Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eric E. Grossman Originator: Nathan R. vanArendonk Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Kai A. Parker Publication_Date: 20230831 Title: Projections of compound floodwater depths for the lower Nooksack River and delta, western Washington State Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: geotiff Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9DJM7X2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DJM7X2 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eric E. Grossman Originator: Nathan R. vanArendonk Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Kai A. Parker Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Model input and projections of compound floodwater depths for the lower Nooksack River and delta, western Washington State Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9DJM7X2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DJM7X2 Description: Abstract: Computed flood depths associated with the combined influence of sea level position, tides, storm surge, and streamflow under existing conditions and projected future higher sea level and peak stream runoff are provided for the lower (Reach 1) of the Nooksack River and delta in Whatcom County, western Washington State. The flood-depth projection data are provided in a series of raster geotiff files. Flood-depth projections were computed using a system of numerical models that accounted for projected changes in climate forcing including sea level rise, storm surge, and stream discharge in the 2040s and 2080s based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) Global Climate Model (GCM) projections. Additionally, the models were run with modifications to land surface elevations to represent proposed flood hazard reduction and salmon habitat restoration strategies (alternatives) under existing and future conditions. Variations of the models also simulated changes to the stream bed to reflect recently observed decadal-scale sedimentation patterns that affect flow conveyance and flood risk. Purpose: These data represent cumulative effects analyses of impending compound flood exposure to provide identified information needs and help inform resource managers, policy makers, scientific researchers, students, and the general public. The projections of flood depths accounting for the combined effects of future sea-level rise, tide, storm surge and stream flooding provide emergency responders and coastal planners with critical hazards information that can be used as a screening tool to increase public safety, mitigate physical damages, and more effectively manage and allocate resources within complex coastal settings. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of exposure to flooding and vulnerability. Supplemental_Information: This work is part of ongoing research and modeling efforts to evaluate hazards and inform resilient planning for our Nation's coasts, and in particular, evaluate the potential benefits and tradeoffs of nature-based solutions to address flood risk management. This work was funded by the Whatcom County Flood Control Zone District and the United States Geological Survey as part of the Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound (CHIPS) and Coastal Change Hazards (CCH) Projects. The work was coordinated closely with the Nooksack Indian Tribe and Lummi Nation. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2019 Ending_Date: 2023 Currentness_Reference: start of project work through publication year Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.70768 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.48246 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 48.84569 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 48.73793 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:21321a39-ea10-4f9b-b01e-5bd03f688425 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: Hazards Planning Theme_Keyword: Floodplain Theme_Keyword: River delta Theme_Keyword: Estuary Theme_Keyword: Sedimentation Theme_Keyword: Sea Level Rise Theme_Keyword: Storm Surge Theme_Keyword: Extreme Weather Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: Water Depth Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Climate Change Theme_Keyword: Storms Theme_Keyword: Wind Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: Sea-level Change Theme_Keyword: mathematical modeling Theme_Keyword: effects of climate change Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: sea level change Theme_Keyword: storms Theme_Keyword: floods Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Whatcom County Place_Keyword: City of Bellingham Place_Keyword: City of Ferndale Place_Keyword: State of Washington Place_Keyword: Puget Sound Place_Keyword: Salish Sea Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and Whatcom County Flood Control Zone District as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: f2009.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: The graphic is showing the study area for projected flood extents Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Delft3D Flexible Mesh (2019.02) and Matlab version 9.6 running on Microsoft Windows 10. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Eric E. Grossman Originator: Nathan R. vanArendonk Originator: Kees Nederhoff Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Compound flood model for the lower Nooksack River and delta, western Washington--Assessment of vulnerability and nature-based adaptation opportunities to mitigate higher sea level and stream flooding Other_Citation_Details: Grossman, E.E., vanArendonk, N.R., and Nederhoff, K., 2023, Compound flood model for the lower Nooksack River and delta, western Washington—Assessment of vulnerability and nature-based adaptation opportunities to mitigate higher sea level and stream flooding: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5047, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235047. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Scott W. Anderson Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Topographic and bathymetric elevation data for the Nooksack River, Fall 2015 Other_Citation_Details: Anderson, S.W., and Grossman, E.E., 2017, Topographic and bathymetric elevation data for the Nooksack River, Fall 2015: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F72B8W7M. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F72B8W7M Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Scott W. Anderson Originator: Christopher P. Konrad Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Sediment storage and transport in the Nooksack River basin, northwestern Washington, 2006--15 Other_Citation_Details: Anderson, S.W., Konrad, C.P., Grossman, E.E., and Curran, C.A., 2019, Sediment storage and transport in the Nooksack River basin, northwestern Washington, 2006--15: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5008, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195008. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195008 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Alan F. Hamlet Originator: Marketa M. Elsner Originator: Guillaume S. Mauger Originator: Se-Yeun Lee Originator: Ingrid Tohver Originator: R. A. Norheim Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Overview of the Columbia Basin Climate Change Scenarios Project: Approach, Methods, and Summary of Key Results Other_Citation_Details: Hamlet, A.F., Elsner, M.M., Mauger, G.S., Lee, S., Tohver, I., and Norheim, R.A., 2013, An Overview of the Columbia Basin Climate Change Scenarios Project: Approach, Methods, and Summary of Key Results: Atmosphere-Ocean, v. 51, p. 392-415, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2013.819555. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2013.819555 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Ian Miller Originator: Harriet Morgan Originator: Guillaume Mauger Originator: Tyler Newton Originator: Ray Weldon Originator: David Schmidt Originator: Mark Welch Originator: Eric Grossman Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Projected Sea Level Rise for Washington State--A 2018 Assessment Other_Citation_Details: Miller, I.M., Morgan, H., Mauger, G., Newton, T., Weldon, R., Schmidt, D., Welch, M., Grossman, E. 2018. Projected Sea Level Rise for Washington State--A 2018 Assessment. A collaboration of Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, Oregon State University, University of Washington, and US Geological Survey. Prepared for the Washington Coastal Resilience Project, 24 p., https://cig.uw.edu/projects/projected-sea-level-rise-for-washington-state-a-2018-assessment/, last accessed, 3/2/2023. Online_Linkage: https://cig.uw.edu/projects/projected-sea-level-rise-for-washington-state-a-2018-assessment/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Tyler, D.J. Originator: Danielson, J.J. Originator: Grossman, E.E. Originator: Hockenberry, R.J. Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Topobathymetric Model of Puget Sound, Washington, 1887 to 2017 Other_Citation_Details: Tyler, D.J., Danielson, J.J., Grossman, E.E., and Hockenberry, R.J. 2020. Topobathymetric Model of Puget Sound, Washington, 1887 to 2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P95N6CIT. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P95N6CIT Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Whatcom County Public Works Publication_Date: 2017 Title: System-Wide Improvement Framework: unpublished report prepared for Whatcom County Flood Control Zone District Other_Citation_Details: Whatcom County Public Works, 2017, System-Wide Improvement Framework: unpublished report prepared for Whatcom County Flood Control Zone District, 67 p.; https://www.whatcomcounty.us/DocumentCenter/View/26159/Nooksack-SWIF--Revised-for-ACOE-Comments-Mar-2017?bidId=, last accessed, 6/15/2022. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Attribute values are model-derived flood depths due to the combined influence of plausible sea-level rise, tides, storm surge, and peak stream flooding under existing conditions that are validated by observations, and future climate and land-use change conditions that cannot be validated against observations. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented (as described in the abstract). Users are advised to read the metadata record and cited references carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data are concurrent with the referenced Digital Elevation Model (Tyler and others, 2020). Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Model-derived data for existing conditions are accurate at available observation sites within published uncertainty bounds of ~0.3 m (~1 ft). Error accounts for total uncertainty from water and land surface elevations and other contributing data sources, model processes, and vertical land motion. This value is spatially variable and dependent on scenario. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Generated a numerical unstructured grid consisting of a set of one-dimensional (1D) nodes as cross-channel transects along the mainstem river and distributary channels of the lower Nooksack River and two-dimensional horizontal (2DH) nodes across the coastal embayments and floodplains using Delft3D Flexible Mesh (Delft3D FM). Numerical grid node spacing ranges between 6 and 50 m with highest resolution in areas of greatest concern to flood model outputs, namely along the floodplain in the vicinity of greatest flood exposure and identified mitigation alternatives for assessment. The grid nodes and transects were attributed with elevations derived from a seamless topographic and bathymetric digital elevation model (Tyler and others, 2020). Modifications of model grid elevations for identified flood mitigation/habitat restoration alternatives were made by prescribing channels across the floodplain following specifications in Whatcom County Public Works (2017) and by raising mainstem channel stream bed elevations to represent recent observed decadal scale bed aggradation patterns (Anderson and Grossman, 2017; Anderson and others, 2019). Process_Date: 20210115 Process_Step: Process_Description: Generated boundary condition forcing for the marine and freshwater boundaries of the model. The marine boundary was prescribed tidal harmonics and nontidal residual values (anomalies) derived from the 27-year observational record at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cherry Point tide gage (station 9449424). The freshwater boundary was forced with measured stream discharge at the USGS stream gage Nooksack River at Ferndale (Station 12213100) for historical flows. Modifications for future conditions included elevating sea level position following Miller and others (2018) and increasing stream discharge following the future hydrologic projections of Hamlet and others (2013) for mean and high change scenarios described in Grossman and others (2023). Process_Date: 20210515 Process_Step: Process_Description: Ran model simulations of existing conditions for validation and calibration period of 2017 for comparison to measured water levels in Anderson and others (2019) and for two historical floods of Jan 8, 2009, and Feb 2, 2020, to test model performance for extreme events (Grossman and others, 2023). Ran model simulations of all individual and combined effects of existing and future 2040 and 2080s changes in sea level and stream flooding, flood mitigation/habitat restoration alternatives, and bed sediment aggradation scenarios. Process_Date: 20210915 Process_Step: Process_Description: Generated floodwater level outputs, and in turn, calculated water depth by subtracting CoNED land elevations (Tyler and others, 2020) for all individual and combined effects of sea level-tide-storm surge and streamflows, flood mitigation/habitat restoration alternatives, and bed sediment aggradation scenarios in the form of geoTIFF. Final geoTIFFs were transformed from unstructured grids to uniform grids with 5 meter cell size and organized by the two historical floods (2009 and 2020) for existing conditions, 2040s and 2080s. Process_Date: 20220115 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: raster Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.00000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.00000 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.00 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 5 Ordinate_Resolution: 5 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: flood depth projections Entity_Type_Definition: geotiffs contain projections of flood-hazard water depths Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: waterDepth Attribute_Definition: water depth associated with corresponding sea-level position, storm surge, stream discharge and individual and cumulative effects of flood mitigation strategies and decadal scale sedimentation Attribute_Definition_Source: model-derived Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.05 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.50 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meter Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.05 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The data contain computed floodwater depths (depth of water level over the land surface) from associated tides, storm surge, and streamflow observed during the Jan 8, 2009, and Feb 2, 2020, floods on the Lower Nooksack River and the extent of flooding estimated with proposed flood mitigation alternatives. Additional projections include the flood extent of those two events accounting for sea level rise and changes in runoff in the 2040s and 2080s with and without the mitigation alternatives and for all scenarios with and without recently observed decadal scale stream channel bed aggradation patterns. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: This dataset consists of a zipped folder with two subfolders containing flood depth rasters; one for the 2009 flood, the other for the 2020 flood. Each flood folder contains three subfolders; one for projections of the observed flood, the others for the 2040s and 2080s. Within each folder are outputs for each alternative and for future projections output for the mean and high future change scenario. Outputs reflecting the effects of sedimentation are also included. Files are named as follows waterDepth_nk____.tiff, where waterDepth=Flood depth over land surface elevation, nk=Nooksack, fYear=flood year either 2009 or 2020, FutureYear=2040s or 2080s, ChangeScenario=mean (m) or high (h), Alternative=3 or 4, and SedimentationScenario=3 or 4, each reflecting modeled scenarios in Grossman and others (2023). Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Geotiff Format_Information_Content: Zip file contains Geotiffs of projected flood extent and water depths. File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip Transfer_Size: 621.4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DJM7X2 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link and scrolling down to the Simulation Data section. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with GIS software. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20230831 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998