Manoocher Shirzaei Leonard O. Ohenhen Anita Engelstad 20230315 comma-delimited text data release DOI: 10.5066/P9BQQTCI Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Patrick L. Barnard Kevin Befus Jeffrey J. Danielson Anita C. Engelstad Li H. Erikson Amy C. Foxgrover Maya K. Hayden Daniel J. Hoover Tim Leijnse Chris Massey Robert McCall Norberto Nadal-Caraballo Kees Nederhoff Leonard O. Ohenhen Andrea C. O’Neill Kai A. Parker Manoocher Shirzaei Xin Su Jennifer A. Thomas Maarten van Ormondt Sean F. Vitousek Kilian Vos Madison C. Yawn 2023 data release DOI: 10.5066/P9BQQTCI Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI This dataset contains rates of land subsidence and uplift derived from Sentinel-1A/B (2015-2020) and ALOS (2007-2011) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, at approximately 50-75 m resolution and mm-level precision for the U.S. Atlantic coast except for the states of North and South Carolina. The data consist of vertical land motion (VLM) rates and the 1-sigma error in land motion rates and are available as csv files. Similar vertical land motion rates for North Carolina and South Carolina are available from Barnard and others, 2023, at https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314. These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of vulnerability. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. This data release was funded by the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20070101 20201220 collection years of SAR data used to determine vertical land motion Complete None planned -81.989635 -69.998028 42.999999 25.494837 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:fadcebf9-4fe1-431e-ae6c-3e1f485eac14 USGS Thesaurus hazards coastal processes None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC coastal Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Connecticut State of Delaware State of Florida State of Georgia State of Maryland State of Massachusetts State of New Hampshire State of New Jersey State of New York State of Rhode Island State of Virginia None USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov VerticalLandMotion_US_Atlantic.png Map showing the area for which vertical land motion (VLM) data are available. JPEG Interferograms are generated using GAMMA software (Werner and others, 2000) and multitemporal InSAR processing is performed using Wavelet-Based InSAR algorithm (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018; Shirzaei and others, 2012; Shirzaei, 2013). Patrick L. Barnard Kevin Befus Jeffrey J. Danielson Anita C. Engelstad Li H. Erikson Amy C. Foxgrover Matthew W. Hardy Daniel J. Hoover Tim Leijnse Chris Massey Robert McCall Norberto C. Nadal-Caraballo Kees Nederhoff Leonard Ohenhen Andrea C. O’Neill Kai A. Parker Manoocher Shirzaei Xin Su Jennifer A. Thomas Maarten van Ormondt Sean F. Vitousek Kilian Vos Madison C. Yawn 2023 Barnard, P.L., Befus, K., Danielson, J.J., Engelstad, A.C., Erikson, L.H., Foxgrover, A.C., Hardy, M.W., Hoover, D.J., Leijnse, T., Massey, C., McCall, R., Nadal-Caraballo, N.C., Nederhoff, K., Ohenhen, L., O’Neill, A.C., Parker, K.A., Shirzaei, M., Su, X., Thomas, J.A., van Ormondt, M., Vitousek, S.F., Vos, K., and Yawn, M.C., 2023 Future coastal hazards along the U.S. North and South Carolina coasts: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314 E. Blackwell M. Shirzaei C. Ojha S. Werth 2020 Blackwell, E., Shirzaei, M., Ojha, C., and Werth, S., 2020, Tracking California’s sinking coast from space: Implications for relative sea-level rise: Science Advances, vol. 6, p. eaba4551, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4551. G. Blewitt C. Creemer W.C. Hammond J.M. Goldfarb 2013 Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Hammond, W.C., and Goldfarb, J.M., 2013, Terrestrial reference frame NA12 for crustal deformation studies in North America: Journal of Geodynamics, vol. 72, p. 11-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2013.08.004. T.G. Farr P.A. Rosen E. Caro R. Crippen R. Duren S. Hensley M. Kobrick M. Paller E. Rodriguez L. Roth D. Seal S. Shaffer J. Shimada J. Umland M. Werner M. Oskin D. Burbank D. Alsdorf 2007 Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M. Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D., 2007, The shuttle radar topography mission: Reviews of Geophysics, vol. 45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005rg000183. G. Franceschetti R. Lanari 1999 Franceschetti G., and Lanari, R., 1999, Synthetic aperture radar processing: CRC Press, 324 p. C. Ojha M. Shirzaei S. Werth D.F. Argus T.G. Farr 2018 Ojha, C., Shirzaei, M., Werth, S., Argus, D.F., and Farr, T.G., 2018, Sustained groundwater loss in California's Central Valley exacerbated by intense drought periods: Water resources research, vol. 54, p. 4449-4460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022250. M. Shirzaei R. Bürgmann 2012 Shirzaei M., and Bürgmann, R., 2012, Topography correlated atmospheric delay correction in radar interferometry using wavelet transforms: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049971. M. Shirzaei 2013 Shirzaei, M., 2013, A wavelet-based multitemporal DInSAR algorithm for monitoring ground surface motion, (in English): Ieee Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 10, p. 456-460, https://doi.org/10.1109/Lgrs.2012.2208935. M. Shirzaei R. Bürgmann E.J. Fielding 2017 Shirzaei, M., Bürgmann, R., and Fielding, E.J., 2017, Applicability of Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 44, p. 2733-2742, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072663. C. Werner U. Wegmüller T. Strozzi A. Wiesmann 2000 Werner, C., Wegmüller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A., 2000, Gamma SAR and interferometric processing software: Proceedings of the ers-envisat symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden, v. 1620. C. Yu N.T. Penna Z. Li 2017 Yu, C., Penna, N.T., and Li, Z., 2017, Generation of real‐time mode high‐resolution water vapor fields from GPS observations: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 122, p. 2008-2025, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025753. C. Yu Z. Li N.T. Penna P. Crippa 2018 Yu, C., Li, Z., Penna, N.T., and Crippa, P., 2018, Generic atmospheric correction model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB015305. A formal accuracy assessment using an independent set of GNSS vertical was conducted. Results are within the expected range of 1 mm/yr standard deviation. Data fall within expected/reasonable ranges. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Data accuracy is assumed to be close to 1mm/yr. European Space Agency 2021 Geotiff files online Copernicus https://search.asf.alaska.edu/ online database 20150101 20201220 2021 Sentinel-1A/B Source was used to build a seamless map of vertical land motion Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 2021 binary online OpenTopography https://search.asf.alaska.edu/ online database 2007 2011 2021 ALOS Source was used to build a seamless map of vertical land motion Previously existing Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR) data were mined to generate a seamless map of vertical land motion (VLM) for an up to approximately 100-km-wide strip along the U.S. Atlantic coastline. Multiple overlapping frames from ALOS and Sentinel-1A/B satellites were used to cover the entire area. We applied multitemporal InSAR processing to each frame in each viewing geometry to generate an extensive set of high-quality interferograms considering the spatial and temporal baselines. A Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 1-arcsecond (~30 m) spatial resolution (Farr and others, 2007) and precise satellite orbital information was used to calculate and remove the effect of topographic phase and flat earth correction (Franceschetti and others, 1999). The wavelet-based InSAR, an advanced multi-temporal SAR interferometric algorithm, was applied to reduce environmental artifacts and constrain temporally variable deformation fields (Shirzaei, 2013; Shirzaei and others, 2017). A suite of wavelet-based filters (Shirzaei and others 2012; Shirzaei, 2013) and atmospheric models (Yu and others, 2017, Yu and others, 2018) was used to reduce the residual topography-correlated component of the atmospheric phase delay and spatially uncorrelated DEM error. The set of corrected interferograms was inverted using a reweighted least-squares estimation to generate deformation time-series and velocities along the line-of-sight (LOS) direction. This operation was applied to all frames separately, then the data in the overlap zones of adjacent frames were used to perform an affine transformation and to obtain a seamless map of LOS displacement velocities for each viewing geometry (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018). Assuming a constant long-term velocity, a least-squares joint inversion was applied to combine the LOS velocity fields with observations of horizontal displacement velocity at the location of GNSS stations, which allowed for resolving the 3D deformation field at high resolution and mm/yr-level precision (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018). To translate estimated vertical deformation rates into a continental framework, vertical velocities of GNSS stations, calculated in IGS14 were used (Blewitt and others, 2013), followed by an affine transformation (including a shift, a scale factor, and two rotations) to transfer the estimated VLM into IGS14 (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018). ALOS satellites Sentinel-1A/B satellites 20220115 Manoocher Shirzaei Virginia Tech Geophysicist physical

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Blacksburg VA 24060 510-333-9305 shirzaei@vt.edu Edits were made to correct spelling in author name. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. (scochran@usgs.gov) 20230516 Edits were made to correct the Time Period of Content ending date from 20211231 to 20201220 and the associated date range in the title from “Vertical land motion rates for the years 2007 to 2021…” to “Vertical land motion rates for the years 2007 to 2020…”. Within the abstract section, the date range of the Sentinel-1A/B data was corrected from 2014-2021 to 2015-2020, the resolution was updated from “~75 m” to “approximately 50-75 m”, and the term “uplift” added to clarify that the VLM data include both rates of land subsidence and uplift. The above date corrections were also applied within the lineage section, to the ending date of the Sentinel-1A/B source data and to the beginning date of the ALOS data. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. (afoxgrover@usgs.gov ) 20240329 Point Point 11881475 0.000001 0.000001 Decimal degrees International GNSS Service 14 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257223563 VerticalLandMotion_Rate_STATE.csv vertical land motion rates where STATE in the file name refers to the state for which data are available Producer defined Longitude(deg) Longitudinal values for the dataset expressed in degrees USGS -81.989635 -69.998028 Decimal Degrees 0.000001 Latitude(deg) Latitudinal values for the dataset expressed in degrees USGS 25.494837 42.999999 Decimal Degrees 0.000001 VLMrate(cm/yr) Rate of vertical change in land mass, negative values indicate land subsidence and positive values indicate uplift. USGS -1.268 0.819 cm per year 0.001 VLMerror(cm/yr) 1-sigma error of VLM rates USGS 0 2.249 cm per year 0.001 The first line of the csv file is a header line. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov These data are available in csv format in 11 zip files named VerticalLandMotion_Rate_STATE.zip where STATE refers to the state (CT - Connecticut, DE - Delaware, FL - Florida, GA - Georgia, MA – Massachusetts, MD - Maryland, NH – New Hampshire, NJ - New Jersey, NY - New York, RI - Rhode Island, and VA - Virginia) for which data are available. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Connecticut WinZip or archive utility 21.8 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Delaware WinZip or archive utility 8.8 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Florida WinZip or archive utility 43.6 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Georgia WinZip or archive utility 27.7 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Massachusetts WinZip or archive utility 33.3 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Maryland WinZip or archive utility 25.1 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for New Hampshire WinZip or archive utility 2.5 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for New Jersey WinZip or archive utility 41.8 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for New York WinZip or archive utility 21.5 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Rhode Island WinZip or archive utility 3.3 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. comma-delimited text Zip file containing csv with VLM data for Virginia WinZip or archive utility 11.7 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BQQTCI Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. None. The csv data can be viewed with any text reading software. 20240329 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998