Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anita Engelstad Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Borja G. Reguero Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Originator: Kees Nederhoff Publication_Date: 20241127 Title: Nearshore wave time-series: CMIP6 future period 2020-2050 - U.S. Canada border to Norton Sound, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF files Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P931CSO9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P931CSO9 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anita Engelstad Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Borja G. Reguero Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Originator: Kees Nederhoff Publication_Date: 2024 Title: Nearshore wave time-series along the coast of Alaska computed with a numerical wave model (ver. 2.0, November 2024) Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P931CSO9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Engelstad, A.C., Erikson, L.H., Reguero, B.G., Gibbs, A.E., Nederhoff, K.M., 2024, Nearshore wave time-series along the coast of Alaska computed with a numerical wave model (ver. 2.0, November 2024): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P931CSO9. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P931CSO9 Description: Abstract: Modeled wave time series from a downscaled wave data base (DWDB) are presented for the period 2020 to 2050, for locations from the U.S. Canada border to the southern boundary of Norton Sound along the approximate 5 and 10 m isobaths. The model boundary conditions were determined from wave time-series computed with a global WAVEWATCHIII (WWIII) model (Erikson and others,2024) and wind conditions, forced with models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) future period. Wave data are provided for four CMIP6 models (see Process Description for details) from the HighResMIP project. Outputs include three-hourly nearshore significant wave heights (Hs), mean wave periods (Tm01) and mean wave directions (Dm) for 8485 (5 m isobath) and 8232 (10 m isobath) locations. Data are available as netCDF files and are packaged for the Beaufort Sea region from the U.S. Canada border to Nuwuk (Point Barrow), for the Chukchi Sea region from Nuwuk to Kotzebue Sound and from Kotzebue Sound to the Bering Strait, and from the Bering Strait to Norton Sound. The methods used to create this dataset are described in detail in Engelstad and others, 2024. Purpose: These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. Supplemental_Information: This work is part of the ongoing wave modeling efforts for Alaska and the western United States. For more information on CoSMoS implementation, see https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/coastal-storm-modeling-system-cosmos. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19790101 Ending_Date: 20141231 Currentness_Reference: time period for which the data were modeled Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -168.14470 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -140.99484 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 71.39871 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 63.19128 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:6bf9ca4a-7bc8-4889-ba23-0004a10cda7d Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: Hazards Planning Theme_Keyword: Ocean Waves Theme_Keyword: Ocean Winds Theme_Keyword: Extreme Weather Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: predictions Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: Ocean Waves Theme_Keyword: Climate Change Theme_Keyword: Storms Theme_Keyword: Wind Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: numerical modeling Theme_Keyword: waves Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Distributions Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Beaufort Sea Place_Keyword: Bering Strait Place_Keyword: Chukchi Sea Place_Keyword: Kotzebue Sound Place_Keyword: Norton Sound Place_Keyword: Nuwuk Place_Keyword: Point Barrow Place_Keyword: State of Alaska Access_Constraints: No access constraints Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: We thank Kevin de Bruijn (TU Delft, The Netherlands) for review of the wave data. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Data were generated with the Delft3D modeling suite developed by Deltares. Computing was performed at the USGS Advanced Research Computing Facility, USGS Denali Supercomputer https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nico Booij Originator: Roeland Ris Originator: Leo Holthuijsen Publication_Date: 1999 Title: The effect of changing sea ice on nearshore wave climate trends along Alaska’s central Beaufort Sea coast Other_Citation_Details: Booij, N., Ris, R. C., and Holthuijsen, L. H., 1999, A third-generation wave model for coastal regions. I- Model description and validation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 7649–7666. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1029/98jc02622 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Paula Camus Originator: Melisa Menéndez Originator: Fernando J. Méndez Originator: Cristina Izaguirre Originator: Antonio Espejo Originator: Verónica Cánovas Originator: Jorge Pérez Originator: Ana Rueda Originator: Inigo J. Losada Originator: Raúl Medina Publication_Date: 2014 Title: A weather-type statistical downscaling framework for ocean wave climate Other_Citation_Details: Camus, P., Menéndez, M., Méndez, F.J.,Izaguirre, C., Espejo, A., Cánovas, V., Pérez, J., Rueda, A., Losada, I.J. and Medina, R., 2014, A weather-type statistical downscaling framework for ocean wave climate: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, v. 119, p. 7389-7405. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010141 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Anita C Engelstad Originator: Li H Erikson Originator: Borja G Reguero Originator: Ann E Gibbs Originator: Kees Nederhoff Publication_Date: 2024 Title: Database and Time Series of Nearshore Waves Along the Alaskan Coast from the United States-Canada Border to the Bering Sea Other_Citation_Details: Engelstad, A.C., Erikson, L.H., Reguero, B.G., Gibbs, A.E., and Nederhoff, K., 2024, Database and time series of nearshore waves along the Alaskan coast from the United States-Canada border to the Bering Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1094, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231094. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231094 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J.T. Falgout Originator: J. Gordon Originator: B. Williams Originator: M.J. Davis Publication_Date: 2024 Title: USGS Advanced Research Computing, USGS Denali Supercomputer. Other_Citation_Details: Falgout, J.T., Gordon J., Williams B., Davis M. J., USGS Advanced Research Computing, USGS Denali Supercomputer: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Borja Reguero Originator: Fernando Méndez Originator: Iñigo Losada Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Variability of multivariate wave climate in Latin America and the Caribbean Other_Citation_Details: Reguero, B.G., Méndez, F.J., and Losada, I.J., 2013, Variability of multivariate wave climate in Latin America and the Caribbean: Global and Planetary Change, v. 100, p. 70-84. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.09.005. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN; Booij and others, 1999) model and the look-up table method used to generate this data set have been validated with observations. Significant wave heights (Hs) are modeled with a combined root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.18 m for several locations. Flags were added to the data to advise the user of caution where necessary when using the data. Flag_D is used for time steps when the wave and/or wind directions at the model boundary differ by more than 15 degrees between the CMIP6 data and the value determined from the downscaled wave database (DWDB). 20 degrees is maximum difference that wind and wave directions are allowed to differ, otherwise the timestep is set to NaN. Flag_S indicates possible inconsistencies between adjacent time series locations, caused by either the use of different offshore locations in the alongshore directions, or by a switch from one numerical model domain to another. Additionally, values for which the difference in wave height is greater than 0.15 m are flagged to inform the user of this difference. Flags are set for differences greater than 0.20 m, 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m and 1 m. For all flags, 1 indicates this condition is true and 0 that it is not true. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards. Missing data have been filled with -9999 values. Missing data are caused by sea-ice coverage. For some locations, especially in the Beaufort Sea, data for entire years might be missing. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data are concurrent with topobathymetric DEM locations. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Waves from CMIP6 forcing cannot be assessed for accuracy against observations. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Li Erikson Originator: Liv Herdman Originator: Chris Flanary Originator: Anita Engelstad Originator: Prasad Pusuluri Originator: Patrick Barnard Originator: Curt Storlazzi Originator: Mike Beck Originator: Borja Reguero Originator: Kai Parker Publication_Date: 2024 Title: Ocean wave time-series simulated with a global-scale numerical wave model under the influence of historical CMIP6 wind and sea ice fields Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19790101 Ending_Date: 20141231 Source_Currentness_Reference: period covered by model Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WW3-CMIP6 Source_Contribution: wave time-series forced by CMIP6 models for the historical period Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Enrico Scoccimarro Originator: Alessio Bellucci Originator: Daniele Peano Publication_Date: 2017 Title: CMCC CMCC-CM2-VHR4 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1367 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2017 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date 1 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CMCC-CM2-VHR4 Source_Contribution: Wind velocities for DWDB. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Aurore Voldoire Publication_Date: 2019 Title: CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-CM6-1-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP ssp585 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.4225 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CNRM-CM6-1-HR Source_Contribution: Wind velocities for DWDB. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) Publication_Date: 2018 Title: EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3P-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2323 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19790101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: EC-Earth3P-HR Source_Contribution: Wind velocities for DWDB. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Malcolm Roberts Publication_Date: 2018 Title: MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-HM model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.446 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19790101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HadGEM3-GC31-HM-SST Source_Contribution: Wind velocities for DWDB. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anita Engelstad Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Originator: Kees Nederhoff Publication_Date: 20240312 Title: Wave model input files (ver. 2.0, November 2024) Edition: 2.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: various Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P931CSO9 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19790101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Wave model input Source_Contribution: Model grids and input Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: IBCAO Version 4.0 Compilation Group Publication_Date: 2020 Title: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 4.0. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: British Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, NERC, UK Online_Linkage: https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/arctic_ocean/ Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19790101 Ending_Date: 20191231 Source_Currentness_Reference: period for which data were obtained 2020 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: IBCAO Source_Contribution: gridded continuous terrain model covering land and ocean in the Arctic region Process_Step: Process_Description: Obtained topobathymetric elevation data and generated grid bathymetries for wave simulations. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: IBCAO Process_Date: 20200630 Process_Step: Process_Description: Generated reduced input for wave simulations using methods outlined in the accompanying summary of methods (Engelstad and others, 2024) and in Reguero and others, 2013 and Camus and others, 2014. The reduced input was generated from an ensemble of seven CMIP6 models for each computational grid, containing wind and WW3 wave time-series for each model (the wave model input is provided in the same larger data release)For the reconstruction of the time series in the nearshore, one to eleven (depending on grid size) CMIP6 time-series at the model boundary were used for each grid and each model that is presented here (CMCC-CM2-VHR4, CNRM-CM6-1-HR, EC-Earth3P-HR, and HadGEM3-GC31-HM-SST) to account for alongshore variability. Engelstad and others, 2024 describes the methods for ERA5, but the same methods were applied for CMIP6. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: WW3-CMIP6 Process_Date: 20230615 Process_Step: Process_Description: Simulated reduced CMIP6 waves for all domains. Reconstructed time series for CMIP6 wave time series and wrote out time series in the nearshore. Process_Date: 20240320 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Time-series data are available along the Alaska coast. Refer to self-contained NetCDF files for more location information. Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: approximate Mean Sea Level as determined by the Prudhoe NOAA tide station Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: netCDF files are self-contained and attribute information may be found in the header of the file itself. These files are available for Attributes are latitude, longitude and depth for each location, as well as significant wave heights (Hs), mean wave period Tm (Tm0,-1), mean wave period Tm01 (Tm0,1)and mean wave direction(Dm) for the 1979-2019. Additionally, flags advise caution where necessary when using the data. Flag_D is used for time steps when the wave and/or wind directions at the model boundary differ by more than 15 degrees between the CMIP6 data and the value determined from the downscaled wave database (DWDB). 20 degrees is maximum difference that wind and wave directions are allowed to differ, otherwise the timestep is set to NaN. Flag_S indicates possible inconsistencies between adjacent time series locations, caused by either the use of different offshore CMIP6 locations in the alongshore directions, or by a switch from one numerical model domain to another. Additionally, values for which the difference in Hs is greater than 0.15 m are flagged to inform the user of this difference. Flags are set for differences greater than 0.20 m (Flag_Hs020), 0.25 m (Flag_Hs025), 0.50 m (Flag_Hs050), 0.75 m (Flag_Hs075) and 1 m (Flag_Hs100). For all flags, 1 indicates this condition is true and 0 that it is not true. Transect IDs are associated with each location and are named in the following scheme: [A1A2A3_N1_N2], where [A1A2A3_N1_N2] is a unique ID for each transects that corresponds to the wave parameter output in the file. A1 is an identifier for the type of transect exposure (E for exposed transects, or S, sheltered, describing transects along Bays and Lagoons). A2 can be either E (east), C (central), or W (west), describing the general location in A3, which is abbreviated by either B (Beaufort Sea) or C (Chukchi Sea). N1 is a numerical baseline ID, and N2 the numerical transect order, starting from the Canada border. For files which include ‘BeringStrait_to_NortonSound’ in their file name, the ID consists only of [A1_N1_N2] where A1 is NSD. File names reflect the geographic area, the time period and the isobath for which the files contain data. For example, WaveTimeSeries_CMIP6_fut_KotzebueSound_to_BeringStrait_10mDepth.nc contains data for locations from Kotzebue Sound to the Bering Strait (also see browse graphic) for the future (202-2050) period along the 10 m isobath. Note that not every transect necessarily contains unique wave data. Due to the grid resolution, output location along the isobaths might overlap. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: These data are available in 32 netCDF files. Files are organized by four regions (U.S. Canada border to Nuwuk (Point Barrow), Nuwuk to Kotzebue Sound, Kotzebue Sound to Bering Strait, Bering Strait to Norton Sound), near two isobaths (5m and 10m depth) and for four CMIP6 models (CMCC, CNRM, EC-Earth, HadGem-HM-SST), which is reflected in the file name (for example, WaveTimeSeries_CMIP6_his_cmcc_US_CanadaBorder_to_Nuwuk_10mDepth.nc). File sizes range between 6-11 GB, depending on the region. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Information_Content: 32 files contain CMIP6 future time series data for 4 regions (Bering Strait to Norton Sound, Canadian border to Nuwuk, Nuwuk to Kotzebue Sound, and Kotzebue Sound to the Bering Strait)and 2 isobaths (5m and 10m depth). File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip or archive utility Transfer_Size: 146000 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P931CSO9 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the appropriate Simulation Data section. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with any software that reads netCDF files, such as Mathworks MATLAB, Python, Panoply. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20241127 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998