{
    "tag": 15402,
    "title": "Coast Train--Labeled imagery for training and evaluation of data-driven models for image segmentation",
    "pubdate": "20220319",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "DOI:10.5066\/P91NP87I",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/DataReleases\/CMGDS_DR_tool\/DR_P91NP87I\/CoastTrain_imagery_details_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "Coast Train is a library of images of coastal environments, annotations, and corresponding thematic label masks (or \u2018label images\u2019) collated for the purposes of training and evaluating machine learning (ML), deep learning, and other models for image segmentation. It includes image sets from both geospatial satellite, aerial, and UAV imagery and orthomosaics, as well as non-geospatial oblique and nadir imagery. Images include a diverse range of coastal environments from the U.S. Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, and Great Lakes coastlines, consisting of time-series of high-resolution (\u22641m) orthomosaics and satellite image tiles (10\u201330m). Each image, image annotation, and labelled image is available as a single NPZ zipped file. NPZ files follow the following naming convention: {datasource}_{numberofclasses}_{threedigitdatasetversion}.zip, where {datasource} is the source of the original images (for example, NAIP, Landsat 8, Sentinel 2), {numberofclasses} is the number of classes used to annotate the images, and {threedigitdatasetversion} is the three-digit code corresponding to the dataset version (in other words, 001 is version 1). Each zipped folder contains a collection of NPZ format files, each of which corresponds to an individual image. An individual NPZ file is named after the image that it represents and contains (1) a CSV file with detail information for every image in the zip folder and (2) a collection of the following NPY files: orig_image.npy (original input image unedited), image.npy (original input image after color balancing and normalization), classes.npy (list of classes annotated and present in the labelled image), doodles.npy (integer image of all image annotations), color_doodles.npy (color image of doodles.npy), label.npy (labelled image created from the classes present in the annotations), and settings.npy (annotation and machine learning settings used to generate the labelled image from annotations). All NPZ files can be extracted using the utilities available in Doodler (Buscombe, 2022). A merged CSV file containing detail information on the complete imagery collection is available at the top level of this data release, details of which are available in the Entity and Attribute section of this metadata file.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Wernette, Phillipe A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Buscombe, Daniel D.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Fitzpatrick, Sharon N.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Favela, Jaycee J.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Enwright, Nicholas M.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Goldstein, Evan",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Dunand, Erin",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "15",
            "name": "aerial photography",
            "scope": "The process of taking pictures with a camera from an aircraft. Use for both the process of photography from the air and the images produced by the process."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "101",
            "name": "biological and physical processes",
            "scope": "All continuing activities, functions, and phenomena associated with organisms and non-living matter."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "127",
            "name": "botany",
            "scope": "The science of plants."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "174",
            "name": "coastal ecosystems",
            "scope": "Biological communities and habitats within the narrow zones of land between the margin of oceans or seas and large landmasses."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "235",
            "name": "datasets",
            "scope": "Digital information in a format suitable for direct input to software that can analyze its meaning in the scientific, engineering, or business context for which the data were collected."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "291",
            "name": "earth sciences",
            "scope": "Broad term for all science related to the study of the earth."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "311",
            "name": "ecology",
            "scope": "Study of the relations between living plants and animals and their environment."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "447",
            "name": "geography",
            "scope": "Study of the earth's landforms, topography, and climate, the distribution of flora and fauna, and the distribution, culture, and activities of human populations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "464",
            "name": "geology",
            "scope": "Study of the planet earth, its composition, structure, physical and chemical processes, and history since its origin."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "474",
            "name": "geospatial datasets",
            "scope": "Collections of related digital information that are geographically referenced."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "531",
            "name": "hazards",
            "scope": "Potential dangers from both natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, floods, and climate change) and human impacts on the environment."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "548",
            "name": "human impacts",
            "scope": "The effects, intentional or unintentional, beneficial or harmful, direct or indirect, which human activities have upon the environment and living things."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "574",
            "name": "image analysis",
            "scope": "Pattern analysis of the shapes and textures of images to identify features and derive information about them."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "575",
            "name": "image collections",
            "scope": "Visible representations of objects or earth properties produced by cameras, spectral instruments, or as graphical representations of measurements."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "628",
            "name": "land use and land cover",
            "scope": "The vegetation, water, natural surface, and cultural features on the land surface."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "629",
            "name": "land use change",
            "scope": "Effect of changing land use patterns on ecological systems."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "650",
            "name": "life sciences",
            "scope": "Branches of science that study living and fossil organisms."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "2073",
            "name": "mitigation of coastal hazards",
            "scope": "Actions taken to reduce risk of physical disruption in coastal environments."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "765",
            "name": "multispectral imaging",
            "scope": "A method of remote sensing that obtains optical representations in two or more ranges of frequencies or wave lengths."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "981",
            "name": "remote sensing",
            "scope": "Acquiring information about a natural feature or phenomenon, such as the Earth's surface, without actually being in contact with it. USGS remote sensing is usually carried out with airborne or spaceborne sensors or cameras."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1075",
            "name": "social sciences",
            "scope": "Sciences concerned with the structure and interrelationships of human societies, human institutions and organizations, and human culture over time."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1281",
            "name": "visible light imaging",
            "scope": "Remote sensing methods using electromagnetic radiation which is visible to the human eye to react with the coating on a photographic plate or film."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "007",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "Environmental resources, protection and conservation, for example environmental pollution, waste storage and treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring environmental risk, nature reserves, landscape, water quality, air quality, environmental modeling"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "3",
            "name": "Distributions",
            "scope": "Locations or patterns of a feature of interest across space and (or) time. These data can include point data, lines, polygons, and temporal data at any scale relevant to CMSP and can be produced by observation, interpolation, or modeling. Distributions can also include maps or statistics of climatology, the environmental values that are expected to be observed at the present time."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "27",
            "name": "Habitat",
            "scope": "Habitat includes data that describe repeatable combinations of biota and associated chemical, physical, or geological features in a distinct place, which, as in the CMECS Biotic Component, generally are named for the dominant taxa living there. Habitat also includes biotopes in accordance with CMECS. Examples include seagrass beds, deep-water corals, benthos, nekton, plankton, mussel beds. Distributions for Habitat data subject types include records of biotic associations, habitats, or biotopes obtained through direct observation, imagery, collection, or other methods; Distributions also include biotope maps, predicted maps of present-day habitats (for example, the Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment, Mapping European Seabed Habitats), and other compilations or interpretations from observed data. Assessments include ecological valuation indices, presence, quantity (hectares), or percentage of identified high-value habitats; other purpose-driven, regionally-specific indicators of ecological value; classifications of areas as critical habitat; ecological services models; evaluations of habitat condition; and place-based indices of susceptibility and vulnerability to disturbance. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or impacts; anticipated changes produced by natural and human processes; future projections of cumulative impacts of single or multiple stressors; and scenario-testing habitat loss\/gain models and predictions of related ecological or economic effects under different management strategies."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "87",
            "name": "Infrastructure",
            "scope": "The locations of permanent or temporary installations intended to support basic human activities or needs, including communication, transportation, shoreline protection, housing, recreation, and utilities. Data required for marine planning are limited to infrastructure that has effects on environmental processes or human activities that impact the coast, Great Lakes, or ocean. Distributions are maps representing current locations of structures and facilities. Assessments are maps showing theoretical or suitable locations resulting from models, evaluations, or other processes; or they are models that evaluate the ecological or economic impacts of existing infrastructure. Predictions are maps showing predicted locations based on expected outcomes or variable factors and drivers; or they are models that evaluate the ecological or economic effects of proposed, changed, or future infrastructure. All Infrastructure data share these definitions for Distributions, Assessments, and Predictions."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "91",
            "name": "Structures",
            "scope": "Structures are temporary, permanent, or abandoned constructed features on the coast, Great Lakes, or ocean, including piers, platforms, energy installations, communication towers, hardened shoreline protection, jetties, housing, shipwrecks, and more, but not including ports, cables, pipelines, power grids, buoys, or navigational aids."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "450",
            "name": "aerial and satellite photography",
            "scope": "used for vertical or oblique photography of the Earth taken from aircraft or satellites; do not use for air-to-air photography."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "3",
            "name": "agents of coastal change",
            "scope": "natural phenomena and human activities that cause changes in coastal processes, landscapes, and ecosystems."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "32",
            "name": "anthropogenic agents of coastal change",
            "scope": "human activities that cause changes in coastal processes, landscapes, and ecosystems."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "111",
            "name": "bay",
            "scope": "a recess in the shoreline, typically bounded by capes or headlands."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "112",
            "name": "beach",
            "scope": "a gently sloping shore, generally underlain by sand or gravel and subject to the action of waves and tides."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "228",
            "name": "beach zone communities",
            "scope": "used for communities of organisms characteristic of beach habitats in the supratidal, intertidal, and shallow subtidal zones."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "651",
            "name": "biology",
            "scope": "the study of living organisms."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "259",
            "name": "breakwater\/shoreline stabilization structure",
            "scope": "a structure that protects the shoreline against erosion by deflecting or dissipating wave energy."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "260",
            "name": "bridge",
            "scope": "a transportation structure that spans a physical obstacle such as a river."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "261",
            "name": "canal",
            "scope": "an artificial waterway for irrigation or transportation."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "116",
            "name": "cape",
            "scope": "a prominent headland along the shore."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "118",
            "name": "cliff",
            "scope": "a very steep, vertical, or overhanging slope."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "119",
            "name": "coast",
            "scope": "the distinctive terrain between the shore and inland areas; varies in width."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "120",
            "name": "coastal barrier",
            "scope": "relatively narrow, subaerial ridges parallel to the shore, formed by wind, waves, and longshore currents; includes both barrier islands (separated from mainland by a bay or lagoon) and spits (attached to the mainland)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "36",
            "name": "coastal development",
            "scope": "includes municipal and industrial development; transportation infrastructure; recreational facilities; and other human constructs that impact the coastal zone. "
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "121",
            "name": "coastal plain",
            "scope": "used for plains adjacent to a large body of water."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "14",
            "name": "coastal processes",
            "scope": "oceanographic and geologic processes that cause changes to the shoreline and coastal zone."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "37",
            "name": "coastal protection structures",
            "scope": "used for the unintended effects of coastal protection structures on coastal processes such as sediment transport and erosion."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "682",
            "name": "computer science",
            "scope": "used here for the development of computer applications applied to scientific problems."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "125",
            "name": "cove",
            "scope": "a recess in the shoreline smaller than a bay."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "130",
            "name": "dune",
            "scope": "a mound or ridge of wind-blown sand."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "96",
            "name": "earth system",
            "scope": "the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, with emphasis on their interactions."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "657",
            "name": "ecology",
            "scope": "the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "57",
            "name": "effects of coastal change",
            "scope": "changes in coastal processes, landscapes, and ecosystems."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "269",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "used for issues related to the interactions of humans or other organisms with their physical and biological surroundings."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "706",
            "name": "environmental geography",
            "scope": "geographical studies of the interaction of humans with their environment"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "334",
            "name": "erosion",
            "scope": "the natural removal of earth materials from any part of the Earth's surface (subaerial or submarine), with an emphasis on the consequences for humans and infrastructure."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "343",
            "name": "floods",
            "scope": "the loss of life, property, or natural resources due to a body of water exceeding its \"usual\" bounds."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "702",
            "name": "geography",
            "scope": "the study of physical and cultural features on the Earth's surface."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "711",
            "name": "geology",
            "scope": "the study of the Earth's structure, composition, past and present processes, and history."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "323",
            "name": "hazards and disasters",
            "scope": "used for natural hazards, the risks they pose to society, and the destructive events that may result."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "73",
            "name": "human responses to coastal change",
            "scope": "actions, strategies, and policies intended to lessen current or anticipated impacts of coastal change on human populations, infrastructure, and natural ecosystems."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "746",
            "name": "information science",
            "scope": "the collection, classification, storage, and retrieval of information resources."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "138",
            "name": "island",
            "scope": "a relatively small landmass surrounded on all sides by water."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "263",
            "name": "jetty",
            "scope": "a structure extending into a body of water that deflects or confines currents."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "143",
            "name": "lagoon",
            "scope": "a shallow body of water separated from the open ocean by barrier islands or coral reefs."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "144",
            "name": "lake",
            "scope": "a body of water surrounded by land and larger than a pond."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "148",
            "name": "marsh",
            "scope": "a wetland characterized by herbaceous plants."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "153",
            "name": "mudflat",
            "scope": "used for tidal flats underlain by mud."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "154",
            "name": "ocean",
            "scope": "used for saltwater bodies larger than seas or lakes."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "708",
            "name": "physical geography",
            "scope": "the study of landforms and other physical features of the Earth's surface."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "449",
            "name": "remote sensing",
            "scope": "generally used for the acquisition of images or other data from aircraft or satellites; also used for ground-based systems for collecting data at a distance."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "177",
            "name": "shore",
            "scope": "the boundary between an ocean, sea, or lake and the adjacent dry land."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "184",
            "name": "swamp",
            "scope": "a wetland characterized by woody plants."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "186",
            "name": "tidal flat",
            "scope": "very gently sloping surface that is inundated at high tide."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "187",
            "name": "tidal inlet",
            "scope": "the narrow waterway between barrier islands that connects lagoon with open ocean."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}