Joshua B. Logan Meredith L. McPherson Kristen A. Alkins Gerald A. Hatcher Ann E. Gibbs Curt D. Storlazzi 20250924 JPEG data release DOI:10.5066/P13ZPWNS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/datarelease/10.5066-P13ZPWNS/ Joshua B. Logan Meredith L. McPherson Kristen A. Alkins Gerald A. Hatcher Ann E. Gibbs Curt D. Storlazzi Sarah Groff 2025 JPG data release DOI:10.5066/P13ZPWNS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey Suggested Citation: Logan, J.B., McPherson, M.L., Alkins, K.A., Hatcher, G.A., Gibbs, A.E., Storlazzi, C.D., and Groff, S., 2025, Underwater imagery and classifications of the substrate and coral reef habitat on the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, from 2003, 2004, and 2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS. https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/datarelease/10.5066-P13ZPWNS/ Images of the seafloor off the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi were collected by the United States Geological Survey in 2003, 2004, and 2022, during field activities A803HW, A204HW, A604HW, and 2022-615-FA. The images were collected in cooperation with the National Park Service, primarily in the waters off Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, and Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. The 2003 and 2004 images were acquired using a SeaViewer underwater video camera, either towed behind a research vessel or lowered over the side while drifting. GPS positions from a boat-mounted receiver were encoded into the video. Still frames were extracted from the video and geotagged by writing the geographic positions into each image’s EXIF metadata. The 2022 images were acquired using a Teledyne FLIR camera in an underwater housing. The camera was lowered over the side of the vessel and set to capture one image every two seconds while drifting. GPS positions were recorded using a boat-mounted, differentially processed GPS receiver. The images were geotagged by writing the geographic positions into each image’s EXIF metadata. The time stamps for all images in this data release are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The images provided in this data release were used to evaluate coral cover and were manually classified by a specialist. Only the images used in this project are included in the release. These images were used to evaluate the coral cover on the seafloor off of the National Parks on the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi. These data are intended for researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2022-615-FA https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=A803HW https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=A204HW https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=A604HW Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 2003 2004 2022 ground condition at time data were collected Complete None planned -156.04800 -155.82737 20.03964 19.40682 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:f5463139-9562-4e39-b93b-079df58449cb ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation Data Categories for Marine Planning Substrate Habitat Physical Habitats and Geomorphology USGS Thesaurus image collections sea-floor characteristics marine geology Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords sediment photographic sampling None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Hawaii Hawaii County Island of Hawaiʻi Honokōhau Bay Kawaihae Bay Kawaihae Reef Puʻukoholā Hōnaunau Bay Puʻuhonua Point None Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park No access constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov DROPCAM_KAHO14-2_20220419184105_200-50.jpg Example image of coral on seafloor near Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park. JPEG Exiftool Information about the acquisition times and positions is recorded to the image metadata (EXIF) header for each image. The positions of the images were determined using boat-mounted GPS receivers. Because the images were acquired using cameras towed behind the boat, or lowered beneath the boat while drifting, the offset between the GPS receivers and the actual position of the camera is unknown. Thus, the positions recorded in the image metadata reflect the position of the boat during acquisition and not the actual position of the camera. For the images acquired during field activities A803HW, A204HW, and A604HW the GPS positions were acquired using an autonomous single-frequency GPS receiver, with positions embedded into video format, and exported during still-frame export. Some images from these field activities have the geographic positions and acquisition date and time (UTC) stamped onto the image. The geographic positions for these images are referenced to the WGS84 reference frame (EPSG:4326). For images acquired during field activity 2022-615-FA, the geographic positions were acquired using a dual-frequency GPS receiver, with positions post-processed using a nearby base station. The precise time of each image acquisition was recorded in a text file, and geographic positions for each image were interpolated from the continuous GPS trajectory. The geographic positions for these images are referenced to the NAD83(PA11) reference frame (EPSG:6322). No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Although many images were acquired during each field activity, only the subset of images which were classified for this project are included in this data release. The horizontal positions for the images acquired during field activities A803HW, A204HW, and A604HW were measured using a boat-mounted autonomous single-frequency GPS receiver, with positions embedded into video format, and exported during still-frame export. These positions have an estimated horizontal accuracy of 5 meters. The horizontal positions for the images acquired during field activity 2022-615-FA were measured using a boat-mounted dual-frequency GPS receiver, with positions post-processed using a nearby base station. The precise times of each image acquisition were recorded in a text file, and GPS positions for each image were interpolated from the continuous GPS trajectory. These positions have an estimated horizontal accuracy of around 2.5 centimeters. All images were acquired either by towing a camera behind a boat, or by lowering a camera below a boat while drifting. The offset between the underwater camera and the position of the boat-mounted GPS unit is unknown and has not been accounted for in the GPS position of the images. Thus, the true accuracy of the horizontal positions is unknown. Vertical positions are not reported for this data product. Images from field activities A803HW, A204HW, and A604HW were acquired using a SeaViewer underwater video camera, either towed behind a research vessel or lowered over the side while drifting. GPS positions from a boat-mounted receiver were encoded into the video. Still frames were extracted from the video and geotagged by writing GPS positions into each image’s EXIF metadata. The images from field activity 2022-615-FA were acquired using a Teledyne FLIR camera in an underwater housing. The camera was lowered over the side of the vessel and set to capture one image every two seconds while drifting. The GPS positions were acquired using a continuously operating dual-frequency GPS receiver, with positions post-processed using a nearby base station. The precise time of each image acquisition was recorded in a text file, and GPS positions for each image were interpolated from the continuous GPS trajectory. The images were geotagged by writing GPS positions into each image’s EXIF metadata using the exiftool software package. 2024 Joshua Logan U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Physical Scientist mailing address

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 US 831-460-7519 831-427-4748 jlogan@usgs.gov The location information for the images is available in the EXIF headers of the images. 0.000001 0.000001 Decimal degrees D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257224 There are no additional attributes besides the tags described in data quality section associated with these images. USGS Field Activities A803HW, A204HW, A604HW, and 2022-615-FA U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS mailing address

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 United States 1-831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Digital images of the seafloor off the Kona coast of Island of Hawaiʻi, HI, collected in 2003, 2004, and 2022 are available on the Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program’s (CMHRP) Imagery Data System (IDS) Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. JPEG The server provides access to viewing and downloading the JPEG images. 8606.7 https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/idsviewer/data_release/10.5066-P13ZPWNS/ https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS The first link takes the user to the CMHRP Imagery Data System (IDS) where individual or user selected images can be viewed and downloaded. The images downloaded from IDS will have been renamed with unique internal names. To restore the names the user can use the software utility "exiftool" to rename the file using the -PreservedFilename tag in the the image EXIF metadata with the following command from inside the directory where the downloaded images reside: exiftool "-P" "-filename<PreservedFilename". The second link points to the landing page for the entire data release. None. 20250924 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998