{
    "tag": 15021,
    "title": "Global compilation of published gas hydrate-related bottom simulating reflections",
    "pubdate": "20230202",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "DOI:10.5066\/P9IW5CL7",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/whcmsc\/SB_data_release\/DR_P9IW5CL7\/USGS_DigitizedBSRs.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "Bottom simulating reflections (BSRs) are seismic features that are imaged in marine sediments using high-energy, impulsive seismic sources such as air guns or generator-injector guns. BSRs often cut across sediment stratigraphy and are interpreted as marking the deepest depth at which gas hydrate can exist. Gas hydrate is a naturally occurring and widely distributed frozen form of water and gas (usually methane) stable at low temperatures (up to about 25 degrees Celsius [\u00b0C]) and intermediate pressures (those that usually correspond to greater than 500 meters water depth). BSRs have been mapped in all the world\u2019s oceans, in inland seas (such as the Black Sea), and in Lake Baikal in Russia. This data release consists of a GeoPackage that compiles digitized BSR maps from published scientific papers and other sources into a single resource, with attribution to the original researchers. An associated spreadsheet provides the same descriptive information about each of the original BSR maps in a form accessible without opening the GeoPackage. A GeoPackage is an open-source, platform-independent, standards-based package of geospatial data for a geographic information system (GIS). To formulate the dataset, published BSR maps were georeferenced, digitized, and converted to a common geographic coordinate system, and the resulting files were assigned a quality factor based on characteristics of the original maps and the difficulty of georeferencing. As described in detail in the associated metadata, most maps had a single polygon or multiple polygons enclosing the area where BSRs were recognized by the original researchers. Some maps had only circles or ovals around areas interpreted as containing BSRs, and these geometric shapes were digitized for the database. A few maps indicated the precise segments of individual seismic lines where BSRs are identified, resulting in BSRs being digitized as polylines instead of polygons. Polygons for BSRs in the northern Gulf of Mexico and U.S. Atlantic margin are based on files provided for direct release (no georeferencing necessary) by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "How, Amelia R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Ruppel, Carolyn D.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "427",
            "name": "gas hydrate resources",
            "scope": "Deposits of a crystalline solid in which water molecules trap gas molecules, usually methane, in a cagelike structure known as a clathrate occurring in sediments overlain by cold deep water."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "707",
            "name": "marine geophysics",
            "scope": "Branch of earth sciences concerned with the physical processes of the oceans and continental margins.  We include here studies of large bodies of brackish and fresh water, such as lakes and rivers."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "770",
            "name": "natural gas resources",
            "scope": "Stocks of naturally formed hydrocarbon gases which are usually associated with petroleum fields.  Useful for heating, they are principally methane, but can be ethane, butane, or propane."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1025",
            "name": "sea-floor characteristics",
            "scope": "Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1045",
            "name": "seismic reflection methods",
            "scope": "Geophysical technique to study the subsurface of the earth using sound waves induced by explosives, vibrating devices, or percussive equipment.  The reflections of the sound waves from the boundaries of different rocks are measured."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "007",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "Environmental resources, protection and conservation, for example environmental pollution, waste storage and treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring environmental risk, nature reserves, landscape, water quality, air quality, environmental modeling"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "BS-001",
            "name": "Arctic",
            "scope": "Realm"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "BS-016",
            "name": "Beaufort Sea Continental Coast and Shelf",
            "scope": "Ecoregion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "AS-005",
            "name": "Marine Offshore",
            "scope": "Subsystem: The Marine Offshore Subsystem extends from the 30 meter depth contour to the continental shelf break, as defined by the maximum slope discontinuity with a rapid change in gradient of 3\u00b0 or greater at the outer edge of the continental shelf. ..."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "BS-023",
            "name": "Northern Gulf of Mexico",
            "scope": "Ecoregion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "WC-1350",
            "name": "Seep",
            "scope": "Biogeochemical Feature: Area on the ocean bottom where fluid slowly emerges. ..."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "BS-002",
            "name": "Temperate Northern Atlantic",
            "scope": "Realm"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 62,
            "code": "BS-003",
            "name": "Temperate Northern Pacific",
            "scope": "Realm"
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [
        {
            "name": "https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/63caaf8cd34e06fef14f3e2a?name=BSRbrowsegraphic.png",
            "description": "Image of global BSRs (red) included this release"
        }
    ],
    "fan": []
}