{
    "tag": 18299,
    "title": "Projections of coastal flood durations for Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast (2015-2100)",
    "pubdate": "20240213",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "DOI:10.5066\/P9I08NS5",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/DataReleases\/CMGDS_DR_tool\/DR_P9I08NS5\/duration_D1_CoSMoS_WA_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "Projected flood duration associated with compound coastal flood hazards for future sea-level rise (SLR) and storm scenarios are provided for Whatcom County, Washington, in a series of raster geotiff files. Projections were made using a system of numerical models with atmospheric forcing, tides, sea level position and stream discharge driven by output from Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The resulting computed coastal flood duration along the Whatcom County coast due to predicted sea level rise and future storm conditions consider the changing climate. In addition to sea-level rise, flood simulations run by these numerical models included dynamic contributions from tide, storm surge, wind, waves, and seasonal sea-level fluctuations. In the absence of concordant downscaled GCM stream discharge, daily average stream discharge was fed to the model. Outputs include flood durations from the combinations of SLR scenarios (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0 m) storm conditions including 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year and 100-year return interval storms and a background condition (no storm - astronomic tide and average atmospheric conditions). Predicted flood duration during the largest annual astronomic tides (King Tide) in combination with an average storm surge scenario are also provided.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Grossman, Eric E.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "VanArendonk, Nathan R.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Crosby, Sean C.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Tehranirad, Babak",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Nederhoff, Kees M.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Parker, Kai A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Barnard, Patrick",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Erikson, Li H.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Danielson, Jeffrey J.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "168",
            "name": "climate change",
            "scope": "Long-term alteration in the characteristic weather conditions of a region, such as changes in precipitation and temperature."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "291",
            "name": "earth sciences",
            "scope": "Broad term for all science related to the study of the earth."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "485",
            "name": "effects of climate change",
            "scope": "Characteristics and behaviors of organisms and earth systems that are modified as a result of changes in global, regional, or local climate."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "398",
            "name": "floods",
            "scope": "Relatively high water that overflows the natural or artificial banks of a stream or coastal area that submerges land not normally below water level."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "713",
            "name": "mathematical modeling",
            "scope": "Operational representation of a system in which the characteristics and behaviors of the component processes, phenomena, or objects, understood using mathematical relationships, are represented by numerical values (measured or hypothetical), so that calculations carried out using them return numerical estimates of system parameters that were not measured directly."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1028",
            "name": "sea-level change",
            "scope": "Variation in the relative vertical position of land and ocean waters. Caused globally by changes in the distribution of ice masses and the shape of the oceans, and locally by the rate of uplift or subsidence of the land surface.  Includes both global (eustatic) and local (relative) sea-level variations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1102",
            "name": "storms",
            "scope": "Atmospheric disturbances with winds of unusual force or direction. Accompanied by rain, snow, hail, or sleet, and often by thunder and lightning."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1690",
            "name": "wind",
            "scope": "Local air movements."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "004",
            "name": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere",
            "scope": "Processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, for example cloud cover, weather, climate, atmospheric conditions, climate change, precipitation"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "336",
            "name": "coastal erosion",
            "scope": "the erosion of the area adjacent to an ocean, sea, or lake, often resulting in shoreline changes."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "343",
            "name": "floods",
            "scope": "the loss of life, property, or natural resources due to a body of water exceeding its \"usual\" bounds."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "275",
            "name": "sea level change",
            "scope": "changes in sea level controlled by fluctuations in the volume of the polar ice caps; associated issues include the effects on coastlines and shallow benthic habitats."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "28",
            "name": "waves",
            "scope": "used for waves acting as agents of erosion and sediment transport in coastal and nearshore environments."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}