Nearshore parametric wave setup hindcast data (1979-2019) for the North and South Carolina coasts

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Nearshore parametric wave setup hindcast data (1979-2019) for the North and South Carolina coasts
Abstract:
This dataset presents alongshore wave setup timeseries for the North and South Carolina coastlines. Wave setup was modelled using parameterization for open coast sandy beaches as presented in Stockdon and others (2006). The parameterization relates onshore wave setup to offshore wave conditions and beach characteristics. Wave conditions were extracted at approximately the 10 m depth contour and reverse shoaled to the deep-water condition. These data were then matched to cross-shore transects spaced at approximately 1 km along the coastline. Beach slope at these transects were extracted from lidar (Doran and others, 2017) and temporally averaged across all available datasets. This dataset is forced by waves taken directly from the ERA5 reanalysis, which incorporates observations and data assimilation (Hersbach and others, 2020). Therefore, data presented in this data release represent a best prediction of the observed historical wave setup along the study region. This dataset and the methodology used for its production is further detailed in Parker and others (2023). Modeled wave setup time series are presented for the hindcast period 1979 to 2019. Output includes 1-hour wave setup provided at approximately 1,600 alongshore transects at approximately 1-5 km resolution. Data are available as csv files for each transect location and are bundled by state.
Supplemental_Information:
This data release was funded by the Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157) for North Carolina and South Carolina. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Parker, Kai A., Erikson, Li H., Thomas, Jennifer A., Nederhoff, Kees, Leijnse, Tim, Engelstad, Anita C., and Hardy, Matthew W., 20230128, Nearshore parametric wave setup hindcast data (1979-2019) for the North and South Carolina coasts: data release DOI:10.5066/P9W91314, U S Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    • DOI:10.5066/P9W91314

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Barnard, Patrick, Befus, Kevin, Danielson, Jeffrey J., Engelstad, Anita C., Erikson, Li H., Foxgrover, Amy C., Hardy, Matthew W., Hoover, Daniel J., Leijnse, Tim, Massey, Chris, McCall, Robert, Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto, Nederhoff, Kees, Ohenhen, Leonard O., O’Neill, Andrea C., Parker, Kai A., Shirzaei, Manoocher, Su, Xin, Thomas, Jennifer A., Ormondt, Maarten van, Vitousek, Sean F., Vos, Kilian, and Yawn, Madison C., 2023, Future coastal hazards along the U.S. North and South Carolina coasts: data release DOI:10.5066/P9W91314, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.8753
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.4571
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.5457
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 32.0793
  3. What does it look like?
    WaveSetup_Transects_NC_SC.jpg (JPEG)
    Map showing locations of transects for wave setup projections along the coast of North and South Carolina.
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 01-Mar-2020
    Ending_Date: 15-Feb-2023
    Currentness_Reference:
    project start through publication
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • point (192128664)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.0001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.0001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: Mean Sea Level
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    [WaveSetup_ERA5_NUM.csv]
    wave setup where NUM in the file name refers to the transect number along the coast (see browse graphic for more details) (Source: Producer defined)
    Year
    Year of hindcast data (UTC) (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1979
    Maximum:2019
    Units:Year
    Resolution:1
    Month
    Month of hindcast data (UTC), where 1=January and 12=December (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:12
    Units:Month
    Resolution:1
    Day
    Day of hindcast data (UTC) (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:31
    Units:Day
    Resolution:1
    Hour
    Hour of hindcast data (UTC) (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:23
    Units:Hour in 24-hour format
    Resolution:1
    WaveSetup_[m]
    wave setup (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.018
    Maximum:2.952
    Units:meters
    Resolution:0.001
    Lat_Start_[Nad83]
    Onshore latitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:32.0819
    Maximum:36.5453
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Lat_End_[Nad83]
    Offshore latitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:32.0793
    Maximum:36.5457
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Lon_Start_[Nad83]
    Onshore longitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-80.8753
    Maximum:-75.4616
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Lon_End_[Nad83]
    Offshore longitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-80.872
    Maximum:-75.4571
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    WaveSetup_Ref_TransectIdsLocs_NC.csv and WaveSetup_Ref_TransectIdsLocs_SC.csv
    Files contain the transect IDs and their locations in Latitude and Longitude coordinates. (Source: Producer defined)
    Transect_ID
    transect identification number (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:744
    Maximum:1551
    Units:NA
    Resolution:1
    Lat_Start_[Nad83]
    Onshore latitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:32.0819
    Maximum:36.5453
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Lat_End_[Nad83]
    Offshore latitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:32.0793
    Maximum:36.5457
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Lon_Start_[Nad83]
    Onshore longitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-80.8753
    Maximum:-75.4616
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Lon_End_[Nad83]
    Offshore longitude transect coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-80.872
    Maximum:-75.4571
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Kai A. Parker
    • Li H. Erikson
    • Jennifer A. Thomas
    • Kees Nederhoff
    • Tim Leijnse
    • Anita C. Engelstad
    • Matthew W. Hardy
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    This data release was funded by the Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of 2019 (H.R. 2157) for North Carolina and South Carolina.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs gov

Why was the data set created?

These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of vulnerability. These data are not intended to be used for navigation.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    ERA5 (source 1 of 2)
    Copernicus Climate Change Service, 2017, ERA5: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate: Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: online database
    Source_Contribution: wave data used to derive wave setup
    lidar (source 2 of 2)
    Doran, K.S., Long, J.W., Birchler, J.J., Brenner, O.T., Hardy, M.W., Morgan, K.L.M, Stockdon, H.F., and Torres, M.L., 2017, Lidar-derived beach morphology (dune crest, dune toe, and shoreline) for U.S. sandy coastlines (ver. 4.0, October 2020): U.S. Geological Survey, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: online database
    Source_Contribution: provided beach morphology information
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 01-Feb-2021 (process 1 of 7)
    Wave data for the ERA5 forced dataset were obtained from the most recent European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Re-Analysis dataset. Hourly wave statistics (significant wave height, peak wave period, and mean wave direction) data were downloaded. Wave data were extracted at alongshore locations along approximately the 10m depth contour. These data were then reverse shoaled to the deep-water condition using linear wave theory. Data sources used in this process:
    • ERA5
    Date: 01-Apr-2021 (process 2 of 7)
    The North and South Carolina wave data were matched to transects along the southeast Atlantic coastline. Transects were spaced at approximately 1-5 km along the coast extending in the cross-shore direction.
    Date: 01-May-2021 (process 3 of 7)
    Beach morphology information was obtained using the lidar derived dataset of Doran and others (2017). Beach slope information was linearly interpolated to the cross-shore transects for all available times and then temporally averaged at each location. Beach slopes were then spatially smoothed using a Hanning filter following the method of Doran and others (2015). Data sources used in this process:
    • lidar
    Date: 01-Jul-2021 (process 4 of 7)
    Wave setup was calculated at each transect using the parametrization of Stockdon and others (2006) for every hourly timestep as described in Parker and others (2023).
    Date: 01-Feb-2022 (process 5 of 7)
    Wave setup files were packaged for data release.
    Date: 13-Mar-2023 (process 6 of 7)
    Metadata was modified to include doi# and full citation for Parker and others (2023) Cross Reference. No data information was changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent. Person who carried out this activity:
    Susan A Cochran
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Geologist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA
    USA

    (831) 460-7545 (voice)
    scochran@usgs.gov
    Date: 16-May-2023 (process 7 of 7)
    Edits were made to correct spelling in author name and to include final citation information for a Cross_Reference. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. (scochran@usgs.gov)
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Doran, K.S., Long, J.W., and Overbeck, J.R., 2015, A method for determining average beach slope and beach slope variability for U.S. sandy coastlines.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Doran, K.S., Long, J.W., and Overbeck, J.R., 2015, A method for determining average beach slope and beach slope variability for U.S. sandy coastlines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1053, 5 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151053
    Hersbach, Hans, Bell, Bill, Berrisford, Paul, Hirahara, Shoji, Horányi, András, Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín, Nicolas, Julien, Peubey, Carole, Radu, Raluca, Schepers, Dinand, Simmons, Adrian, Soci, Cornel, Abdalla, Saleh, Abellan, Xavier, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, Bechtold, Peter, Biavati, Gionata, Bidlot, Jean, Bonavita, Massimo, Chiara, Giovanna De, Dahlgren, Per, Dee, Dick, Diamantakis, Michail, Dragani, Rossana, Flemming, Johannes, Forbes, Richard, Fuentes, Manuel, Geer, Alan, Haimberger, Leo, Healy, Sean, Hogan, Robin J, Hólm, Elías, Janisková, Marta, Keely, Sarah, Laloyaux, Patrick, Lopez, Philippe, Lupu, Cristina, Radnoti, Gabor, Rosnay, Patricia de, Rozum, Iryna, Vamborg, Freja, Villaume, Sebastien, and Thépaut, Jean-Noël, 2020, The ERA5 global reanalysis.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume,S., Thépau, J.-N., 2020, The ERA5 global reanalysis, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society; v.146, no. 730, pp.1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803
    Parker, Kai A., Erikson, Li H., Thomas, Jennifer A., Nederhoff, Kees, Barnard, Patrick, and Muis, Sanne, 2023, Relative contributions of water-level components to extreme water levels along the US Southeast Atlantic Coast from a regional-scale water level hindcast.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Parker, K.A., Erikson, L.H., Thomas, J.A., Nederhoff, K., Barnard, P.L., and Muis, S., 2023, Relative contributions of water-level components to extreme water levels along the US Southeast Atlantic Coast from a regional-scale water level hindcast: Natural Hazards, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05939-6.
    Stockdon, H.F., Holman, R.A., Howd, P.A., and Sallenger, A.H., 2006, Empirical parameterization of setup, swash, and runup.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Stockdon, H.F., Holman, R.A., Howd, P.A. and Sallenger, A.H., 2006, Empirical parameterization of setup, swash, and runup, Coastal Engineering v. 53, pp. 573–588, doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.12.005.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Wave setup presented in this dataset is approximate and based on parameterization that relates a limited set of inputs to wave setup experienced at the coast. Wave setup is expected to be dominated by error in the utilized parametrization. Stockdon and others, (2006) assessed the accuracy of the utilized parameterization as having a root mean square error of 21 cm and accuracy of this dataset is expected to be of a similar magnitude. Accuracy of this dataset is expected to be of a similar magnitude.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Data are concurrent with specified transect locations
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    A comprehensive accuracy assessment was not performed for the dataset due to a lack of wave setup observations along the coastline. Rather, this dataset should be considered as a first order approximation of experienced wave setup. The error in this approximation is likely dominated by the utilized parameterization which was assessed to have root mean square error of 21 cm.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Data have undergone quality checks and fall within expected/reasonable ranges.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in csv format identified by transect ID. The state for which the data is available is reflected in the file name [WaveSetup_ERA5_STATE.zip], where STATE can be either NC (North Carolina) or SC (South Carolina). All the data for a state are zipped together. Additionally, two reference files (WaveSetup_Ref_TransectIdsLocs_NC.csv and WaveSetup_Ref_TransectIdsLocs_SC.csv) are provided that contain the transect IDs and the corresponding transect locations.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
    • Availability in digital form:
      Data format: csv files were zipped for North Carolina in format comma-delimited text Size: 779.2
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314
      Data format: csv files were zipped for South Carolina in format comma-delimited text Size: 432.8
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314
      Data format: csv files contain transect IDs and locations for North Carolina in format comma-delimited text Size: 0.003
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314
      Data format: csv files contain transect IDs and locations for South Carolina in format comma-delimited text Size: 0.001
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W91314
    • Cost to order the data: None.

  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with any text reading software.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 16-May-2023
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/CMGDS_DR_tool/DR_P9W91314/WaveSetup_ERA5_metadata.faq.html>
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