Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kai A. Parker Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Anita C. Engelstad Originator: Maya K. Hayden Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 20251126 Title: Super-Fast INundation of CoastS (SFINCS) model input files at King County, Washington Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: text, binary, and netcdf Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P13HYXKY Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HYXKY Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kai A. Parker Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Anita C. Engelstad Originator: Maya K. Hayden Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 2025 Title: CoSMoS-Puget Sound Modeled Flood Hazards at King County - Washington Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P13HYXKY Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Parker, K., Nederhoff, K., Erikson L.H., Engelstad, A.C., Hayden, M.K., Barnard, P.L., and Grossman, E.E., 2025, CoSMoS-Puget Sound Modeled Flood Hazards at King County - Washington: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HYXKY. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HYXKY Description: Abstract: The datasets provided here consist of SFINCS model files and sample input files used for Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS) simulations of flood hazards in King County, Washington. The models produce outputs for a suite of hazard products (see products in this release), such as flood depths, flood extents, and others. In this release, example forcing files for a single water year and a sea level rise of 0.0 m are provided, in addition to all other files needed to run the model. Purpose: This product was created to fulfill the Bureau-wide vision of an integrated, predictive science capability to support Washington communities in building resiliency from natural disasters, sovereignty and self-determination, and emergency response and planning capacity. These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, technical users, students, and the general public. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. Supplemental_Information: This work is one portion of ongoing national modeling efforts. The Coastal Storm Modeling system (CoSMoS) uses several tiers of numerical models to make detailed predictions (meter-scale) of flooding and erosion over large geographic scales. For more information on CoSMoS implementation, see https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/coastal-storm-modeling-system-cosmos Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2025 Currentness_Reference: publication year Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.583625 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.025100 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.819405 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.206513 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:55db94ae-6970-4e52-8445-c1415776a781 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: Hazards Planning Theme_Keyword: Ocean Waves Theme_Keyword: Ocean Winds Theme_Keyword: Beaches Theme_Keyword: Sea Level Rise Theme_Keyword: Storm Surge Theme_Keyword: Extreme Weather Theme_Keyword: Water Depth Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Climate Change Theme_Keyword: Storms Theme_Keyword: Wind Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: Sea-level Change Theme_Keyword: mathematical modeling Theme_Keyword: effects of climate change Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans Theme_Keyword: ClimatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: sea level change Theme_Keyword: waves Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: State of Washington Place_Keyword: King County Access_Constraints: No access constraints Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: This work was funded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, King County Department of Natural Resources under Statement of Work 21ZPCOLL210705, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Statement of Work DW-014-92578201/ EPA-CF-0000007695 to the USGS. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Computation resources were supported by the USGS Advanced Research Computing (Falgout and others, 2024). Native_Data_Set_Environment: The datasets were created in a Windows 11 Operating system, using python 3.12.9. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Deltares Publication_Date: 2025 Title: SFINCS online manual documentation. Other_Citation_Details: Deltares, 2025, SFINCS online manual documentation, Available online: sfincs.readthedocs.io (accessed 02 March 2025) Online_Linkage: https://sfincs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J.T. Falgout Originator: J. Gordon Originator: B. Williams Originator: M.J. Davis Publication_Date: 2024 Title: USGS Advanced Research Computing, USGS Denali Supercomputer. Other_Citation_Details: Falgout, J.T., Gordon J., Williams B., Davis M. J., USGS Advanced Research Computing, USGS Denali Supercomputer: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Kai Parker Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 2025 Title: Beyond the 100-Year Flood: Probabilistic Flood Hazard Assessment for King and Pierce Counties under Future Climate Scenarios Other_Citation_Details: Nederhoff, K., Parker, K., and Grossman, E., 2025, Beyond the 100-Year Flood: Probabilistic Flood Hazard Assessment for King and Pierce Counties under Future Climate Scenarios: EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4909. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4909 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Attribute values are model-derived water depths due to plausible sea-level rise and future storm conditions and therefore cannot be validated against observations. The projections were generated using the latest downscaled climate projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data are concurrent with topobathymetric digital elevation model (DEM) locations. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Model-derived data are accurate within published uncertainty bounds, indicative of total uncertainty from elevation data sources and model processes. See Nederhoff and others, 2025 for additional information on vertical accuracy and uncertainty layer development. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: D.J. Tyler Originator: Jeff J. Danielson Originator: Eric E. Grossman Originator: R.J. Hockenberry Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Topobathymetric Model of Puget Sound, Washington, 1887 to 2017 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GeoTIFF Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P95N6CIT Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2020 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: TBDEM Source_Contribution: Topobathymetric digital elevation model Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2016 Title: National Water Information System data Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: text Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2016 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS streamflow Source_Contribution: USGS streamflow used to correct TBDEM elevations Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Publication_Date: 2025 Title: Seattle, WA - Station ID: 9447130 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Online_Linkage: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stationhome.html?id=9447130 Online_Linkage: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/ Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1995 Ending_Date: 2025 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected Source_Citation_Abbreviation: tide gauge Source_Contribution: tide gauge data used to calibrate and validate the model Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Publication_Date: 2025 Title: FEMA Flood Map Service Center Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Online_Linkage: https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2020 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: FEMA FIRM Source_Contribution: All FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) panel tiles in King County, Washington, were used to compare previous modeled water levels with the SFINCS model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: D. Eilander Originator: R. de Goede Originator: T. Leijnse Originator: M. van Ormondt Originator: K. Nederhoff Originator: H. C. Winsemius Publication_Date: 2025 Title: HydroMT-SFINCS (v1.2.0) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Deltares Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15270197 Type_of_Source_Media: software Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2025 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HydroMT-SFINCS Source_Contribution: model software files Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Maarten van Ormondt Originator: Tim Leijnse Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Roel de Goede Originator: Ap van Dongeren Originator: Tycho Bovenschen Originator: Koen van Asselt Publication_Date: 2024 Title: SFINCS: Super-Fast Inundation of CoastS model (v1.2.1 – Dollerup Release) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Deltares Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13691619 Type_of_Source_Media: software Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2024 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: SFINCS Source_Contribution: model software files Process_Step: Process_Description: A SFINCS model was developed for the full extent of King County. Developed files include model domain (sfincs.inp, sfincs.msk, sfincs.dep, sfincs.ind, sfincs.qinf, sfincs_subgrid.nc), settings (sfincs.inp), forcing (sfincs.dis, sfincs.precip, sfincs.src, sfincs_bndbzs.nc), and subgrid structure files (sfincs.weir). See Deltares SFINCS manual (2025) for a full description of each of these model files. The model was set up in a projected coordinate system (Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 10 N) and elevations are referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Bed level data files (sfincs.dep) and subgrid tables (sfincs_subgrid.nc) were populated by interpolating TBDEM elevations to the cartesian model grid. The model grid was setup with a 50 meter (m) computational grid resolution with 2m subgridding. In regions of unresolved river bathymetry, TBDEM elevations were corrected with a channel depth inverted iteratively from USGS streamflow stage data. Additionally, levees and other blocking features were implemented as subgrid structures (sfincs.weir) to ensure that maximum elevations were accurately represented in the simulations. Model files were developed using HydroMT-SFINCS and SFINCS model 2.2.1. Model setup was calibrated and validated against NOAA tide gauge data, USGS streamflow data, and compared to previous modeled water levels (such as FEMA FIRM maps) and qualitative flood extents from recent events. For a full description of the model setup, see Nederhoff and others, 2025. Simulation were setup as 100 separate year-long simulations, of which one example simulation year is bundled here. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: TBDEM Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: HydroMT-SFINCS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS streamflow Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: tide gauge Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: FEMA FIRM Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SFINCS Process_Date: 20250101 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.00000 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.00 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 2 Ordinate_Resolution: 2 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.00 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Depth_Resolution: 0.01 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Implicit coordinate Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: SFINCS example model inputs (SFINCS_ModelInput_King.zip) Entity_Type_Definition: One zip file with sample time-series forcing data and all necessary input files. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Model setup files include all files necessary to run SFINCS model simulations. To provide the user with an example, the boundary conditions for a single simulation water year are included here. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: These data are available as text and binary files contained in a zip file accompanied by CSDGM FGDC-compliant metadata. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: text,binary, and netcdf Format_Information_Content: Zip file (SFINCS_ModelInput_King.zip) contains 12 model input files for the SFINCS model File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip Transfer_Size: 649.4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HYXKY Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Simulation Data section. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: text data can be viewed with any text reading software and binaries can be read using SFINCS model tools (such as HydroMT-SFINCS) Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20251126 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998