Mineralogy, rare earth elements, and strontium isotopic composition of phosphorites and phosphatized rocks from the Rio Grande Rise, south Atlantic Ocean

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Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Entity_and_Attribute_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Mariana Benites
Originator: Kira Mizell
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:

Mineralogy, rare earth elements, and strontium isotopic composition of phosphorites and phosphatized rocks from the Rio Grande Rise, south Atlantic Ocean

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
Series_Information:

Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P9CFVCWN

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place:

Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CFVCWN

Description:

Abstract:

Phosphorites and phosphatized rocks from the summit of the Rio Grande Rise (RGR) in the south Atlantic Ocean were collected via dredge during the oceanographic research cruise RGR1 to the western RGR. The location (latitude, longitude, depth), mineralogy, concentrations of phosphorus and rare earth elements, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of phosphorites and phosphatized FeMn crusts, ironstones, and carbonates from 10 dredge sites are presented here. These data were used to determine the presence of carbonate fluorapatite in different rock types, the age of carbonate fluorapatite and the characteristics of the phosphatizing fluid.

Purpose:

These samples were collected to help determine the history of phosphatization of the summit of the Rio Grande Rise, as recorded by the carbonate fluorapatite in different rock types.

Supplemental_Information:

Samples analyzed for this data release were collected on a cruise funded by Funda‡?o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo (FAPESP) grant number 14/50820-7 for the project titled ?Marine ferromanganese deposits: a major resource of E-tech elements,? which is an international collaboration between Natural Environment Research Council (UK) and FAPESP (Brazil). The Rio Grande Rise is in international waters; therefore, no permission is required to distribute data for these samples. A data report about the cruise can be found at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00252. Additional information on the USGS field activity from which these data are derived can is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-602-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 20180126
Ending_Date: 20210331

Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -39.3750000
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -29.1015625
North_Bounding_Coordinate: -29.4778612
South_Bounding_Coordinate: -34.4778612

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:f505c226-163c-423f-af48-37d8959183bc

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: oceans
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning
Theme_Keyword: Nonliving Resources
Theme_Keyword: Material Resources
Theme_Keyword: Mineral Resources
Theme_Keyword: Physical/Chemical Features
Theme_Keyword: Assessments

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: dredge sampling
Theme_Keyword: chemical analysis
Theme_Keyword: mass spectroscopy
Theme_Keyword: x-ray diffraction
Theme_Keyword: isotopic analysis
Theme_Keyword: geochemistry
Theme_Keyword: metallic mineral resources

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords
Theme_Keyword: sediment geochemistry
Theme_Keyword: mineral resources
Theme_Keyword: chemical analysis

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Theme_Keyword: CMHRP
Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: PCMSC
Theme_Keyword: Global Ocean Mineral Resources

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: NGA GEOnet Names Server (GNS)
Place_Keyword: Rio Grande Rise

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:

USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Sao Paulo as the originators of the dataset and in products derived from these data.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Native_Data_Set_Environment: Mac OSX 10.14.6, Microsoft Excel 16.47.1 for Mac
Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Mariana Benites
Originator: James R. Hein
Originator: Kira Mizell
Originator: Luigi Jovane
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:

Miocene phosphatization of rocks from the summit of Rio Grande Rise, southwest Atlantic Ocean

Other_Citation_Details:

Benites, M., Hein, J.R., Mizell, K., and Jovane, L., XXXX, Miocene phosphatization of rocks from the summit of Rio Grande Rise, southwest Atlantic Ocean: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, (in press).

Online_Linkage: http://XXXXXX_not_available_yet

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: J. McArthur
Originator: R.J. Howart
Originator: G.A. Shields
Publication_Date: 2012
Title: Strontium isotope stratigraphy
Other_Citation_Details:

McArthur, J., Howarth, R.J., and Shields, G.A., 2012, Strontium isotope stratigraphy, in Gradstein, F., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., and Ogg, G.M., eds., The Geologic Time Scale: Oxford, Elsevier, p 127?144).

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511536045.008

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: H.E. Cook
Originator: P.D. Johnson
Originator: J.C. Matti
Originator: I. Zemmels
Publication_Date: 1975
Title:

Methods of sample preparation and x-ray diffraction data analysis, X-Ray Mineralogy Laboratory, Deep Sea Drilling Project, University of California, Riverside

Other_Citation_Details:

Cook, H.E., Johnson, P.D., Matti, J.C., Zemmels, I, 1975, Methods of sample preparation and x-ray diffraction data analysis, X-Ray Mineralogy Laboratory, Deep Sea Drilling Project, University of California, Riverside: Chapter IV, Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial Reports, v. 28, p. 999?1007.

Online_Linkage: http://deepseadrilling.org/28/volume/dsdp28_appendixIV.pdf

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: J.R. Hein
Originator: W.C. Schwab
Originator: A.S. Davis
Publication_Date: 1988
Title:

Cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands

Other_Citation_Details:

Hein, J.R., Schwab, W.C., and Davis, A.S., 1988, Cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands: Marine Geology, v. 78, p. 255?283.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90113-2

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: S. Silverman
Originator: R. Fuyat
Originator: J. Weiser
Publication_Date: 1952
Title:

Quantitative determination of calcite associated with carbonate-bearing apatites

Other_Citation_Details:

Silverman, S., Fuyat, R., and Weiser, J., 1952, Quantitative determination of calcite associated with carbonate-bearing apatites: American Mineralogist, v. 37, p. 211?222

Online_Linkage:

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article/37/3-4/211/539092/Quantitative-determination-of-calcite-associated

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: K.C. Ruttenberg
Publication_Date: 1992
Title:

Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine sediments.

Other_Citation_Details:

Ruttenberg, K.C., 1992, Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine sediments: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 37, p. 1460?1482.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.7.1460

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

All geochemistry and strontium age data were calibrated against certified reference materials.

Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted.
Completeness_Report:

Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Many samples do not have chemistry data because it was done on representative samples only. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. The horizontal accuracy was determined with the ships? GPS navigation, which is accurate to less than 5 m.

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has not been conducted.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Marine Minerals Laboratory

Publication_Date: 2018
Title: X-ray diffraction Mineralogy
Online_Linkage: None

Type_of_Source_Media: rock powders
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20180620

Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: XRD
Source_Contribution:

X-ray powder diffraction analysis to determine the mineralogy. Rock powder was wet mounted on zero-diffraction sample holders using alcohol and measured using a Cu-kà radiation source and graphite monochromator. Each sample was scanned from 4 degrees to 70 degrees 2-theta at 40 kilovolts and 45 milliamperes The diffractograms were interpreted using the Philips High Score Plus software and the International Centre for Diffraction Database. Semi-quantitative percentages of mineral phases were calculated based on the intensities of the peaks and weighting factors relative to quartz (Cook and others, 1975; Hein and others, 1988).

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: SGS Minerals Laboratory
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Geochemical Element Analysis
Online_Linkage: https://www.sgs.ca/en/mining/analytical-services/geochemistry

Type_of_Source_Media: rock powders
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20180901

Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: geochemistry
Source_Contribution:

Geochemical analysis to determine element concentrations. Phosphorus (P) was determined by X-Ray Fluorescence. Lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), yttrium (Y), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu) were all determined by performing lithium metaborate fusion of rock powders followed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry analysis.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

University of California at Santa Cruz V.M. Keck Isotope Laboratory

Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Strontium Isotope Analysis
Online_Linkage: https://eps.ucsc.edu/research/facilities/keck-lab-profile.html

Type_of_Source_Media: rock powders
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20181001

Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 87Sr86Sr
Source_Contribution:

Concentrated nitric acid digestion of samples at 90 degrees Celsius, column chemistry using Sr-SPEC resin, and analysis by a Isotopx Phoenix x62 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS). Isotope values are presented as a ratio of 87Sr to 86Sr, and analytical precision is expressed by the standard error.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Powder aliquots were drilled from the different rock samples using a diamond-coated drill bit and then ground using an agate mortar and pestle to approximately 75 micrometers.

Process_Date: 20180601

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Total rare earth elements plus yttrium (Total_REY) were calculated by summing the concentration of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) plus Y in each sample. Percentage of the heavy rare earth elements was calculated by taking the sum of heavy rare earth elements (Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) and Y and dividing the sum by the total_REY value for each sample.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: geochemistry
Process_Date: 20181101

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

A sequence of chemical leaches was applied to the powder aliquots to isolate the carbonate fluorapatite from the different rock types for chemical and Sr isotopic analyses using the procedure of Ruttenberg (1992). First, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides were removed by leaching 3 g of powdered (<75 micrometers) samples in 1 L of a leaching solution of Na-citrate, Na-bicarbonate, and Na-dithionite (pH 8) for 24 hours. The solution was then filtered (2.7 micrometer paper filter), the residue washed in a 1 M MgCl2 solution (pH 8) and filtered again. For calcite removal, the residue from the previous step was stirred in a 0.5 M triammonium citrate solution (pH 8.1) for 10 hours, after the procedure of Silverman and others (1952). After calcite leaching, the solution was filtered (2.7 micrometer paper filter), and the residues were washed in Milli-Q water, centrifuged, and placed in a sonic bath (repeated five times). Finally, the organic matter was removed by stirring the residues with a 30 percent H2O2 solution. Ironstones and phosphorite samples were treated only for calcite and organic matter removal, and carbonate samples were treated only for the removal of organic matter. The removal of each phase was confirmed by XRD at the end of each step.

Process_Date: 20180713

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

The age (Sr_age) of the carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) in select samples was determined by comparing the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the samples to the Cenozoic seawater curve of 87Sr/86Sr values compiled by McArthur and others (2012).

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 87Sr86Sr
Process_Date: 20191110

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Results from the lab analyses, the isotope age data, location data, and sample information were combined into a comma-delimited text values document (RGR1_P_mineral_chem_Sr_data.csv). Cells designated by -9999 indicate that no analysis was performed.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: XRD
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: geochemistry
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 87Sr86Sr
Process_Date: 20210501

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point
Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:

SDTS_Terms_Description:

SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 54

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Geographic:

Latitude_Resolution: 0.0001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.0001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: RGR1_P_mineral_chem_Sr_data.csv
Entity_Type_Definition:

table containing results from analyses of phosphorites and phosphatized rocks at the latitude, longitude, and water depth of each sample location.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Sample_Dredge_ID
Attribute_Definition: The sample and dredge ID for each sample
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

The sample names include cruise ID (RGR1), the dredge number (D, denoting dredge, followed by a number), and a further underscored number to denote the sample number.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Layer_Interval
Attribute_Definition:

The depth interval, measured in millimeters from the top of the stratigraphic section, that encompasses each rock layer sample

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

Layer intervals (starting with L) are listed as ranges of integer values that represent the depth in millimeters below the surface of the crust. Samples with ?CFA lens? listed for the layer interval represent results for a lens of phosphorite discretely contained in that layer interval. Samples with ?Substrate? listed represents the substrate rock of ferromanganese crusts. Samples with ?Bulk? represent whole-rock analysis.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Type
Attribute_Definition: The rock type for each sample or sample layer
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Phosphatized Fe-Mn crust
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

the sample or subsample is a phosphatized ferromangense (Fe-Mn) crust

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Carbonate
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: the sample or subsample is a carbonate
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ironstone
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: the sample or subsample is an ironstone
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Phosphorite
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: the sample or subsample is a phosphorite
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Phosphorite lens
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

the sample or subsample is a phosphorite lens within ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crust layers

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Latitude
Attribute_Definition: Latitude at which sample was collected
Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -31.1558
Range_Domain_Maximum: -30.6253
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0001

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Longitude
Attribute_Definition: Longitude at which sample was collected
Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -36.2082
Range_Domain_Maximum: -34.8301
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0001

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Water_Depth
Attribute_Definition: Water depth in meters at which the sample was collected
Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 633.5
Range_Domain_Maximum: 825.5
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters (m)
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Major_minerals
Attribute_Definition:

Minerals that constitute more than 25% of the total mineralogy based on semi-quantitative estimation calculated using the intensities of the peaks and weighting factors relative to quartz (Cook and others, 1975; Hein and others, 1988).

Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

List of minerals. None means that no minerals occurred within this percentage range.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Moderate_minerals
Attribute_Definition:

Minerals that constitute 5-25% of the total mineralogy based on semi-quantitative estimation calculated using the intensities of the peaks and weighting factors relative to quartz (Cook and others, 1975; Hein and others, 1988).

Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

List of minerals. None means that no minerals occurred within this percentage range.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Minor_minerals
Attribute_Definition:

Minerals that constitute less than 5% of the total mineralogy based on semi-quantitative estimation calculated using the intensities of the peaks and weighting factors relative to quartz (Cook and others, 1975; Hein and others, 1988).

Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

List of minerals. None means that no minerals occurred within this percentage range.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: P
Attribute_Definition: Phosphorus concentration in each sample
Attribute_Definition_Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.05
Range_Domain_Maximum: 13.7
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: weight percent
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: La
Attribute_Definition:

Lanthanum concentration in each sample. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured.