Joshua B. Logan Meredith L. McPherson Kristen A. Alkins Gerald A. Hatcher Ann E. Gibbs Curt D. Storlazzi Sarah Groff 20250924 comma-delimited text data release DOI:10.5066/P13ZPWNS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/datarelease/10.5066-P13ZPWNS/ Joshua B. Logan Meredith L. McPherson Kristen A. Alkins Gerald A. Hatcher Ann E. Gibbs Curt D. Storlazzi Sarah Groff 2025 JPG data release DOI:10.5066/P13ZPWNS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey Suggested Citation: Logan, J.B., McPherson, M.L., Alkins, K.A., Hatcher, G.A., Gibbs, A.E., Storlazzi, C.D., and Groff, S., 2025, Underwater imagery and classifications of the substrate and coral reef habitat on the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, from 2003, 2004, and 2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS. https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/datarelease/10.5066-P13ZPWNS/ This portion of the data release presents a comma-delimited text file with classifications of images of the seafloor off the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi. The images were collected by the United States Geological Survey in 2003, 2004, and 2022, during field activities A803HW, A204HW, A604HW, and 2022-615-FA, in cooperation with the National Park Service, primarily in the waters off Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, and Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. The images were classified for live coral cover and dominant type (four coral types, rubble, macroalgae, and two bottom substrate types) manually by a single specialist with a background in ecological studies. The resulting classifications were tabulated in a comma-delimited text file for further analysis. The image classifications were used to evaluate the coral cover on the seafloor off of the National Parks on the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi. These data are intended for researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2022-615-FA https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=A803HW https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=A204HW https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=A604HW Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 2003 2004 2022 ground condition at time data were collected Complete None planned -156.04800 -155.82737 20.03964 19.40682 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:b8022077-8adc-458f-a3bf-df2e838ef68a ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation Data Categories for Marine Planning Substrate Habitat Physical Habitats and Geomorphology USGS Thesaurus image collections sea-floor characteristics marine geology Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords sediment photographic sampling None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Hawaii Hawaii County Island of Hawaiʻi Honokōhau Bay Kawaihae Bay Kawaihae Reef Puʻukoholā Hōnaunau Bay Puʻuhonua Point None Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park No access constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Microsoft Windows 11 Maxim Tkachenko Mikhail Malyuk Andrey Holmanyuk Nikolai Liubimov 2020 Tkachenko, M., Malyuk, M., Holmanyuk, A., and Liubimov, N., 2020, Label Studio: Data labeling software, available at: https://github.com/HumanSignal/label-studio. https://github.com/HumanSignal/label-studio Attribute values contain geospatial coordinates, as well as image classification attributes assigned by a specialist with a background in ecological studies. No attribute accuracy tests were performed on the image classification attributes. The accuracy of the geospatial coordinates is discussed in the Positional Accuracy portion of this metadata. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. 4,282 images were reviewed and classified. The horizontal positions for the images acquired during field activities A803HW, A204HW, and A604HW were measured using a boat-mounted autonomous single-frequency GPS receiver, with positions embedded into video format, and exported during still-frame export. These positions have an estimated horizontal accuracy of 5 meters. The horizontal positions for the images acquired during field activity 2022-615-FA were measured using a boat-mounted dual-frequency GPS receiver, with positions post-processed using a nearby base station. The precise times of each image acquisition were recorded in a text file, and GPS positions for each image were interpolated from the continuous GPS trajectory. These positions have an estimated horizontal accuracy of around 2.5 centimeters. All images were acquired either by towing a camera behind a boat, or by lowering a camera below a boat while drifting. The offset between the underwater camera and the position of the boat-mounted GPS unit is unknown and has not been accounted for in the GPS position of the images. Thus, the true accuracy of the horizontal positions is unknown. Vertical positions are not reported for this data product. Joshua B. Logan Meredith L. McPherson Kristen A. Alkins Gerald A. Hatcher Ann E. Gibbs Curt D. Storlazzi Sarah Groff 2025 JPEG online U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS online database 2003 2004 2022 ground condition at time data were collected images Images used for classification, available from this same data release on the Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program’s (CMHRP) Imagery Data System (IDS) Images from field activities A803HW, A204HW, A604HW, and 2022-615-FA were manually classified by a specialist with a background in ecological studies. The open-source software, Label Studio version 1.4 (Tkachenko, et al., 2020 ), was used to enable efficient classification of the images using a custom, two-variable classification scheme for live coral cover and dominant bottom type (described in more detail below). The software provided the functionality to sequentially display each image to the specialist and allowed for the use of keyboard hot keys to rapidly assign classification labels to each image. At the end of each classification session, a tabulated comma-delimited text file was generated containing the image filenames, geographic coordinates, and classification labels. At the conclusion of the project all image classifications were combined into a single file for analysis. images 2022 Joshua Logan U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Physical Scientist mailing address

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 US 831-460-7519 831-427-4748 jlogan@usgs.gov Point Point 4,282 0.00001 0.00001 Decimal degrees D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257224 KonaHawaiiUnderwaterImageClassifications.csv Table containing attribute information associated with the dataset Producer defined Park National Park unit producer defined KAHO Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park producer defined PUHE Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site producer defined PUHO Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park producer defined SiteName name of site producer defined The alphanumeric site identifier from which the image was taken ImgName name of image producer defined A unique name for the image. Lon Longitude Producer defined -156.04800 -155.82737 decimal degrees Lat Latitude Producer defined 19.40682 20.03964 decimal degrees PercentCover Percent live coral cover Producer defined 0 100 percent DominantType Dominant bottom type producer defined Macroalgae macroalgae producer defined Montipora capitata Montipora capitata producer defined Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora meandrina producer defined Rubble rubble producer defined Unknown unknown producer defined Volcanic pavement Volcanic pavement producer defined Sand sand producer defined Porites lobata Porites lobata producer defined Porites compressa Porites compressa producer defined SurveyType Survey type producer defined baseline baseline survey from 2003 to 2004 time period (field activities A803HW, A204HW, and A604HW) producer defined resurvey resurvey from 2022 (field activities 2022-615-FA) producer defined Notes additional notes by classification specialist producer defined narrative notes The first line of the csv file is a header line. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS mailing address

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 United States 1-831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Classifications of imagery of the seafloor off the Kona coast of Island of Hawaiʻi, HI, are in a comma-delimited text format. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. comma-delimited text The comma-delimited text file contains image classifications. 0.39 https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ZPWNS Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link and scrolling down to the Other Data section. None. 20250924 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998