Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Liv Herdman Originator: Chris Flanary Originator: Anita C. Engelstad Originator: Prasad Pusuluri Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi Originator: Michael Beck Originator: Borja G. Reguero Originator: Kai A. Parker Publication_Date: 20220707 Title: Ocean wave time-series data along the U.S. Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rico coasts simulated with a global-scale numerical wave model under the influence of CMIP6 wind and sea ice fields Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9KR0RFM Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Liv Herdman Originator: Chris Flanary Originator: Anita C. Engelstad Originator: Prasad Pusuluri Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi Originator: Michael Beck Originator: Borja G. Reguero Originator: Kai A. Parker Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Ocean wave time-series data simulated with a global-scale numerical wave model under the influence of projected CMIP6 wind and sea ice fields Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: 10.5066/P9KR0RFM Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Description: Abstract: This dataset presents projected hourly time-series of wave heights, wave periods, incident wave directions, and directional spreading at distinct points along the U.S. Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rico coasts for the years 2020 through 2050. The projections were developed by running the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) WAVEWATCHIII model. Wind and sea ice fields from seven different Global Climate or General Circulation Models from the CMIP6 High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project were used to simulate waves across the globe at a 0.5-degree resolution (approximately 50 kms, depending on latitude) and further downscaled to 10- (approximately 18 km) and 4-arc-minute (approximately 7 km) model grids. Point model output data extracted from NOAA’s 4-arc-minute grid for the Gulf of Mexico and NW Atlantic (at_4m) are provided herein. Purpose: These wave data were produced as part of a larger investigation into assessing future coastal hazards along the United States open coastlines. Supplemental_Information: Coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (or general circulation models, GCMs) are the current standard tool for improving understanding and predictability of climate behavior on seasonal to centennial time-scales. However, GCMs do not currently include ocean wave conditions caused by the exchange of momentum, heat, and mass across the air-sea interface (Hemer and others, 2012). To fulfill this need, projections of wave conditions have been done by independent researchers using statistical and numerical modeling methods driven by atmospheric forcing derived from the 5th generation Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) GCMs (Morim and others, 2019, 2020). This work follows a well-established method of applying GCM-derived wind and sea-ice fields as boundary conditions to the WaveWatchIII model to generate projections of wave climatologies (Hemer and others 2013; Erikson and others, 2015; Mentaschi and others 2017). But in contrast to earlier works, this data set was produced by applying wind and sea-ice fields from the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0), which is part of the CMIP6 framework (Haarsma and others, 2016). With a spatial resolution up to 25-50 km (compared to 150 km for CMIP5), the HighResMIP models are capable of resolving localized climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones (Roberts and others., 2020). Additional information about WAVEWATCHIII and the Production Multigrid model from which these data were derived is available online at https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/waves/validation/. Computing was performed at the USGS Advanced Research Computing Facility, USGS Denali Supercomputer https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 and Intel Corporation. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Currentness_Reference: time period for which the data were modeled Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -97.2670 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -64.0000 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.4670 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.0000 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:6dd000a2-06b3-4cc4-aea4-6dc87e3f395e Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: predictions Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: ocean waves Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: numerical modeling Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Place_Keyword: Gulf of Mexico Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: NGA GEOnet Names Server (GNS) Place_Keyword: United States Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), and Intel Corporation as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: WavePnts_at_4m_Fut_Preview.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: model output points (savepoints) at which time-series data are provided Browse_Graphic_File_Type: png Data_Set_Credit: We thank Drs. Babak Tehranirad and Sean Vitousek for review of the wave data. For the wind and sea-ice fields we thank and acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6. We thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the data and providing access, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP6 and ESGF. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Data were generated with the use of WCRP CMIP6 data and the spectral wave model WAVEWATCHIII® version 6.07.1 by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency National Centers for Environmental Prediction WAVEWATCHIII® Development Group (WW3DG), 2019. Computing was performed at the USGS Advanced Research Computing Facility, USGS Denali Supercomputer https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 and Intel Corporation. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Amante Originator: B.W. Eakins Publication_Date: 2009 Title: ETOPO1 Arc-minute global relief model: procedures, data sources and analysis Other_Citation_Details: Amante, C. and Eakins, B.W., 2009, ETOPO1 Arc-minute global relief model: procedures, data sources and analysis: NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, p. 25, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/ Online_Linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Li Erikson Originator: Christie Hegermiller Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Peter Ruggiero Originator: Maarten van Ormondt Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Projected wave conditions in the Eastern North Pacific under the influence of two CMIP5 climate scenarios Other_Citation_Details: Erikson, L.H., Hegermiller, C.A., Barnard, P.L., Ruggiero, P., and van Ormondt, M., 2015, Projected wave conditions in the Eastern North Pacific under the influence of two CMIP5 climate scenarios: Ocean Modelling, v. 96 no. 1, pp. 171–185, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.004. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.004 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: V. Eyring Originator: S. Bony Originator: G.A. Meehl Originator: C.A. Senior Originator: B. Stevens Originator: R.J. Stouffer Originator: K.E. Taylor Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Other_Citation_Details: Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G.A., Senior, C.A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R.J., and Taylor, K.E., 2016, Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization: Geoscientific Model Development, v. 9, p. 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: R.J. Haarsma Originator: M.J. Roberts Originator: P.L. Vidale Originator: C.A. Senior Originator: A. Bellucci Originator: Q. Bao Originator: P. Chang Originator: S. Corti Originator: N.S. Fučkar Originator: V. Guemas Originator: J. von Hardenberg Originator: W. Hazeleger Originator: C. Kodama Originator: T. Koenigk Originator: L.R. Leung Originator: J. Lu Originator: J.-J. Luo Originator: J. Mao Originator: M.S. Mizielinski Originator: R. Mizuta Originator: P. Nobre Originator: M. Satoh Originator: E. Scoccimarro Originator: T. Semmler Originator: J. Small and Originator: J.-S. von Storch Publication_Date: 2016 Title: High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6 Other_Citation_Details: Haarsma, R.J., Roberts, M.J., Vidale, P. L., Senior, C.A., Bellucci, A., Bao, Q., Chang, P., Corti, S., Fučkar, N. S., Guemas, V., von Hardenberg, J., Hazeleger, W., Kodama, C., Koenigk, T., Leung, L.R., Lu, J., Luo, J.-J., Mao, J., Mizielinski, M. S., Mizuta, R., Nobre, P., Satoh, M., Scoccimarro, E., Semmler, T., Small, J., and von Storch, J.-S., 2016, High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6: Geoscientific Model Development, v. 9, p. 4185–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Mark Hemer Originator: Xiaolan Wang Originator: Ralf Weisse Originator: Val Swail Publication_Date: 2012 Title: Advancing wind-waves climate science: The COWCLIP project Other_Citation_Details: Hemer, M., Wang, X., Weisse, R., Swail, V., 2012, Advancing wind-waves climate science: The COWCLIP project: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 93, p. 791-796, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00184.1 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00184.1 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Mark A. Hemer Originator: Yalin Fan Originator: Nobuhito Mori Originator: Alvaro Semedo Originator: Xiaolan L. Wang Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Projected changes in wave climate from a multi-model ensemble Other_Citation_Details: Hemer, M.A., Fan, Y., Mori, N., Semedo A., and Wang, X.L., 2013, Projected changes in wave climate from a multi-model ensemble: Nature Climate Change v. 3, p. 471–476, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1791 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1791 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lorenzo Mentaschi Originator: Michalis I. Vousdoukas Originator: Evangelos Voukouvalas Originator: Alessandro Dosio Originator: Luc Feyen Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Global changes of extreme coastal wave energy fluxes triggered by intensified teleconnection patterns Other_Citation_Details: Mentaschi, L., Vousdoukas, M. I., Voukouvalas, E., Dosio, A., and Feyen, L., 2017, Global changes of extreme coastal wave energy fluxes triggered by intensified teleconnection patterns: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 44, p. 2416–2426, doi:10.1002/2016GL072488. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072488 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Joao Morim Originator: Mark Hemer Originator: Xiaolan L. Wang Originator: Nick Cartwright Originator: Claire Trenham Originator: Alvaro Semedo Originator: Ian Young Originator: Lucy Bricheno Originator: Paula Camus Originator: Mercè Casas-Prat Originator: Li Erikson Originator: Lorenzo Mentaschi Originator: Nobuhito Mori Originator: Tomoya Shimura Originator: Ben Timmermans Originator: Ole Aarnes Originator: Øyvind Breivik Originator: Arno Behrens Originator: Mikhail Dobrynin Originator: Melisa Menendez Originator: Joanna Staneva Originator: Michael Wehner Originator: Judith Wolf Originator: Bahareh Kamranzad Originator: Adrean Webb Originator: Justin Stopa Originator: Fernando Andutta Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections Other_Citation_Details: Morim, J., Hemer, M., Wang, X.L., Cartwright, N., Trenham, C., Semedo, A., Young, I., Bricheno, L., Camus, P., Casas-Prat, M., Erikson, L., Mentaschi, L., Mori, M. Shimura, T., Timmermans, B., Aarnes, O., Breivik, O., Behrens, A., Dobrynin, M., Menendez, M., Staneva, J., Wehner, M., Wolf, J., Kamranzad, B., Webb, A., Stopa, J., and Andutta, F., 2019, Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections: Nature Climate Change, v. 9,p. 711–718, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Joao Morim Originator: Claire Trenham Originator: Mark Hemer Originator: Xiaolan L. Wang Originator: Nobuhito Mori Originator: Mercè Casas-Prat Originator: Alvaro Semedo Originator: Tomoya Shimura Originator: Ben Timmermans Originator: Paula Camus Originator: Lucy Bricheno Originator: Lorenzo Mentaschi Originator: Mikhail Dobrynin Originator: Yang Feng Originator: Li Erikson Publication_Date: 2020 Title: A global ensemble of ocean wave climate projections from CMIP5-driven models Other_Citation_Details: Morim, J., Trenham, C., Hemer, M. et al. A global ensemble of ocean wave climate projections from CMIP5-driven models: Scientific Data, v. 7, no. 105, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0446-2 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0446-2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Malcolm J. Roberts Originator: Joanne Camp Originator: Jon Seddon Originator: Pier L. Vidale Originator: Kevin Hodges Originator: Benoît Vannière Originator: Jenny Mecking Originator: Rein Haarsma Originator: Alessio Bellucci Originator: Enrico Scoccimarro Originator: Louis-Philippe Caron Originator: Fabrice Chauvin Originator: Laurent Terray Originator: Sophie Valcke Originator: Marie-Pierre Moine Originator: Dian Putrasahan Originator: Christopher D.Roberts Originator: Retish Senan Originator: Colin Zarzycki Originator: Paul Ullrich Originator: Yohei Yamada Originator: Ryo Mizuta Originator: Chihiro Kodama Originator: Dan Fu Originator: Qiuying Zhang Originator: Gokhan Danabasoglu Originator: Nan Rosenbloom Originator: Hong Wang Originator: Lixin Wu Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Projected future changes in tropical cyclones using the CMIP6 HighResMIP multimodel ensemble Other_Citation_Details: Roberts, M.J., Camp, J., Seddon, J., Vidale, P.L., Hodges, K., Vannière, B., Mecking, J., Haarsma, R., Bellucci, A., Scoccimarro, E., Caron, L.-P., Chauvin, F., Terray, L., Valcke, S., Moine, M.-P., Putrasahan, D., Roberts, C.D., Senan, R., Zarzycki, C., Ullrich, P., Yamada, Y., Mizuta, R., Kodama, C., Fu, D., Zhang, Q., Danabasoglu, G., Rosenbloom, N., Wang, H. and Wu, L., 2020, Projected future changes in tropical cyclones using the CMIP6 HighResMIP multimodel ensemble: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088662 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088662 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: WAVEWATCHIII R Development Group (WW3DG) Publication_Date: 2019 Title: User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCHIII R version 6.07. Other_Citation_Details: WAVEWATCHIII R Development Group (WW3DG), 2019, Tech. Note 333, NOAA/NWS/NCEP/MMAB, College Park, MD, USA, p. 465 + Appendices, https://github.com/NOAA-EMC/WW3/wiki/files/manual.pdf Online_Linkage: https://github.com/NOAA-EMC/WW3/wiki/files/manual.pdf Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: This study does not include model hindcast runs and comparisons to buoy or altimeter observations, but comparisons to various measurements have been done by previous studies (for example, https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/waves/validation/prod/). Logical_Consistency_Report: All data provided match the wave source information and fall within expected ranges for wave parameters. The GFDL wave model runs do not include the influence of ice in parts of the Arctic Ocean. The effect of this on modeled waves within this at_4m grid dataset is expected to be small, but no formal checks have been done. The affected data files are noted by a modification to the filename: ‘LimitedUse’. Completeness_Report: Spatial and attribute properties are believed to be complete. The geospatial data were checked for integrity. Possible data duplicates have been checked and eliminated. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The horizontal accuracy is inherited from the source model grid (NOAA’s WAVEWATCHIII model). Because the overall horizontal accuracy depends on the underlying bathymetry, forcing values used, and the accuracy of the model, the spatial accuracy of this data layer cannot be meaningfully quantified. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Enrico Scoccimarro Originator: Alessinio Bellucci Originator: Daniele Peano Publication_Date: 2017 Title: CMCC CMCC-CM2-VHR4 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1367 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CMCC Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Aurore Voldoire Publication_Date: 2019 Title: CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-CM6-1-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP ssp585 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.4225 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CNRM Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) Publication_Date: 2019 Title: EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3P-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highres-future Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.4912 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: EC-Earth Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Huan Guo Originator: Jasmin G. John Originator: Chris Blanton Originator: Colleen McHugh Originator: Serguei Nikonov Originator: Aparna Radhakrishnan Originator: Kristopher Rand Originator: Niki T. Zadeh Originator: V. Balaji Originator: Jeff Durachta Originator: Christopher Dupuis Originator: Raymond Menzel Originator: Thomas Robinson Originator: Seth Underwood Originator: Hans Vahlenkamp Originator: Krista A. Dunne Originator: Paul P.G. Gauthier Originator: Paul Ginoux Originator: Stephen M. Griffies Originator: Robert Hallberg Originator: Matthew Harrison Originator: William Hurlin Originator: Pu Lin Originator: Sergey Malyshev Originator: Vaishali Naik Originator: Fabien Paulot Originator: David J. Paynter Originator: Jeffrey Ploshay Originator: Daniel M. Schwarzkopf Originator: Charles J. Seman Originator: Andrew Shao Originator: Levi Silvers Originator: Bruce Wyman Originator: Xiaoqin Yan Originator: Yujin Zeng Originator: Alistair Adcroft Originator: John P. Dunne Originator: Isaac M. Held Originator: John P. Krasting Originator: Larry W. Horowitz Originator: Chris Milly Originator: Elena Shevliakova Originator: Michael Winton Originator: Ming Zhao Originator: Rong Zhang Publication_Date: 2018 Title: NOAA-GFDL GFDL-CM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP ssp585 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.9268 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GFDL Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Malcolm Roberts Publication_Date: 2019 Title: MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-HH model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highres-future Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.5982 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HadgemHH Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Malcolm Roberts Publication_Date: 2019 Title: MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-HM model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highres-future Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.5984 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HadgemHM Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Malcolm Roberts Publication_Date: 2017 Title: MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-HM model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP highresSST-future Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Earth System Grid Federation Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.6024 Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20200101 Ending_Date: 20501231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HadgemSST Source_Contribution: East-west and north-south wind components and sea-ice concentrations were used as boundary conditions for the WAVEWATCHIII® model. Process_Step: Process_Description: The data are presented by geographic areas bounded by model grids which were nested within a common global grid. All process steps apply to all data and geographic areas. Download and rewriting of General Circulation Model (GCM)wind (near-surface 10-m height) and sea-ice fields. Specific GCM variants used were as follows:CMCCwinds: CMCC-CM2-VHR4-r1i1p1f1_gn, 6-hourly, 25 km resolution, CMCC sea-ice: CMCC-CM2-VHR4-r1i1p1f1_gn, daily, 25 km resolution, CNRM sea-ice: CNRM-CM6-1-HR-r1i1p1f2, daily, 25 km resolution, ECEARTH winds: EC-Earth3P-HR-r1i1p1f1_gr, 3-hourly, 50 km resolution, ECEARTH sea-ice: EC-Earth3P-HR-r1i1p2f1_gr, daily, 25 km resolution, GFDL winds: GFDL-CM4C192-highresSST-r1i1p1f1_gr3, 3-hourly, 50 km resolution, GFDL sea-ice: GFDL-CM4_ssp585_r1i1p1f1_gr2, daily, 25 km resolution, HadgemHH winds: HadGEM3-GC31-HH_highres-future_r1i1p1f1, 3-hourly, 50 km resolution. HadgemHH sea-ice: HadGEM3-GC31-HM_highres-future_r1i1p1f1, daily, 25 km resolution, HadgemHM winds: HadGEM3-GC31-HM_highres-future_r1i1p1f1, 3-hourly, 50 km resolution, HadgemHM sea-ice: HadGEM3-GC31-HM_highres-future_r1i1p1f1, daily, 25 km resolution, HadgemSST winds: HadGEM3-GC31-HM_highresSST-future_r1i1p1f1_gn, forced atmosphere experiment using SST/sea ice derived from CMIP5 RCP8.5, 3-hourly, 50 km resolution. HadgemSST sea-ice: HadGEM3-GC31-HM_highresSST-future_r1i1p1f1_gn, daily, 25 km resolution native grid. The near-surface wind fields and sea-ice cover were downloaded from ESGF CMIP6 Data Holdings (pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6) in March 2021 (June 2021 for CMCC), and they were interpolated to common 3-hourly time-points and grid resolutions of 0.5 degrees for GFDL and CNRM, 0.35 degrees for Hadgem and ECEARTH, and 0.3125 degrees for CMCC. All data were written to netCDF format files ingestible by the wave model. The GCM wind and ice fields are part of the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP, Haarsma and others, 2016). The primary goal of HighResMIP is to assess the robustness of improvements in the representation of important climate processes with weather-resolving global model resolutions, using the physical climate system only with constrained aerosol forcing (Eyring and others, 2016). The higher resolution and inclusion of more forcings and detailed physics is expected to reduce bias compared to the standard CMIP6 and CMIP5 predecessor. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CMCC, CNRM, CNRM, ECEARTH, GFDL, HadgemHH, HadgemHM, HadgemSST Process_Date: 20210331 Process_Step: Process_Description: Wave model setup. The third-generation, spectral wave model WAVEWATCHIII (WW3; version 6.07.1; WAVEWATCHIII® Development Group (WW3DG), 2019) was downloaded from GitHub at https://github.com/NOAA-EMC/WW3/releases). WW3 is a ‘phase-averaged model’ that solves the random phase spectral action density balance equation for wavenumber-direction spectra based on the assumption that water depths, currents, and wave fields vary on time and spatial scales much larger than that of a single wave. This version of the model includes transitional- and shallow-water equations. Source terms for physical processes include parameterizations for wind-driven wave growth, parametrized forms for nonlinear resonant wave-wave interactions, scattering due to wave-bottom interactions, triad interactions, and dissipation due to whitecapping, bottom friction, surf-breaking, and interactions with ice. Model switches used in this study were as follows (see WW3DG, 2019 for further explanations): F90 DIST MPI OMPG OMPH PR3 UQ FLX0 LN1 ST4 STAB0 NL1 BT1 IC4 IS0 REF0 DB0 TR1 MLIM BS0 XX0 WNT1 WNX1 CRT1 CRX1 NOGRB O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O11 NC4. Model grids consist of one 0.5 x 0.5 degree global grid, 4 nested 10 arc-minute resolution (approximately 18 km) ‘child’ grids, and 3 nested 4 arc-minute resolution (approximately 7 km) ‘grand-child’ grids (grid, geographic coverage, resolution in arc-minutes and approximate kms). The finer resolution nested grids each take inputs along their open boundaries from the increasingly coarse grids. The finest resolution wave grids (approximately 7 km) align the outer coast of Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands, and the U.S. East and West coasts, including the Gulf of Mexico, Hawai’i, and Puerto Rico. U.S. territories in the Pacific Ocean are represented by a 10-arc-minute (approximately 18 km) grid. Please see the overview image provided as part of this data release for a visual representation of the spatial grid coverage. Bathymetry and landmasks for all grids were obtained from the 1-arc-minute ETOPO1 global relief model (Amante and Eakins, 2009). In an effort to optimize model output data storage needs, more than 5000 model output points (‘savepoints’) were placed along the approximate 20m, 50m, and 100m isobaths (as derived from the ETOPO1 bathymetry), spaced approximately 10 km in the alongshore direction of all U.S. coastlines or co-located with buoys or other points of interest. Output point locations were snapped to grid points and thus are not necessarily precisely coincident with long-term buoy observation locations. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: WW3 Process_Date: 20210125 Process_Step: Process_Description: Wave model implementation and post-processing. The WW3 model was compiled and run on two separate high-performance computing systems: the USGS Advanced Research Computing Facility, USGS Denali Supercomputer https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PSW367 and Intel Corporation. Computing efficiency was optimized resulting in approximately 80 hours of computation (wall-clock) time per 10-year simulation. The WW3 model was run with the spatiotemporally varying wind and ice fields, described in the first process step, applied across all model domains. Each year was run individually, with restart files from the previous year. Data from the year 2020 is a cold-start run and hence model ‘spin-up’ is included in the approximate first week of data outputs for that year; users are cautioned on using the first weeks of data in year 2020. Hourly time-series of bulk wave statistics were saved at each global model grid point (0.5-degree resolution) and coastal ‘savepoint’ from the nested grids (see second process_step) in the form of binary files. A post-processor script included with the WAVEWATCHIII® 6.07.01 release was used to write out select bulk parameters from the binary data files to netCDF format. The annual data files were subsequently re-written to produce netCDF files with continuous time-series spanning all years from 2020 through 2050; model depths at each of the savepoint locations were extracted from the grids and added to the final netCDF files. The data are presented for U.S. coastlines within nested model domains (grids) which correspond to the U.S. West Coast and Hawai’i (wc_4m), East Coast and Gulf of Mexico and Puerto Rico (at_4m), Alaska (ak_4m), and U.S. territories in the Pacific Ocean (ep_10m). This dataset is for the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico and Puerto Rico. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: WW3 Process_Date: 20211013 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Data were generated within a numerical model scheme. Refer to self-contained netCDF files for location information. Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0167 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0167 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: netCDF files are self-contained and attribute information may be found in the header of the file itself. The netCDF attributes for the file WavePnts_CMCC_at_4m_Fut.nc are provided below as a sample. All attributes are the same for each file with the exception of reference to the filename, forcing file names, and max/min values. >Format: > netcdf4 >Global Attributes: > product_name = 'CMIP6 WW3 Extracted Station Wave Parameters' > area = ‘GMex and Atl 4 min wave grid’ > data_type = 'OCO spectra 2D' > format_version = '1.1' > CMIP6_Mod = 'CMCC' > start_date = '2020-01-01' > stop_date = '2050-12-31' > Temporal_Res = 'hourly' > Extracted_Dir = '/caldera/projects/usgs/water/nywsc/lherdman/WW4/WW3- 6.07.1' > Extracted_Files = '*at_4m*tab.nc' > author = 'USGS, lerikson@usgs.gov' > CMIP6_Winds = 'CMCC-CM2-VHR4-r1i1p1f1_gn, 6-hourly, 25 km resolution' > CMIP6_SeaIce = 'CMCC-CM2-VHR4-r1i1p1f1_gn, daily, 25 km resolution' >Dimensions: > time = 271752 > station = 932 >Variables: > hs > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'spectral estimate of significant wave height' > standard_name = 'sea_surface_wave_significant_height' > globwave_name = 'significant_wave_height' > units = 'm' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 16.8311 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > fp > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = ' peak frequency (Fp=1/Tp)' > standard_name = 'dominant_wave_frequency' > globwave_name = 'dominant_wave_frequency' > units = 's-1' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 0.52997 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > tr > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'mean period normalised by the relative frequency' > standard_name = 'mean_period_normalised_by_the_relative_frequency' > globwave_name = 'mean period normalised by the relative frequency' > units = 's' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 20.1657 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > th1m > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > standard_name = 'mean_wave_direction' > globwave_name = 'mean_wave_direction' > units = 'degree' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 359.9999 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > th1p > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'mean wave direction from spectral moments at spectral peak' > standard_name = 'dominant_wave_direction' > globwave_name = 'dominant_wave_direction' > units = 'degree' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 359.9999 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > sth1m > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'directional spread from spectral moments' > standard_name = 'mean_wave_spreading' > globwave_name = 'mean_wave_spreading' > units = 'degree' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 81.0282 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > sth1p > Size: 932x271752 > Dimensions: station,time > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'directional spread at spectral peak' > standard_name = 'dominant_wave_spreading' > globwave_name = 'dominant_wave_spreading' > units = 'degree' > valid_min = 0 > valid_max = 81.0105 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > time > Size: 271752x1 > Dimensions: time > Datatype: int64 > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'julian day (UT)' > standard_name = 'time' > conventions = 'Relative julian days with decimal part (as parts of the day)' > axis = 'T' > units = 'hours since 2020-01-01 00:00:00' > calendar = 'proleptic_gregorian' > station > Size: 932x1 > Dimensions: station > Datatype: int32 > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'station id' > axis = 'X' > longitude > Size: 932x1 > Dimensions: station > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'longitude' > standard_name = 'longitude' > globwave_name = 'longitude' > units = 'degree_east' > valid_min = -97.267 > valid_max = -64 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > latitude > Size: 932x1 > Dimensions: station > Datatype: single > Attributes: > _FillValue = -9999 > long_name = 'latitude' > standard_name = 'latitude' > globwave_name = 'latitude' > units = 'degree_north' > valid_min = 17 > valid_max = 45.467 > content = 'TX' > associates = 'time station' > Station_Depth > Size: 932x1 > Dimensions: station > Datatype: single > Attributes: >_FillValue = -9999 long_name = 'Station Depth Below MSL' standard_name = 'station_depth' units = 'm' Convention = 'Positive Downward' valid_min = 10 valid_max = 5023.1 Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The dataset consists of seven netCDF files, each containing hourly wave projections for the years 2020 through 2050 at 932 output points extracted from NOAA’s 4-minute nested “Gulf of Mexico and NW Atlantic 4 min” grid (at_4m; see https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/waves/validation/). Wave parameters provided are as follows: significant wave heights (swell and seas combined), mean and peak wave periods, and mean and peak wave directions and associated spread. The motivation for providing high temporal resolution values of these variables is driven by the notion that storm impacts on coastal processes, including wave runup and erosion, are often investigated with these parameters. Each netCDF file represents results from model runs using wind forcing and sea ice boundary conditions from one Global Climate Model / General Circulation Model (GCM). Filenames follow the format: WavePnts___Fut.nc where is the abbreviated name of one of the GCMs listed above, refers to the NOAA-named model grid from which data were extracted. The common field ‘WavePnts’ is meant to indicate wave time-series at select model output points (as opposed to gridded data). The common field ‘Fut’ represents the time-period of provided data: 2020 through 2050. The filename for the GFDL data includes the addition of ‘LimitedUse’ (full filename: WavePnts_GFDL_at_4m_Fut_LimitedUse.nc) to emphasize the limitations of the GFDL model results outlined in the Data Quality Information Section. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (CMCC) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (CNRM) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (ECEARTH) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (GFDL) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (HadgemHH) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (HadgemHM) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: Python 3.7 Format_Specification: CF4 Format_Information_Content: files contain time-series of modeled (HadgemSST) wave parameters in standard netCDF version 4 format. File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 6600 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links and then scrolling down to the appropriate Wave Data section. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with any software that reads netCDF files such as Mathworks MATLAB™, Python, Panoply). Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20220707 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998