrancisco_webservices_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California\u2019s State Waters. The program supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues, including the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) (California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2008), which requires information about the distribution of ecosystems as part of the design and proposal process for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas. A focus of CSMP is to map California\u2019s State Waters with consistent methods at a consistent scale. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology data rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data.  This approach and CSMP planning is based in part on recommendations of the Marine Mapping Planning Workshop (Kvitek and others, 2006), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists from around the state. That workshop established geographic priorities for a coastal mapping project and identified the need for coverage of \u201clands\u201d from the shore strand line (defined as Mean Higher High Water; MHHW) out to the 3-nautical-mile (5.6-km) limit of California\u2019s State Waters. Unfortunately, surveying the zone from MHHW out to 10-m water depth is not consistently possible using ship-based surveying methods, owing to sea state (for example, waves, wind, or currents), kelp coverage, and shallow rock outcrops. Accordingly, some of the data presented in this series commonly do not cover the zone from the shore out to 10-m depth. This data is part of a series of online U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications, each of which includes several map sheets, some explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a PDF file. Geographic information system (GIS) files that contain both ESRI ArcGIS raster grids (for example, bathymetry, seafloor character) and geotiffs (for example, shaded relief) are also included for each publication. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at http:\/\/www.esri.com\/software\/arcgis\/arcreader\/index.html (last accessed September 20, 2013). The California Seafloor Mapping Program is a collaborative venture between numerous different federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. CSMP partners include the California Coastal Conservancy, the California Ocean Protection Council, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the California Geological Survey, California State University at Monterey Bay\u2019s Seafloor Mapping Lab, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center for Habitat Studies, Fugro Pelagos, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, including National Ocean Service\u2013Office of Coast Surveys, National Marine Sanctuaries, and National Marine Fisheries Service), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. These web services for the Offshore of San Francisco map area includes data layers that are associated to GIS and map sheets available from the USGS CSMP web page at https:\/\/walrus.wr.usgs.gov\/mapping\/csmp\/index.html. Each published CSMP map area includes a data catalog of geographic information system (GIS) files; map sheets that contain explanatory text; and an associated descriptive pamphlet. This web service represents the available data layers for this map area. Data was combined from different sonar surveys to generate a comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter coverage of the map area. These data reveal a range of physiographic including exposed bedrock outcrops, large fields of sand waves, as well as many human impacts on the seafloor. To validate geological and biological interpretations of the sonar data, the U.S. Geological Survey towed a camera sled over specific offshore locations, collecting both video and photographic imagery; these \u201cground-truth\u201d surveying data are available from the CSMP Video and Photograph Portal at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F7J1015K. The \u201cseafloor character\u201d data layer shows classifications of the seafloor on the basis of depth, slope, rugosity (ruggedness), and backscatter intensity and which is further informed by the ground-truth-survey imagery. The \u201cpotential habitats\u201d polygons are delineated on the basis of substrate type, geomorphology, seafloor process, or other attributes that may provide a habitat for a specific species or assemblage of organisms. Representative seismic-reflection profile data from the map area is also include and provides information on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the map area. The distribution and thickness of young sediment (deposited over the past about 21,000 years, during the most recent sea-level rise) is interpreted on the basis of the seismic-reflection data. The geologic polygons merge onshore geologic mapping (compiled from existing maps by the California Geological Survey) and new offshore geologic mapping that is based on integration of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter imagery seafloor-sediment and rock samplesdigital camera and video imagery, and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. The information provided by the map sheets, pamphlet, and data catalog has a broad range of applications. High-resolution bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, ground-truth-surveying imagery, and habitat mapping all contribute to habitat characterization and ecosystem-based management by providing essential data for delineation of marine protected areas and ecosystem restoration. Many of the maps provide high-resolution baselines that will be critical for monitoring environmental change associated with climate change, coastal development, or other forcings. High-resolution bathymetry is a critical component for modeling coastal flooding caused by storms and tsunamis, as well as inundation associated with longer term sea-level rise. Seismic-reflection and bathymetric data help characterize earthquake and tsunami sources, critical for natural-hazard assessments of coastal zones. Information on sediment distribution and thickness is essential to the understanding of local and regional sediment transport, as well as the development of regional sediment-management plans. In addition, siting of any new offshore infrastructure (for example, pipelines, cables, or renewable-energy facilities) will depend on high-resolution mapping. Finally, this mapping will both stimulate and enable new scientific research and also raise public awareness of, and education about, coastal environments and issues.  Web services were created using an ArcGIS service definition file. The ArcGIS REST service and OGC WMS service include all Offshore of San Francisco map area data layers. Data layers are symbolized as shown on the associated map sheets.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Cochrane, Guy R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Johnson, Samuel Y.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Dartnell, Peter",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Greene, H. Gary",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Erdey, Mercedes D.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Golden, Nadine E.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Hartwell, Stephen R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Endris, Charles. A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Manson, Michael W.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Sliter, Ray W.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Kvitek, Rikk G.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Watt, Janet T.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Ross, Stephanie L.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Bruns, Terry R.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "445",
            "name": "geographic information systems",
            "scope": "Computer software that allows geospatially referenced data to be linked to geographic features. Use this term only for information that is about GIS and not for the use of GIS in applications and projects."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1284",
            "name": "visualization methods",
            "scope": "The application of two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphical techniques for the analysis and interpretation of complex numerical data."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "007",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "Environmental resources, protection and conservation, for example environmental pollution, waste storage and treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring environmental risk, nature reserves, landscape, water quality, air quality, environmental modeling"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "007",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "Environmental resources, protection and conservation, for example environmental pollution, waste storage and treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring environmental risk, nature reserves, landscape, water quality, air quality, environmental modeling"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "010",
            "name": "imageryBaseMapsEarthCover",
            "scope": "Base maps, for example land\/earth cover, topographic maps, imagery, unclassified images, annotations, digital ortho imagery"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "010",
            "name": "imageryBaseMapsEarthCover",
            "scope": "Base maps, for example land\/earth cover, topographic maps, imagery, unclassified images, annotations, digital ortho imagery"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "22",
            "name": "Bathymetry and Elevation",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the height of a location above or below a reference surface. Bathymetry is the elevation of the Earth's surface beneath a body of water, especially the ocean, typically determined by measurements of depth from the water surface at mean lower low water. Distributions are topographic maps and bathymetric charts based on collected data and also include smoothed or gridded maps of bathymetry and elevation from observational data or other associated factors. Assessment data types include models of ecological value, economic value, or current rates of alterations due to erosion, accretion, climate change, and other stressors (for example, wetland habitat loss). Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of bathymetry, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces such as erosion, deposition, sea-level rise, and dredging activities; predictions also include the results of scenario-based models of bathymetry changes under different management strategies."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "3",
            "name": "Distributions",
            "scope": "Locations or patterns of a feature of interest across space and (or) time. These data can include point data, lines, polygons, and temporal data at any scale relevant to CMSP and can be produced by observation, interpolation, or modeling. Distributions can also include maps or statistics of climatology, the environmental values that are expected to be observed at the present time."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "23",
            "name": "Substrate",
            "scope": "Represents the character and composition of the surface and near surface of the sea floor in subtidal or intertidal areas, as defined in the Substrate Component of CMECS or in similar classification systems. Distributions are records of substrate characteristics based on visual or photographic inspection or on analysis of samples and cores, and they also include interpretive maps classifying areas on the basis of combinations of observations, hydrodynamic models, or geological models. Assessments include evaluations of present ecological or economic values of substrate distributions, drivers of substrate change, and functions of substrates. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future substrate distributions, values, or ecological impacts, including predicted substrate changes due to natural and human forces including erosion, accretion, sea-level change, extraction, trawling, or other factors; and they are the results of scenario-based models of substrate changes on ecological or economic values under different management strategies or other human alterations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "GC-044",
            "name": "Continental\/Island Shelf",
            "scope": "Physiographic Setting: That part of the continental margin that is between the shoreline and the continental slope (or a depth or 200 meters when there is no noticeable continental slope); it is characterized by its very gentle slope of 0.1\u00b0. ..."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "AS-013",
            "name": "Marine Nearshore Subtidal",
            "scope": "Tidal Zone: The substrate is generally continuously submerged in this zone and includes those areas below MLLW."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "AS-016",
            "name": "Marine Offshore Subtidal",
            "scope": "Tidal Zone: The substrate is subtidal and continuously submerged in this zone and includes those areas below MLLW."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "SC-026",
            "name": "Rock Substrate",
            "scope": "Substrate Class: Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock with particle sizes greater than or equal to 4.0 meters (4,096 millimeters) in any dimension that cover 50% or greater of the Geologic Substrate surface."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "GC-037",
            "name": "Transform Continental Margin",
            "scope": "Tectonic Setting: A feature defined by the transform fault that develops during continental rifting. ..."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "SC-029",
            "name": "Unconsolidated Mineral Substrate",
            "scope": "Substrate Class: Geologic Substrates with less than 50% cover of Rock Substrate. ..."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [
        {
            "name": "https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/5553dbbde4b0a92fa7e94e7c?name=thumbnail.png",
            "description": "map of Offshore of San Francisco"
        }
    ],
    "fan": []
}