Underwater video observations offshore of Seattle, Washington

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?
Who produced the data set?
Why was the data set created?
How was the data set created?
How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
How can someone get a copy of the data set?
Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

Title: Underwater video observations offshore of Seattle, Washington
Abstract:

This part of USGS Data Series 935 (Cochrane, 2014) presents observations from underwater video collected in the Offshore of Seattle, California, map area, a part of the Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series. To validate the interpretations of multibeam sonar data and turn it into geologically and biologically useful information, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) towed a camera sled over specific locations throughout the Seattle map area to collect video and photographic data that would “ground truth” the seafloor. The ground-truth survey conducted in the Offshore of Seattle map area occurred in 2011 on the R/V Karluk (USGS field activity K0111PS) and on the Washington State Department of Fish and Game R/V Molluscan (USGS field activity M0111PS). The underwater camera sled was towed 1 to 2 m above the seafloor at speeds of between 1 and 2 nautical miles/hour. The surveys for this map area include approximately 6 hours (9.1 trackline km) of video.

Supplemental_Information:

Additional information about the USGS field activities from which these data were derived is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=K0111PS https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=M0111PS
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology.

How might this data set be cited?
Cochrane, Guy R., Ritchie, Andrew C., Hodson, Timothy O., and Kull, Kristine J., 20220202, Underwater video observations offshore of Seattle, Washington: data release DOI:10.5066/P9GVRZ3M, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.
Online Links:
- https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GVRZ3M
This is part of the following larger work.
Cochrane, Guy R., 2022, Bathymetry and topography, video observation, and derived benthic habitat data offshore of Seattle, Washington: data release DOI:10.5066/P9GVRZ3M, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.
Online Links:
- https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GVRZ3M
What geographic area does the data set cover?
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.514976
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.379062
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.828367
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.568494
What does it look like?

VideoObservations_OffshoreSeattle.jpg (JPEG)
Shaded-relief map showing camera tracklines of underwater video collected in the Offshore of Seattle map area
Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

Beginning_Date: 15-Apr-2011

Ending_Date: 23-Sep-2011

Currentness_Reference:

ground condition
What is the general form of this data set?
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
How does the data set represent geographic features?
1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
  This is a point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
  - Point (1585)
2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
  The map projection used is NAD 1983.
  
  Projection parameters:
  
  Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
  Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.0
  Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
  False_Easting: 500000.0
  False_Northing: 0.0
  
  Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
  Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.000000002220024164500956
  Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.000000002220024164500956
  Planar coordinates are specified in degrees
  The horizontal datum used is D North American 1983.
  The ellipsoid used is GRS 1980.
  The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
  The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.

How does the data set describe geographic features?

VideoObservations_OffshoreSeattle.csv

File containing physical habitat and biota presence with x and y coordinates (Source: Producer defined)

FID

internal feature number. (Source: ESRI) sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.

DATE

date observations were made in M/DD/YYYY format. (Source: USGS)

Range of values
Minimum:	4/16/2011
Maximum:	9/24/2011
Units:	day
Resolution:	1

UTC_TIME

time of day observations were made in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) also commonly referred to as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). (Source: USGS)

Range of values
Minimum:	0:00:00
Maximum:	23:59:59
Units:	HH:MM:SS
Resolution:	1

MAJOR_GEO

Description of primary substrate constituting greater than fifty percent of the seafloor during an observation. The values are based on the Wentworth scale except that granule and pebble sizes have been grouped together into a class called "gravel," and clay and silt sizes have been grouped together into a class called "mud." (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
r	Exposed bedrock and megaclast (larger than 409.6 cm)
b	boulder (409.6 cm to 25.5 cm)
c	cobble (25.5 cm to 6.5 cm)
g	gravel (6.5 cm to .2 cm)
s	sand (.2 cm to .00625 cm)
m	mud (.00625 cm or smaller)

MINOR_GEO

Description of secondary seafloor substrate constituting greater than twenty percent of the seafloor during an observation. The classes are based on the Wentworth scale except that granule and pebble sizes have been grouped together into a class called "gravel," and clay and silt sizes have been grouped together into a class called "mud." (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
r	Exposed bedrock and megaclast (larger than 409.6 cm)
b	boulder (409.6 cm to 25.5 cm)
c	cobble (25.5 cm to 6.5 cm)
g	gravel (6.5 cm to .2 cm)
s	sand (.2 cm to .00625 cm)
m	mud (.00625 cm or smaller)

SUBST_CLAS

seafloor substrate classes determined using the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) (Source: CMECS)

Value	Definition
Unconsolidated Mineral	Geologic substrates with less than 50 percent cover of rock. This substrate class provides Folk (1954) terminology to describe any mix of loose mineral substrate occurring at any range of sizes from boulders to clay.
Rock	igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock with particle sizes greater than or equal to 4096 mm in any dimension that covers greater than or equal to 50 percent of the geologic substrate surface.

SUBST_SBCL

seafloor substrate subclass determined using the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS). (Source: CMECS)

Value	Definition
Bedrock	substrate with largely continuous formations of bedrock covering 50 percent or more of the geologic substrate surface
Coarse	Coarse unconsolidated substrate. Substrate surface layer contains any amount of gravel (particles greater than or equal to 2 mm) from a single granule to 100 percent boulders. These sediments are classified using the Folk (1954) Gravel-Sand-Mud diagram.
Fine	Fine Unconsolidated Substrate. Substrate surface layer contains no trace of gravel (particles greater than or equal to 2 mm). These sediments are classified using the Folk (1954) Sand-Silt-Clay diagram, except that the word "Silt-Clay" replaces the word "Mud" in the Substrate Subgroup level. This prevents duplication of terms when recasting Folk's diagrams into a CMECS hierarchy.

Actiniaria

Order of animals in the Athozoa class. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Ascidiacea

Class of animals in the Tunicata subphylum. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Asteriidae

Family of sea stars. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Asteroidea

Animals in the class of sea stars. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Balanophyl

Animals from the genus of solitary corals. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Balanus

Animals from the genus of barnacles. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Bivalvia

Animals from a class of molluscs. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

bony_fish

Any fish of the superclass Osteichthyes that is not on the list of specific fishes used for this project. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Bryozoa

Animal from the mossy invertebrate phylum Bryozoa. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Cancer

Animals from the crab genus Cancer. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Caridea

Animal from the Decopoda order of shrimp. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Cerianthid

Tube anemone from the family Ceriantidae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Chlorophyc

Green algae from the class Chlorophyceae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Cottidae

Fish from the family of Sculpins. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

driftweed

Any detached drifting algae plant material. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

eggcase

Casing that surrounds the fertilized eggs of sharks, skates, and chimaeras. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

encrusting

Unidentifiable invertebrates that encrust hard substrate. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Fucus

Algae from a genus of brown algae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Gadiformes

Fish from the order Gadiformes. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Gastropoda

Snails from the Gastropoda class of Molluscs. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Gobiidae

Goby fish family. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Henricia

Animals from the genus of slender-armed sea stars. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Hexagrammo

Fish from the greenling genus. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Holothuroi

Animal from the sea slug genus. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Hydroida

Animal from the hydroid order of Cnidarians. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Hydrolagus

Fish from the family of Chimaeridae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Laminarial

Algae from the order of brown algaes. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Majidae

Crab from the family Majidae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Mediaster

Sea star from the genus Mediaster. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Metridium

Anemone from the genus Metridium. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Munida

Squat Lobster of the genus Munida. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Nudibranch

Soft bodied gastropod from the group Nudibranchia. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Octopus

Cephalopod mollusc from the order Octopoda. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Ophiodon

Fish from the genus Ophiodon. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Ophiurida

Animal from the order of brittle stars. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Paguroidea

Animal from the superfamily of Hermit Crabs. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Parasticho

Animal from the Sea Cucumber genus. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Pectinidae

Animal from the group of Scallops. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Phaeophyco

Algae from the group Brown Algae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Pisaster

Sea Star from the genus Pisaster. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Pleuronect

Fish from the genus of Flounders. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Porifera

Animals from the phylum of Sponges. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Ptilosarcu

Animal from the genus of Sea Pens. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Pycnopodia

Animal from the genus of sunflower sea stars. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Rajiformes

Fish from the order of flattened cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Rhodophyco

Algae from group of red algae. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Rossia

Genus of Cephalopod. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Sebastes

Fish from the genus of Rockfish. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Solaster

Animal from the family of Sunstars. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Squalomorp

Shark of the superorder Squalomorphii. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Stichaeida

Fish from the family of Prickleback fish. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Strongyloc

Sea Urchin from the genus Strongylocentrotus. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Subsellifl

Animal from the Sea Whip family. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

tubeworm

Animal from the phylum Phoronida. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Zoarcidae

Fish from the family of Eelpouts. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Zostera_ma

A matt of plants of the genus Zostera. (Source: USGS)

Value	Definition
0	denotes absence of the species or feature
1	denotes presence of the species or feature

Richness

number of unique types observed at the location (Source: USGS)

Range of values
Minimum:	1
Maximum:	9
Units:	unique types
Resolution:	1

DEPTH

depth of sea floor at the location of the observation. (Source: USGS)

Range of values
Minimum:	-253.0
Maximum:	0.0
Units:	decimal meters below NAVD88 sea level
Resolution:	0.1

SLOPE

slope of the sea floor at the location of the observation. (Source: USGS)

Range of values
Minimum:	0.0
Maximum:	66.5
Units:	decimal degrees.
Resolution:	0.1

VRM

vector ruggedness at the location of the observation (Source: USGS)

Range of values
Minimum:	0.0000
Maximum:	0.0911
Units:	Unitless, measures terrain ruggedness as the variation in three-dimensional orientation of grid cells within a neighborhood. Vector analysis is used to calculate the dispersion of vectors normal (orthogonal) to grid cells within the specified neighborhood. This method effectively captures variability in slope and aspect into a single measure. Ruggedness values in the output raster can range from 0 (no terrain variation) to 1 (complete terrain variation). Typical values for natural terrains range between 0 and about 0.4.
Resolution:	0.0001

CRUISE_ID

USGS cruise identification (Source: USGS) identification number for USGS field data acquisition activity.

LINE_ID

transect line ID number assigned in the field (Source: USGS) unique identification number for video transect

Longitude

Longitude in NAD83 coordinate system (Source: ESRI)

Range of values
Minimum:	-122.514976
Maximum:	-122.379062
Units:	Decimal Degrees
Resolution:	0.000001

Latitude

Latitude in NAD83 coordinate system (Source: ESRI)

Range of values
Minimum:	47.568494
Maximum:	47.828367
Units:	Decimal Degrees
Resolution:	0.000001

Who produced the data set?

Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
- Guy R. Cochrane
- Andrew C. Ritchie
- Timothy O. Hodson
- Kristine J. Kull
Who also contributed to the data set?
To whom should users address questions about the data?

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)

pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

These data were used to ground truth a supervised classification of multibeam echosounder (MBES) data into Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standards (CMECS) polygons. This project was conducted to map surficial geology and benthic habitat These data are intended for fisheries managers, science researchers, students, policy makers, and the public. These data can be used in GIS and statistical analysis projects, or other software to spatially identify geomorphologic biota, surficial lithology, and biotopes in the study area. Field activities were augmented through the Expanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) collaboration (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/express-expanding-pacific-research-and-exploration-submerged-systems?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects).

How was the data set created?

From what previous works were the data drawn?
How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

Date: 2011 (process 1 of 1)
The camera-sled observations are based on real-time video, where USGS and Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife scientists recorded both the geologic and biologic character of the seafloor. Observations were recorded for a 10-second period once every minute. Onshore, the observation comma-delimited text file was converted to an ArcGIS shapefile and used as ground truth for geologic interpretation (see CMECS_OffshoreSeattle.shp, also available in this data release).
What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
Cochrane, Guy R., 2014, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series Data Catalog.
Online Links:
- https://doi.org/10.3133/ds935
Other_Citation_Details:
Cochrane, G.R., compiler, 2014, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series Data Catalog: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 935

Folk, R.L., 1954, The Distinction between Grain Size and Mineral Composition in Sedimentary Rock Nomenclature.

Other_Citation_Details:
Folk, R.L., The Distinction between Grain Size and Mineral Composition in Sedimentary Rock Nomenclature: J. Geol., v. 62, p. 344-359.
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 2012, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard.
Online Links:
- https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/cmecs.pdf
Other_Citation_Details:
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 2012, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, 343 p.
Cochrane, Guy R., 2014, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series Data Catalog.
Online Links:
- https://doi.org/10.3133/ds935
Other_Citation_Details:
Cochrane, G.R., compiler, 2014, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series Data Catalog: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 935

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

How well have the observations been checked?
Position of the towed camera are based on shipboard GPS. No corrections for layback were made. Depth values are from the digital elevation model (DEM) published along with this dataset. Values of slope, VRM, and rugosity are derived from the DEM. The accuracy of substrate and biota observations cannot be quantified.
How accurate are the geographic locations?
Highly variable, on the order of 10 meters. Horizontal position given is ship position. Towed camera can be on the order of 10 meters distance from the ship during deployment.
How accurate are the heights or depths?
Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
Observation are from one-minute intervals. Some gaps in observations are due to technical problems or sediment dispersion covering the camera lens.
How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
No checks for consistency were performed on this data.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data.

Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)

U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS

2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)

pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in comma-delimited text format (VideoObservations_OffshoreSeattle.csv) accompanied by CSDGM FGDC-compliant metadata.
What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.

How can I download or order the data?

Availability in digital form:

Data format:	comma delimited text in format comma-delimited text (version ArcGIS 10.7.1) CSV text file Size: 0.353
Network links:	https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GVRZ3M https://doi.org/10.3133/ds935

Cost to order the data: None.

What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
These data can be viewed with GIS or standard text-reading software.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:: Last modified: 04-Feb-2022
Metadata author:: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)

pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)

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