Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eric E. Grossman Originator: Nathan R. vanArendonk Originator: Sean C. Crosby Originator: Babak Tehranirad Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Kai A. Parker Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Li Erikson Originator: Jeffrey J. Danielson Publication_Date: 20240213 Title: Projections of wave heights for Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast (2015-2100) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: geoTIFF Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9I08NS5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eric E. Grossman Originator: Nathan R. vanArendonk Originator: Sean C. Crosby Originator: Babak Tehranirad Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Kai A. Parker Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Li Erikson Originator: Jeffrey J. Danielson Publication_Date: 2024 Title: Coastal hazards assessment associated with sea level rise and storms along the Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9I08NS5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Grossman, E.E., vanArendonk, N.R., Crosby, S.C., Tehranirad, B., Nederhoff, K., Barnard, P.L., Erikson, L., and Danielson, J.J., 2024, Coastal hazards assessment associated with sea level rise and storms along the Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5 Description: Abstract: Projected wave heights associated with compound coastal flood hazards for existing and future sea-level rise (SLR) and storm scenarios are shown for Whatcom County, Washington, in a series of raster geotiff files. Projections were made using a system of numerical models driven by output from Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The resulting data are water levels of projected flood hazards along the Whatcom County coast due to sea level rise and plausible future storm conditions that consider the changing climate and natural variability. In addition to sea-level rise, flood simulations run by these numerical models included dynamic contributions from tide, storm surge, wind, waves, river discharge, and seasonal sea-level fluctuations. Outputs include waves from combinations of SLR scenarios (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0 m) storm conditions including 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year and 100-year return interval storms and a background condition (no storm - astronomic tide and average atmospheric conditions). The annual average King Tide is also provided and includes mean storm surge occurring during King Tides. Purpose: These data are intended to support the information needs of policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These projections for future sea-level rise scenarios provide emergency responders and coastal planners with critical hazards information that can be used as a screening tool to increase public safety, mitigate physical damages, and more effectively manage and allocate resources within complex coastal settings. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of exposure to flooding and vulnerability. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. Supplemental_Information: This work is part of ongoing modeling efforts for the United States. For more information about the USGS Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS), see https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/coastal-storm-modeling-system-cosmos. Work was funded by the City of Bellingham, Whatcom County, Port of Bellingham, City of Blaine, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Geological Survey. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2019 Ending_Date: 2023 Currentness_Reference: start of project work through publication year Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.11107 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.47924 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 49.04608 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 48.64034 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:37072814-94b7-4681-a413-8dcc57512ed6 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: Hazards Planning Theme_Keyword: Ocean Waves Theme_Keyword: Ocean Winds Theme_Keyword: Beaches Theme_Keyword: Erosion Theme_Keyword: Sea Level Rise Theme_Keyword: Storm Surge Theme_Keyword: Extreme Weather Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: Wave Heights Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Climate Change Theme_Keyword: Storms Theme_Keyword: Wind Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: Sea-level Change Theme_Keyword: mathematical modeling Theme_Keyword: effects of climate change Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: sea level change Theme_Keyword: waves Theme_Keyword: floods Theme_Keyword: coastal erosion Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Whatcom County Place_Keyword: Bellingham Place_Keyword: Blaine Place_Keyword: State of Washington Place_Keyword: Puget Sound Place_Keyword: Salish Sea Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: waveheight_RP50_SLR0.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Example map showing the wave height results for the 50-year return period and 0-m sea-level rise scenario. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Data_Set_Credit: This dataset was funded by the City of Bellingham, Whatcom County, Port of Bellingham, the City of Blaine, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Geological Survey. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Matlab version 9.6 running on Microsoft Windows 10. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Clifford F. Mass Originator: Eric P. Salathe Originator: Richard Steed Originator: Jeffrey Baars Publication_Date: 2022 Title: The Mesoscale Response to Global Warming over the Pacific Northwest Evaluated Using a Regional Climate Model Ensemble Other_Citation_Details: Mass, Clifford F., Salath, Eric P, Steed, Richard, and Baars, Jeffrey. 2022. The Mesoscale Response to Global Warming over the Pacific Northwest Evaluated Using a Regional Climate Model Ensemble. Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10327405. Journal of Climate, 35.6 Web. Online_Linkage: doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0061.1. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Yang Gao Originator: Ruby L. Leung Originator: Chun Zhao Originator: Samson Hagos Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Sensitivity of U.S. summer precipitation to model resolution and convective parameterizations across gray zone resolutions Other_Citation_Details: Gao, Y., Leung, R.L., Zhao, C., and Hagos, S., 2017, Sensitivity of U.S. summer precipitation to model resolution and convective parameterizations across gray zone resolutions: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 122, p. 2714-2733. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025896 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Eric E Grossman Originator: Babak Tehranirad Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Sean Crosby Originator: Andrew W Stevens Originator: Nathan R VanArendonk Originator: Daniel Nowacki Originator: Li Erikson Originator: Patrick Barnard Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Modeling extreme water levels in the Salish Sea: A new method for estimating sea level anomalies for application in hydrodynamic simulations Other_Citation_Details: Grossman, E.E., Tehranirad, B., Nederhoff, C.M., Crosby, S.C., Stevens, A.W., Van Arendonk, N.R., Nowacki, D.J., Erikson, L.H., Barnard, P.L. Modeling Extreme Water Levels in the Salish Sea: The Importance of Including Remote Sea Level Anomalies for Application in Hydrodynamic Simulations. Water 2023, 15, 4167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234167. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234167. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sean C. Crosby Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Nathan R. VanArendonk Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Efficient modeling of long-period wave propagation and short-period wind-wave generation: a comparison of several methods in a semi-enclosed estuary. Other_Citation_Details: Crosby, S. C., Nederhoff, K, vanArendonk, N. R., Grossman, E. E. 2023. Efficient modeling of long-period wave propagation and short-period wind-wave generation: a comparison of several methods in a semi-enclosed estuary, Journal of Ocean Modelling, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102231. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102231 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sean C. Crosby Originator: Eric E. Grossman Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Wave observations from nearshore bottom-mounted pressure sensors in Skagit and Bellingham Bays, Washington, USA from Dec 2017 to Feb 2018. Other_Citation_Details: Crosby, S.C., and Grossman, E.E., 2019, Wave observations from nearshore bottom-mounted pressure sensors in Skagit and Bellingham Bays, Washington, USA from Dec 2017 to Feb 2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JZ5F00. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Waloddi Weibull Publication_Date: 1937 Title: Weibull, W. (1939) Other_Citation_Details: Weibull, W. (1939) A Statistical Theory of the Strength of Materials, VOL. 151, Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Frlag, Stockholm, 45 p. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Attribute values are model-derived significant wave heights associated with observed storm conditions validated against observations (Crosby and Grossman, 2019) and projected changes in storms and plausible sea-level rise scenarios which are therefore not validated. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented (as described in the abstract) and will be updated as necessary as improvements are developed. Users are advised to read the metadata record and cited references carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data are concurrent with topobathymetric DEM locations. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Model-derived data are accurate within published uncertainty bounds, indicative of total uncertainty from wind and water level data sources and model processes. This value is spatially variable and dependent on scenario. See Process Steps for details on total contributions to uncertainty. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Generated a 250-meter Simulating WAves Nearshore SWAN grid for the area of interest as described by Crosby and others (2023). Process_Date: 20211015 Process_Step: Process_Description: Wind speeds in the form of hourly wind predictions downscaled to 12 km by the University of Washington from CMIP5 GFDL historical and future climate were further interpolated to a 2.5 km-resolution grid based on Hthe Canadian High-Resolution Deterministic Product System (HRDPS) model (2016-2020, https://eccc-msc.github.io/open-data/msc-data/nwp_hrdps/readme_hrdps_en/) data using an Inverse distance weighting (IDW) method for the nearest 9 points. A correction factor based on the percent difference in wind speed between the GFDL and HRDPS that in general, shows higher wind speeds over water and lower wind speeds over land, was also applied as described by Crosby and others (2023). Process_Date: 20211015 Process_Step: Process_Description: Wave heights were generated using a look-up table approach that interpolates pre-computed wave statistics for all plausible combinations of wind speed, direction and water levels derived from the regional 250-meter SWAN model for the time-series wind speed and directions of the 2.5 km resolution hindcast and future projected winds following Crosby and others (2023) and water levels of Grossman and others (2023). Linear wave transformation for swell was not used since swell conditions have a negligible contribution to extreme wave heights in Whatcom County. Process_Date: 20220615 Process_Step: Process_Description: Extreme wave heights were estimated using an empirical approach after Weibull (1937) plotting position for return periods below ten years. For higher return periods, the fitted peak-over-threshold (POT) Generalized Pareto Distribution was utilized to estimate return values for the higher return periods, an established approach to increase the confidence of such estimates since the record length was limited to 85 years. Extreme wave heights for the 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-yr return periods and sea level rise scenarios of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0 m are included in geotiff format. Process_Date: 20220615 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 323 Column_Count: 216 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.00000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.00000 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.00 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 250 Ordinate_Resolution: 250 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: wave height Entity_Type_Definition: geoTIFF files contain projections of flood-hazard wave heights Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: height Attribute_Definition: wave height associated with corresponding scenario of sea-level rise (SLR) and storm return period (RP) indicated Attribute_Definition_Source: model-derived Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The data contain wave heights. Return periods cover once-a-year storms (RP0001), every 5 (RP0005), every 10 (RP0010), every 20 (RP0020), every 50 (RP0050) and every 100 years (RP0100) storms. File names reflect the attribute (waveheight), the area of the projection (county), the return period (RP) of storm conditions and sea-level rise (SLR) scenario. SLR scenarios are listed in centimeters and range from no SLR (SLR000) to a SLR of 500 cm (SLR500). For example, waveheights_D1_RP0100_SLR200 contains the wave heights for Whatcom County (D1) during a one hundred-year storm and sea level rise of 200 cm (2 m). Data are shown across the open and coastal waterways of the county and are spatially consistent for coastal flood hazards of the same scenario (see the flood hazard layers contained in Projections of coastal flood hazards and flood potential for Whatcom County, also available in this data release). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The data contain wave heights. Return periods cover once-a-year storms (RP0001), every 5 (RP0005), every 10 (RP0010), every 20 (RP0020), every 50 (RP0050) and every 100 years (RP0100) storms. File names reflect the attribute (waveheight), the area of the projection (county; D1=Whatcom), the return period (RP) of storm conditions and sea-level rise (SLR) scenario. SLR scenarios are listed in centimeters and range from no SLR (SLR000) to a SLR of 500 cm (SLR500). For example, waveheights_D1_RP0100_SLR200 contains the wave heights for Whatcom County (D1) during a one hundred-year storm and sea level rise of 200 cm (2 m). Data are shown across the open and coastal waterways of the county and are spatially consistent for coastal flood hazards of the same scenario (see the flood hazard layers contained in Projections of coastal flood hazards and flood potential for Whatcom County, also available in this data release). Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: raster Format_Information_Content: Zip file contains the raster files of wave height for each storm and sea level rise scenario. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 12.9 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5633fea2e4b048076347f1cf Access_Instructions: Data and metadata can be downloaded using the first Network_Resource_Name link and scrolling down to the Simulation Data section. The second link points to the community landing page for the entire CoSMoS project. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with GIS software. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20240213 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998