Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Manoocher Shirzaei Originator: Leonard Ohenhen Originator: Matthew W. Hardy Publication_Date: 20230128 Title: Vertical land motion rates for the years 2007 to 2020 for the North and South Carolina coasts Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9W91314 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Kevin Befus Originator: Jeffrey J. Danielson Originator: Anita C. Engelstad Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Amy C. Foxgrover Originator: Matthew W. Hardy Originator: Daniel J. Hoover Originator: Tim Leijnse Originator: Chris Massey Originator: Robert McCall Originator: Norberto Nadal-Caraballo Originator: Kees Nederhoff Originator: Leonard O. Ohenhen Originator: Andrea C. O’Neill Originator: Kai A. Parker Originator: Manoocher Shirzaei Originator: Xin Su Originator: Jennifer A. Thomas Originator: Maarten van Ormondt Originator: Sean F. Vitousek Originator: Kilian Vos Originator: Madison C. Yawn Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Future coastal hazards along the U.S. North and South Carolina coasts Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9W91314 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314 Description: Abstract: Rates of land subsidence and uplift for the North and South Carolina coasts are derived from Sentinel-1A/B (2015-2020) and ALOS (2007-2011) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, at approximately 50-75 m resolution and mm-level precision. The data consist of vertical land motion (VLM) rates and the 1-sigma error in land motion rates and are available as csv files. Purpose: These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of vulnerability. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. Supplemental_Information: This data release was funded by the Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157) for North Carolina and South Carolina. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20070101 Ending_Date: 20201220 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.349210 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.457627 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.550717 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 32.037461 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:d90b475f-613a-4570-940f-9773f8e18c90 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Theme_Keyword: coastal Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: State of North Carolina Place_Keyword: State of South Carolina Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: VerticalLandMotion_NC_SC.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Map showing the area for which vertical land motion (VLM) data are available. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: This data release was funded by the Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157) for North Carolina and South Carolina. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Interferograms are generated using GAMMA software (Werner and others, 2000) and multitemporal InSAR processing is performed using Wavelet-Based InSAR algorithm (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018; Shirzaei and others, 2012; Shirzaei, 2013). Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: E. Blackwell Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: C. Ojha Originator: S. Werth Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Tracking California’s sinking coast from space: Implications for relative sea-level rise Other_Citation_Details: Blackwell, E., Shirzaei, M., Ojha, C., and Werth, S., 2020, Tracking California’s sinking coast from space: Implications for relative sea-level rise: Science Advances, vol. 6, p. eaba4551, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4551. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: G. Blewitt Originator: C. Creemer Originator: W.C. Hammond Originator: J.M. Goldfarb Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Terrestrial reference frame NA12 for crustal deformation studies in North America Other_Citation_Details: Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Hammond, W.C., and Goldfarb, J.M., 2013, Terrestrial reference frame NA12 for crustal deformation studies in North America: Journal of Geodynamics, vol. 72, p. 11-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2013.08.004. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: T.G. Farr Originator: P.A. Rosen Originator: E. Caro Originator: R. Crippen Originator: R. Duren Originator: S. Hensley Originator: M. Kobrick Originator: M. Paller Originator: E. Rodriguez Originator: L. Roth Originator: D. Seal Originator: S. Shaffer Originator: J. Shimada Originator: J. Umland Originator: M. Werner Originator: M. Oskin Originator: D. Burbank Originator: D. Alsdorf Publication_Date: 2007 Title: The shuttle radar topography mission Other_Citation_Details: Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M. Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D., 2007, The shuttle radar topography mission: Reviews of Geophysics, vol. 45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005rg000183. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: G. Franceschetti Originator: R. Lanari Publication_Date: 1999 Title: Synthetic aperture radar processing Other_Citation_Details: Franceschetti G., and Lanari, R., 1999, Synthetic aperture radar processing: CRC Press, 324 p. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Ojha Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: S. Werth Originator: D.F. Argus Originator: T.G. Farr Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Sustained groundwater loss in California’s Central Valley exacerbated by intense drought periods Other_Citation_Details: Ojha, C., Shirzaei, M., Werth, S., Argus, D.F., and Farr, T.G., 2018, Sustained groundwater loss in California's Central Valley exacerbated by intense drought periods: Water resources research, vol. 54, p. 4449-4460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022250. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: R. Bürgmann Publication_Date: 2012 Title: Topography correlated atmospheric delay correction in radar interferometry using wavelet transforms Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei M., and Bürgmann, R., 2012, Topography correlated atmospheric delay correction in radar interferometry using wavelet transforms: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049971. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Publication_Date: 2013 Title: A wavelet-based multitemporal DInSAR algorithm for monitoring ground surface motion Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei, M., 2013, A wavelet-based multitemporal DInSAR algorithm for monitoring ground surface motion, (in English): Ieee Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 10, p. 456-460, https://doi.org/10.1109/Lgrs.2012.2208935. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: R. Bürgmann Originator: E.J. Fielding Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Applicability of Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei, M., Bürgmann, R., and Fielding, E.J., 2017, Applicability of Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 44, p. 2733-2742, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072663. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Werner Originator: U. Wegmüller Originator: T. Strozzi Originator: A. Wiesmann Publication_Date: 2000 Title: Gamma SAR and interferometric processing software Other_Citation_Details: Werner, C., Wegmüller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A., 2000, Gamma SAR and interferometric processing software: Proceedings of the ers-envisat symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden, v. 1620. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Yu Originator: N.T. Penna Originator: Z. Li Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Generation of real-time mode high-resolution water vapor fields from GPS observations Other_Citation_Details: Yu, C., Penna, N.T., and Li, Z., 2017, Generation of real-time mode high-resolution water vapor fields from GPS observations: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 122, p. 2008-2025, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025753. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Yu Originator: Z. Li Originator: N.T. Penna Originator: P. Crippa Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Generic atmospheric correction model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations Other_Citation_Details: Yu, C., Li, Z., Penna, N.T., and Crippa, P., 2018, Generic atmospheric correction model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB015305. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment using an independent set of GNSS vertical was conducted. Results are within the expected range of 1 mm/yr standard deviation. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data fall within expected/reasonable ranges. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data accuracy is assumed to be close to 1mm/yr. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: European Space Agency Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Sentinel-1 SAR Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Geotiff files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Copernicus Online_Linkage: search.asf.alaska.edu Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20150101 Ending_Date: 20201220 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Sentinel-1A/B Source_Contribution: Source was used to build a seamless map of vertical land motion Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Publication_Date: 2021 Title: ALOS PALSAR Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: binary Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: OpenTopography Online_Linkage: search.asf.alaska.edu Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2007 Ending_Date: 2011 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ALOS Source_Contribution: Source was used to build a seamless map of vertical land motion Process_Step: Process_Description: Previously existing Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR) data were mined to generate a seamless map of vertical land motion (VLM) for an up to approximately 100-km-wide strip along the coasts of North and South Carolina. Multiple overlapping frames from ALOS and Sentinel-1A/B satellites were used to cover the entire area. We applied multitemporal InSAR processing to each frame in each viewing geometry to generate an extensive set of high-quality interferograms considering the spatial and temporal baselines. A Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 1-arcsecond (~30 m) spatial resolution (Farr and others, 2007) and precise satellite orbital information was used to calculate and remove the effect of topographic phase and flat earth correction (Franceschetti and others, 1999). The wavelet-based InSAR, an advanced multi-temporal SAR interferometric algorithm, was applied to reduce environmental artifacts and constrain temporally variable deformation fields (Shirzaei, 2013; Shirzaei and others, 2017). A suite of wavelet-based filters (Shirzaei and others 2012; Shirzaei, 2013) and atmospheric models (Yu and others, 2017, Yu and others, 2018) was used to reduce the residual topography-correlated component of the atmospheric phase delay and spatially uncorrelated DEM error. The set of corrected interferograms was inverted using a reweighted least-squares estimation to generate deformation time-series and velocities along the line-of-sight (LOS) direction. This operation was applied to all frames separately, then the data in the overlap zones of adjacent frames were used to perform an affine transformation and to obtain a seamless map of LOS displacement velocities for each viewing geometry (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018). Assuming a constant long-term velocity, a least-squares joint inversion was applied to combine the LOS velocity fields with observations of horizontal displacement velocity at the location of GNSS stations, which allowed for resolving the 3D deformation field at high resolution and mm/yr-level precision (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018). To translate estimated vertical deformation rates into a continental framework, vertical velocities of GNSS stations, calculated in IGS14 were used (Blewitt and others, 2013), followed by an affine transformation (including a shift, a scale factor, and two rotations) to transfer the estimated VLM into IGS14 (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ojha and others, 2018). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: ALOS satellites Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Sentinel-1A/B satellites Process_Date: 20220115 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Manoocher Shirzaei Contact_Organization: Virginia Tech Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical Address: 925 Prices Fork Road City: Blacksburg State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 24060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 510-333-9305 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: shirzaei@vt.edu Process_Step: Process_Description: Edits were made to correct spelling in author name. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. (scochran@usgs.gov) Process_Date: 20230516 Process_Step: Process_Description: Edits were made to correct the Time Period of Content ending date from 20211231 to 20201220 and the associated date range in the title from “Vertical land motion rates for the years 2007 to 2021…” to “Vertical land motion rates for the years 2007 to 2020…”. Within the abstract section, the date range of the Sentinel-1A/B data was corrected from 2014-2021 to 2015-2020, the resolution was updated from “~75 m” to “approximately 50-75 m”, and the term “uplift” added to clarify that the VLM data include both rates of land subsidence and uplift. The above date corrections were also applied within the lineage section, to the ending date of the Sentinel-1A/B source data and to the beginning date of the ALOS data. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. (afoxgrover@usgs.gov ) Process_Date: 20240329 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 11881475 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: International GNSS Service 14 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: VerticalLandMotion_Rate Entity_Type_Definition: files contain vertical land motion rates, including uncertainties Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude(deg) Attribute_Definition: Longitudinal values for the dataset expressed in degrees Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -81.349211 Range_Domain_Maximum: -75.457627 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.000001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude(deg) Attribute_Definition: Latitudinal values for the dataset expressed in degrees Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 32.037461 Range_Domain_Maximum: 36.550716 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.000001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: VLMrate(cm/yr) Attribute_Definition: Rate of vertical change in land mass, negative values indicate land subsidence and positive values indicate uplift. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.757 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.359 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: cm per year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: VLMerror(cm/yr) Attribute_Definition: 1-sigma error of VLM rates Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.758 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: cm per year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: These data are available in csv format in two zip files, one covering North Carolina (VerticalLandMotion_Rate_NC.zip) and one covering South Carolina (VerticalLandMotion_Rate_SC.zip). Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-delimited text Format_Information_Content: Zip file containing csv with VLM data for North Carolina File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip or archive utility Transfer_Size: 58.1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-delimited text Format_Information_Content: Zip file containing csv with VLM data for South Carolina File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip or archive utility Transfer_Size: 52.1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: The csv data can be viewed with any text reading software. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20240329 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998