Timothy O. Hodson Guy R. Cochrane Megan N. Dethier 20220202 vector digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P9GVRZ3M Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GVRZ3M Guy R. Cochrane 2022 data release DOI:10.5066/P9GVRZ3M Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GVRZ3M This part of USGS Data Series 935 (Cochrane, 2014) presents substrate, geomorphic, and biotope data in the Offshore of Seattle, California, map area, a part of the Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series. Given the variable bathymetric resolution, the complex geologic history of the region, and the lack of acoustic backscatter data, automated and semi-automated classification schemes of classifying seafloor substrate and geoform were deemed to have very low accuracy. Instead, classification of these properties was performed manually following the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS; Madden and others, 2009) using observations from underwater video footage. The best overall predictors of biotic assemblage were used to generate the CMECS biotopes. However, the nature of the biological data gathered makes it difficult to define clear biotopes. It was difficult to see or identify many organisms in the underwater video, and with an average of only 3-4 taxa identified per sampling unit, it is hard to characterize biotic assemblages. Some biological clusters of taxa were identified statistically for multiple map areas, and within each area, some of these groupings were found at consistent depths and/or with predictable substrates. The maps are not fine-grained enough to capture the physical variation seen within one-minute video units. Depth zones in the biotope map are based on Dethier (1992). To expand geologic mapping to the seafloor within Washington's State Waters, to update coastal habitat mapping, and to contribute to a uniform regional habitat database. Additionally, to provide a habitat map for the public and ecoscience community to aid in land-use and land-management decisions both onshore and offshore. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. 2013 ground condition Complete none planned -122.714158 -122.311809 47.834982 47.563368 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:b076adfb-9a55-4e36-ad59-df998b5d0fec Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Marine Habitat ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation environment oceans imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Data Categories for Marine Planning Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Habitat Invertebrates Biodiversity USGS Thesaurus sea-floor characteristics Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords seabed field observation None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Salish Sea State of Washington Puget Sound King County Island County None USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov CMECS_OffshoreSeattle.jpg Shaded-relief map of Offshore of Seattle map area showing seafloor classified into CMECS substrate classes JPEG ArcGIS 10.8.1, Windows 10 R.L. Folk 1954 Folk, R.L., The Distinction between Grain Size and Mineral Composition in Sedimentary Rock Nomenclature: J. Geol., v. 62, p. 344-359. Guy R. Cochrane 2014 Cochrane, G.R., compiler, 2014, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series Data Catalog: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 935 https://doi.org/10.3133/ds935 Megan N. Dethier 1992 Dethier, M.N., 1992, Classifying marine and estuarine natural communities: An alternative to the Cowardin system: Natural Areas Journal, v. 12, p. 90-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911274 C.J. Madden K. Goodin R.J. Allee G. Cicchetti C. Moses M. Finkbeiner D. Bamford 2009 Madden, C.J., Goodin, K., Allee, R.J., Cicchetti, G., Moses, C., Finkbeiner, M., and Bamford, D., 2009, Coastal and marine ecological classification standard (Version 3): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Natureserve, 126 p. https://www.csc.noaa.gov/benthic/cmecs Triezenberg, P. J., Hart, P. E., and Childs, J. R. 2016 Triezenberg, P. J., Hart, P. E., and Childs, J. R., 2016, National Archive of Marine Seismic Surveys (NAMSS): A USGS data website of marine seismic reflection data within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): U.S. Geological Survey Data Release https://doi.org/10.5066/F7930R7P J.A. Reid C.J. Jenkins M. Zimmermann S. Jeffress Williams M.E. Field 2006 Reid, J.A., Reid, J.M., Jenkins, C.J., Zimmermann, M., Williams, S.J., and Field, M.E., 2006, usSEABED: Pacific Coast (California, Oregon, Washington) offshore surficial-sediment data release: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 182, version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.3133/ds182 Polygons were hand delineated; the accuracy of substrate and biota observations cannot be quantified. Polygons were visually checked for overshoots, undershoots, duplicate features, polygon closure, and other errors by the lead author and by the GIS technician who created the digital database. No checks for consistency were performed on this data. Data are complete, no offshore features that could be accurately identified and represented at the compilation scale of 1:30,000 were eliminated or generalized. The smallest area represented is approximately 200 square meters. All geospatial database elements are attributed. Polygons were primarily mapped by interpretation of 2-meter-resolution hillshaded bathymetry data interpreted from bathymetric lidar and sonar surveys, from visual observations of underwater sea floor video, and from sediment samples. Sea floor video and sediment sample information positions are highly variable, on the order of 10 meters. Horizontal position given is ship position. Towed camera can be on the order of 10 meters distance from the ship during deployment. Map Unit contact locations were interpreted typically at a scale of 1:2,000 using the above base data. Bathymetric sonar and LiDAR data have a horizontal accuracy greater than the resolution of the base data. Map unit contacts were digitized by heads-up screen digitization of line data on 2-meter-resolution DEMs described above. Horizontal accuracy is estimated to be between 2 and 5 meters depending on how clearly contacts can be resolved. Most digitized positions on the map are estimated to have better than 5 m horizontal accuracy. Map unit Geoform polygons were digitized over underlying 2-meter base layers developed from multibeam bathymetry data, also available in this data release. The specificity of our CMECS geoform interpretations reflects the resolution of the underlying NOS bathymetry. Where there was sufficient resolution to attribute a particular genetic process to a geoform, we ascribed an appropriately specific geoform type. Where bathymetric resolution was low and the genetic interpretation equivocal, our geoform classifications were more generic. Seafloor geoforms were classified based on their physical attributes as observed in the NOS bathymetric surveys and USGS seismic reflection profiles (Triezenberg and others, 2016) in combination with knowledge of common glacial and estuarine processes and interpretations from the regional geologic literature. 2012 Areas near USGS seafloor video transects were classified with more specificity, down to Substrate Group or Substrate Subgroup, depending on proximity to ground-truthed transects and the local heterogeneity of the seafloor. Our classification of substrates in areas outside the primary study region was based primarily upon geomorphological interpretations drawn from historical NOS surveys and historical NOS seabed descriptions. Consequently, these interpretations are less specific; substrate classifications in these areas are typically limited to the Substrate Class or Substrate Subclass. The CMECS Substrate Component values are described in Madden and others (2009). 2012 Depth zones in the biotope map are based on Dethier (1992). The biotope polygons were derived by merging depth zone polygons with the CMECS geoform-substrate polygons and creating an integer code to represent the substrate class and depth zone of each polygon. 2012 Vertical coordinate system information, inadvertently omitted in the original version of the metadata, was added. No data were changed. (scochran@usgs.gov) 20221130 Vector GT-polygon composed of chains 2525 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 10N 0.9996 -123.0 0.0 500000.0 0.0 coordinate pair 0.000000002220024164500956 0.000000002220024164500956 meter D North American 1983 GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 instantaneous sealevel 0.1 meters Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Polygon Polygons representing geologic / geomorphic map units This report FID Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape feature type Esri polygon type vector object geoform CMECS Level 1 and 2 geoform structure CMECS turbidite channel a channel on a slope that is formed by turbidite flows repeatedly cutting and depositing sediment CMECS tidal furrow channel formed by erosion of tidal currents at high tide CMECS tidal flat level sedimented area where there is a supply of fine-grained sediment and tides dominate over other hydrodynamic forces CMECS tidal channel channel formed by erosion from tidal currents CMECS slope gully small, discontinuous submarine valley, usually formed by slumping along a fault scarp or the slope of a basin, canyon, or valley CMECS scour depression a sedimented area deepened and winnowed by the action of bottom currents CMECS rock outcrop an exposure of bedrock on the seafloor CMECS relic wave-cut platform a level area formed by wave erosion during a time of lower sea level CMECS relic tidal channel a channel formed by tidal current erosion during a time of lower sea level CMECS prop scar a sedimented area deepened and winnowed by the action of ship propellers CMECS basin floor fan gravity flow sediment deposit in a basin from the surrounding higher terrain CMECS slope contiguous sloping area between shelf and basin CMECS sediment wave field area of coarse sediment worked into waves by bottom currents CMECS erosion scarp relatively straight, cliff-like face or slope of considerable linear extent, breaking the general continuity of the topography by separating surfaces lying at different levels, as along the margin of an erosional channel CMECS relic lagoon archeo-shallow, highly enclosed submerged area CMECS pockmark field area of sediment with seep-related circular depressions CMECS relic shore complex submerged archeo-shoreline CMECS depression a low-lying area surrounded by higher ground often having no natural outlet. CMECS apron extensive blanket-like deposit of alluvial unconsolidated material derived from an identifiable source and deposited at the base of a high standing area CMECS moraine mound, ridge, or other distinct accumulation of unsorted, unstratified glacial drift, predominantly till, deposited chiefly by direct action of glacier ice CMECS dredged channel anthropogenic dredging for navigation CMECS drumlin mound or ridge formed beneath flowing glacier CMECS basin low-relief area that lies below the surrounding bottom/terrain elevation CMECS sill rise at the mouth of a fjord caused by reduced erosion and added to by the glacier's terminal moraine CMECS breakwater/jetty anthropogenic structure to protect coastal feature from wave erosion CMECS marina anthropogenic structure for docking boats and ships CMECS shore intersection of a specified plane of water with the beach CMECS sediment wave field area of wavelike bedforms in sediment, ranging from centimeters to meters in wavelength and height, or superimposed on larger bedforms formed by the action of tides, currents, or waves CMECS land Earth surface above sea level datum CMECS relic tidal flat submerged archeo-tidal flat CMECS dredge deposit fan or mound deposit of sediment from dredging CMECS canal anthropogenic channel with levees or cement banks CMECS pier anthropogenic near sea-level structure for access to the water CMECS submarine slide deposit loose mass of angular rock fragments created by mass-movement downslope of soil and rock material en masse CMECS sbstr_clas Substrate Class (Madden and others, 2009), major order substrate grain size class CMECS unconsolidated mineral substrate geologic substrates with less than 50 percent cover of rock substrate; uses Folk (1954) terminology to describe any mix of loose mineral substrate occurring at any range of sizes, from boulders to clay CMECS rock substrate igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock with particle sizes greater than or equal to 4.0 meters in any dimension and covering greater than or equal to 50 percent of the geologic substrate surface CMECS sbstr_scls Substrate Subclass (Madden and others, 2009), narrower grain size classes within the Substrate Class blank values indicate insufficient information to identify a Subclass CMECS coarse unconsolidated substrate substrate surface layer containing any amount of gravel (particles greater than or equal to 2 mm), from a single grannule to 100 percent boulders. CMECS fine unconsolidated substrate substrate surface layer containing no trace of gravel (particles greater than or equal to 2mm). CMECS bedrock substrate with largely continuous formations of bedrock covering 50 percent or more of the surface CMECS megaclast substrate where individual rocks with particle sizes greater than or equal to 4.0 meters in any dimension cover greater than or equal to 50 percent of the surface CMECS substr_grp Substrate Group (Madden and others, 2009), narrower grain size classes within the Substrate Subclass; blank values indicate insufficient information to identify a Group CMECS gravel substrate surface layer contains up to 5 percent gravel CMECS slightly gravelly substrate surface layer contains greater than or equal to 80 percent gravel CMECS sand substrate surface layer contains no trace of gravel and is composed of greater than or equal to 90 percent sand CMECS gravel mix substrate surface layer contains 30 percent to less than 80 percent gravel CMECS gravelly substrate surface layer contains 5 percent to less than 30 percent gravel CMECS sandy mud substrate surface layer shows no trace of gravel and contains 10 percent to less than 50 percent sand, with the remainder composed of mud CMECS mud substrate surface layer shows no trace of gravel and contains 90 percent or more mud CMECS muddy sand substrate surface layer shows no trace of gravel and contains 50 percent to less than 90 percent sand, with the remainder composed of mud CMECS substr_sgr Substrate Subgroup (Madden and others, 2009) narrower grain size classes than the Substrate Group, blank values indicate insufficient information to determine a Subgroup CMECS cobble cobbles constitute the median gravel size CMECS gravelly sand substrate is 5 percent to less than 30 percent gravel, with sand composing 90 percent or more of the remaining sand-mud mix CMECS sandy gravel substrate is 5 percent to less than 30 percent sand, with gravel composing 90 percent or more of the remaining substrate CMECS tect_setti tectonic setting of the polygon CMECS Convergent Active Continental Margin area is located on an active continental margin CMECS physgrphc_ physiographic setting of the area; blank means that no physiographic area was assigned CMECS fjord a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley CMECS geoform_or Geoform Origin CMECS geologic formed by abiotic processes CMECS anthropogenic built by or created by human activity CMECS sbstr_orig Substrate Origin (Madden and others 2009); blank values indicate insufficient information to determine a value CMECS geologic substrate dominant source of the substrate is either geologic or biogenic (but no longer living) CMECS anthropogenic substrate dominant source of the substrate is man-made CMECS substrate Substrate Subgroup (Madden and others, 2009) narrower grain size classes than the Substrate Group; blank values indicate insufficient information to determine a Subgroup CMECS cobble cobbles constitute the median gravel size CMECS gravelly sand substrate is 5 percent to less than 30 percent gravel, with sand composing 90 percent or more of the remaining sand-mud mix CMECS sandy gravel substrate is 5 percent to less than 30 percent sand, with gravel composing 90 percent or more of the remaining substrate CMECS coarse unconsolidated substrate substrate surface layer containing any amount of gravel (particles greater than or equal to 2 mm), from a single grannule to 100 percent boulders. CMECS fine unconsolidated substrate substrate surface layer containing no trace of gravel (particles greater than or equal to 2mm). CMECS bedrock substrate with largely continuous formations of bedrock covering 50 percent or more of the surface CMECS megaclast substrate where individual rocks with particle sizes greater than or equal to 4.0 meters in any dimension cover greater than or equal to 50 percent of the surface CMECS gravel substrate surface layer contains up to 5 percent gravel CMECS slightly gravelly substrate surface layer contains greater than or equal to 80 percent gravel CMECS sand substrate surface layer contains no trace of gravel and is composed of greater than or equal to 90 percent sand CMECS gravel mix substrate surface layer contains 30 percent to less than 80 percent gravel CMECS gravelly substrate surface layer contains 5 percent to less than 30 percent gravel CMECS sandy mud substrate surface layer shows no trace of gravel and contains 10 percent to less than 50 percent sand, with the remainder composed of mud CMECS mud substrate surface layer shows no trace of gravel and contains 90 percent or more mud CMECS muddy sand substrate surface layer shows no trace of gravel and contains 50 percent to less than 90 percent sand, with the remainder composed of mud CMECS unconsolidated mineral substrate geologic substrates with less than 50 percent cover of rock substrate; uses Folk (1954) terminology to describe any mix of loose mineral substrate occurring at any range of sizes, from boulders to clay CMECS na insufficient information to determine a substrate type CMECS depthzone Water depth classes from Dethier (1992) CMECS 1 water depths from 0 to less than 15 meters CMECS 2 water depths from 15 to less than 25 meters CMECS 3 water depths from 25 to less than 50 meters CMECS 4 water depths from 50 to less than 150 meters CMECS 5 water depths 150 meters or deeper CMECS group_a biotic group characterized by Asteroidea, Hologhuroi, Pleuronect on deep (50-149 meters depth) sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_b Sebastes on deep (50-149 meters) bedrock M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_c biotic group characterized by Balanus, encrusting organisms, tubeworms and Pisaster on moderately deep to deep (25-149 meters) coarse sediment M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_d biotic group characterized by Hydroida, encrusting organisms, Pectinidae, Actiniaria, Pycnopodia on moderately shallow to moderately deep (15-50 meters depth) coarse sediment M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_e biotic group characterized by Cottidae, Cancer, Solaster on sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_f biotic group characterized by Chlorophyc, bony fish, Pycnopodia on sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_g Biotic group characterized by Hydroida, encrusting organisms, Asteriidae, Ptilosarcus and tubeworms on deep (50-149 meters depth) gravel and cobble M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_h Biotic group characterized by Hydroida, tubeworms, and Metridium on moderately deep to deep (25-149 meters depth) sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_i biotic group characterized by Hydroida, tubeworms, Cerianthid, Bryozoa on moderately deep to deep (25-149 meters depth) sand and bedrock M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_j biotic group characterized by Hydroida on moderately deep to deep (25-149 meters depth) cobbley sand. M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_k biotic group characterized by Pisaster, Rhodophyco, encrusting organisms, and Metridium on moderately shallow to deep (15-149 meters depth) sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_l biotic group characterized by Pycnopodia, Phaeophyco, and Metridium on moderately shallow to moderately deep sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_m biotic group characterized by Phaeophyco and Laminarial on shallow to moderately deep (0-50 meters depth) sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier group_n biotic group characterized by Phaeophyco, Hydroida, Bivalvia, Zoarcidae, and Solaster on deep (50-149 meters depth) sand M.N. Dethier 0 biotic group is absent from area M.N. Dethier 1 biotic group is present in area M.N. Dethier biotope Combination of depth class and substrate class. G.R. Cochrane 42 coarse unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 4 G.R. Cochrane 32 coarse unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 3 G.R. Cochrane 12 coarse unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 1 G.R. Cochrane 22 coarse unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 2 G.R. Cochrane 31 fine unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 3 G.R. Cochrane 21 fine unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 2 G.R. Cochrane 11 fine unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 1 G.R. Cochrane 41 fine unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 4 G.R. Cochrane 0 undetermined substrate in not in a depth zone G.R. Cochrane 51 fine unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 5 G.R. Cochrane 52 coarse unconsolidated sediment in depth zone 5 G.R. Cochrane 13 rock substrate in depth zone 1 G.R. Cochrane 23 rock substrate in depth zone 2 G.R. Cochrane 33 rock substrate in depth zone 3 G.R. Cochrane 43 rock substrate in depth zone 4 G.R. Cochrane 53 rock substrate in depth zone 5 G.R. Cochrane Shape_Area polygon area in square meters ESRI 0.006119 91573313.9886 square meters 0.01 shapefile consisting of 2,525 polygons classified into 34 CMECS geoforms Federal Geographic Data Committee, 2012, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, 343 p., https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/cmecs.pdf U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Mailing and Physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov These data are available in shapefile format (CMECS_OffshoreSeattle.shp and associated files) contained in a single zip file (CMECS_OffshoreSeattle.zip). Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. shapefile ArcGIS 10.8.1 Esri polygon shapefile Zip file contains the polygons shapefile and the associated metadata No compression applied 2.2 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GVRZ3M https://doi.org/10.3133/ds935 The data can be downloaded by going to the first Network_Resource_Name link, then scrolling down to the Sampling Data section. The second link points to a landing page for the entire Salish Sea Map Series Data Catalog. None. These data can be viewed with GIS software. 20221130 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998