Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Nancy G. Prouty Originator: Christopher Gallagher Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Olowalu chronology and geochemistry time-series, West Maui Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F72J69TH Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F72J69TH Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/59e4f341e4b05fe04cd1917d Description: Abstract: Chronology and time-series geochemistry data of a coral core collected from Olowalu, West Maui, Hawaii. The chronology is based on density banding, radiocarbon bomb-curve, and uranium thorium dating techniques. The geochemistry time-series data contains major and minor elements over the length of the coral life span, as measured from laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Purpose: Erosion and associated sedimentation are the most significant threats to Hawaii's terrestrial and marine resources. Given that regional-scale resilience of coral reefs to global climate change may be significantly influence by local water quality, there is the potential that compounding stressors will reduce the tolerance of corals to climate change perturbations. The Coral Reef Working Group (CRWG), made up of key state and federal partners involved in coral reef management, has identified Olowalu as a Hawaii Coral Reef Strategy Priority Site and adjacent to a proposed priority watershed. This information is valuable for resource managers in Hawaii trying to calculate trajectories of coral reef health related to future land-use and climate change, since both processes will affect the supply and storage of sediment to the reef flat. Supplemental_Information: Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at: http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=A0413MU Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130709 Currentness_Reference: Ground condition at time data were collected Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.6083000 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.6083000 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.8065000 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.8065000 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:59e4f341e4b05fe04cd1917d Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Assessments Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: chemical analysis Theme_Keyword: geochemistry Theme_Keyword: marine chemistry Theme_Keyword: radiometric dating Theme_Keyword: carbon-14 analysis Theme_Keyword: coelenterates Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: geochemistry Theme_Keyword: chemical oceanography Theme_Keyword: carbonate analysis Theme_Keyword: human impacts on habitats Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Pacific Ocean Place_Keyword: State of Hawaii Place_Keyword: Maui Place_Keyword: Olowalu Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Place_Keyword: coral reefs Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources, Maui as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: L. Kinsley (Australian National University), L. Edwards and H. Cheng (University of Minnesota), and T. Guilderson (LLNL) for analytical assistance, and C. Storlazzi, J. Logan, and P. Dal Ferro (USGS) for field assistance. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Mac OSX 10.11.6, Microsoft Excel 14.7.1 for Mac Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: K. Cobb Originator: C. D. Charles Originator: H. Cheng Originator: M. Kastner Originator: R. L. Edwards Publication_Date: 2003 Title: U/Th-dating living and young fossil corals from the central tropical Pacific Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 210, 2003, p. 91-103 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Oxford, UK Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X03001389 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: E.D. Crook Originator: A.L. Cohen Originator: M. Rebolledo-Vieyr Originator: L. Hernandez Originator: A. Paytan Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Reduced calcification and lack of acclimatization by coral colonies growing in areas of persistent natural acidification Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301589110 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, D.C. Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Online_Linkage: http://www.pnas.org/content/110/27/11044.abstract Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: A.H. Jaffey Originator: K.F. Flynn Originator: L.E. Glendenin Originator: W.C. Bentley Originator: A.M. Essling Publication_Date: 1971 Title: Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Physical Review C 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: College Park, M.D. Publisher: American Physical Society Online_Linkage: http://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: D.J. Sinclair Originator: L.P.J. Kinsley Originator: M. McCulloch Publication_Date: 1998 Title: High resolution analysis of trace elements in corals by laser ablation ICP-MS Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, The Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703798001124 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: I.U. Olsson Publication_Date: 1970 Title: Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology Series_Information: Series_Name: Proceedings Issue_Identification: Proceedings of the 12th Nobel Symposium Publication_Information: Publication_Place: New York, NY Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J.S. Vogel Originator: J.R. Southon Originator: D.E. Nelson Publication_Date: 1987 Title: Catalyst and binder effects in the use of filamentous graphite for AMS Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 29, 40-56 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, The Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168583X87902023 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Stuiver Originator: H.A. Polach Publication_Date: 1977 Title: Discussion reporting of 14C data Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Radiocarbon 19(3), 1977, p. 355–363 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Cambridge, MA Publisher: Cambridge University Press Online_Linkage: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/discussion-reporting-of-14c-data/D686D7894B8BAC3212589AFE418E147E Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J.S. Vogel Originator: J.R. Southon Originator: D.E. Nelson Publication_Date: 1987 Title: Catalyst and binder effects in the use of filamentous graphite for AMS Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 29, 40-56 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, The Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168583X87902023 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: A.H. Andrews Originator: D. Siciliano Originator: D.C. Potts Originator: E.E. DeMartini Originator: S. Covarrubias Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Bomb radiocarbon and the Hawaiian Archipelago: coral, otoliths, and seawater Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Radiocarbon, v. 58, no. 3, 2016, p. 531-548 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Oxford, UK Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/bomb-radiocarbon-and-the-hawaiian-archipelago-coral-otoliths-and-seawater/3B175C2BDED9F3CFAE0E6C0CA8153E8A Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: D. J. Barnes Originator: J.M. Lough Publication_Date: 1989 Title: The nature of skeletal density banding in scleractinian corals: fine banding and seasonal patterns Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal article Issue_Identification: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Volume 126, Issues 2, 16 March 1989, Pages 119-134 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Cambridge, MA Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098189900841 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: All geochemistry data were calibrated against known standards. Logical_Consistency_Report: No logical accuracy tests were conducted. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The coral site position was determined by hand-held Garmin GPS. Horizontal accuracy is approximately 3 meters. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: University of Minnesota Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Uranium-Thorium age dating Type_of_Source_Media: carbonate coral samples Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140914 Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U-Th dates Source_Contribution: Samples were processed via total dissolution techniques, with isotope ratios measured on by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Cobb and others, 2003). Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)-Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Radiocarbon measurements Type_of_Source_Media: carbonate coral samples Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20170403 Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed Source_Citation_Abbreviation: coral radiocarbon ages Source_Contribution: Approximately 10 mg of acidified with orthophosphoric acid and evolved carbon dioxide was converted to graphite for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS; Vogel and others, 1987). Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: UCSC Earth and Planetary Sciences Department Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Elemental composition of coral samples Type_of_Source_Media: carbonate coral samples Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140315 Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed Source_Citation_Abbreviation: elemental to calcium ratio Source_Contribution: Elemental to calcium ratio as measured by laser ablation Inductively-coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS; Sinclair and others, 1998). Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Density banding Type_of_Source_Media: carbonate coral samples Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130413 Source_Currentness_Reference: Date when lab analyses were completed Source_Citation_Abbreviation: coral density values Source_Contribution: The cores were evaluated for annual density banding using Computed Tomography (CT) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution CT Scanning Facility (Crook and others, 2013). Process_Step: Process_Description: Results from the all lab analyses were combined into two comma-delimited text documents (Olowalu_coral_chronology.csv and Olowalu_coral_chemistry.csv) for this data release. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: All source contributions were used for this dataset Process_Date: 20170324 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Nancy Prouty Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission St. City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7526 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nprouty@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Deleted extraneous text from attribute resolution tag. Updated Point of Contact and Metadata contact to PCMSC static contact info, and added Process Step contact information as needed. No data or data information were changed. Process_Date: 20191125 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Susan A Cochran Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission St. City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7545 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: scochran@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Edited metadata to add keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. No data were changed. Process_Date: 20201019 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Edited metadata to eliminate duplicate E/A tag. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent. Process_Date: 20211026 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Susan Cochran Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7545 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: scochran@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.01 Longitude_Resolution: 0.01 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Olowalu_coral_chemistry.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing results from elemental composition along the length of the coral core. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cumulative Distance Attribute_Definition: Cumulative distance from the top of the core to the bottom of the core. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.23 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2555.11 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeter Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Chronology: Density Attribute_Definition: Calendar age assigned to sample according to annual density band counts. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1716.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2013.60 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year.month Attribute: Attribute_Label: Chronology: U-Th Attribute_Definition: Calendar age assigned to sample according to uranium-thorium (U-Th) age dating. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1769.69 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2013.60 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year.month Attribute: Attribute_Label: B:Ca Attribute_Definition: boron to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.63 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4497197.36 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mg:Ca Attribute_Definition: magnesium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.49 Range_Domain_Maximum: 890.54 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sr:Ca Attribute_Definition: strontium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4.95 Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.29 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ba:Ca Attribute_Definition: barium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.76 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6952.82 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: U:Ca Attribute_Definition: uranium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.52 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Al:Ca Attribute_Definition: aluminum to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.17 Range_Domain_Maximum: 224220950.16 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: P:Ca Attribute_Definition: phosphorous to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 11.96 Range_Domain_Maximum: 613209.35 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: V:Ca Attribute_Definition: vanadium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.05 Range_Domain_Maximum: 45159.04 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cr:Ca Attribute_Definition: chromium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.19 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5433843.67 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mn:Ca Attribute_Definition: manganese to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 102542.23 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Fe:Ca Attribute_Definition: iron to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 74.20 Range_Domain_Maximum: 166309.78 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ni:Ca Attribute_Definition: nickel to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.27 Range_Domain_Maximum: 133856.50 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cu:Ca Attribute_Definition: copper to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.96 Range_Domain_Maximum: 936691.15 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Zn:Ca Attribute_Definition: zinc to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.65 Range_Domain_Maximum: 103444.98 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Y:Ca Attribute_Definition: yttrium to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.92 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Mo:Ca Attribute_Definition: molybdenum to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2132.91 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: La:Ca Attribute_Definition: lanthanum to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.53 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5435.85 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: nanomol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Pb:Ca Attribute_Definition: lead to calcium ratio; BDL means below detection limit. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 66385.62 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromol per mol Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Olowalu_coral_chronology.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing results of age dating based on uranium-thorium and radiocarbon methods. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cumulative Distance Attribute_Definition: Cumulative distance from the top of the core to the bottom of the core. Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 23 Range_Domain_Maximum: 297 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeter Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 238U Attribute_Definition: Concentration of Uranium-238 isotope in sample in parts per billion (ppb). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Uranium-238 concentration was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: standard value in analytical chemistry Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2256 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2519 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per billion (ppb) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 238U (error) Attribute_Definition: Concentration of Uranium-238 isotope error in sample in parts per billion (ppb) reported as 2-sigma composition. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Uranium-238 error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: standard value in analytical chemistry Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per billion (ppb) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 232Th Attribute_Definition: Concentration of Thorium-232 isotope in sample in parts per trillion (ppt). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-232 concentration was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: standard value in analytical chemistry Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 59 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1592 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per trillion (ppt) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 232Th (error) Attribute_Definition: Concentration of Thorium-232 isotope error in sample in parts per billion (ppb) reported as 2-sigma composition. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-232 error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: standard value in analytical chemistry Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 32 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per trillion (ppt) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th:232Th (atomic ratio) Attribute_Definition: Thorium-230:Thorium-232 atomic ratio x 10-6. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 230Th:232Th was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 20 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1628 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th:232Th atomic ratio (error) Attribute_Definition: Thorium-230:Thorium-232 atomic ratio error x10-6 reported as 2-sigma composition. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 230Th:232Th error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 74 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-U-234 (measured) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the ratio of Uranium-234:Uranium-238, reported in parts per thousand (per mil). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 234U:238U was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 144.9 Range_Domain_Maximum: 146.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (per mil) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-U-234 (measured, error) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the ratio of Uranium-234:Uranium-238 error, reported in parts per thousand (per mil) . Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 234U:238U error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (per mil) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th:238U AR Attribute_Definition: Thorium-230:Uranium-238 Activity Ratio. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 230Th:238U AR was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0007 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0024 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th:238U AR (error) Attribute_Definition: Thorium-230:Uranium-238 Activity Ratio error reported as 2-sigma composition. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 230Th:238U AR (error) was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0000 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0001 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age (uncorrected) (yr) Attribute_Definition: Uncorrected Thorium-230 age (yr). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-230 age was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 64 Range_Domain_Maximum: 232 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age error (uncorrected, yr) Attribute_Definition: Uncorrected Thorium-230 age (yr) error reported as 2-sigma composition. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-230 age was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age (corrected, yr) Attribute_Definition: Corrected Thorium-230 age (yr). Corrected 230Th ages assume the initial 230Th:232Th atomic ratio of 4.4 ±2.2 x10-6. Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the bulk earth 232Th:238U value of 3.8. The errors are arbitrarily assumed to be 50 percent. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-230 age was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 231 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age error (corrected) (yr) Attribute_Definition: Corrected Thorium-230 age erro (yr) reported as 2-sigma composition. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-230 age error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 14 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-U-234 initial (corrected) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the initial ratio of Uranium-234:Uranium-238, reported in parts per thousand (per mil). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 234U:238U was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 145 Range_Domain_Maximum: 147 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (per mil) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-U-234 initial error (corrected) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the initial ratio of Uranium-234:Uranium-238 error, reported in parts per thousand (per mil). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 234U:238U initial error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (per mil) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age (corrected, yr BP) Attribute_Definition: Corrected Thorium-230 age (yr BP). BP stands for “Before Present” where the “Present” is defined as the year 1950 A.D. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-230 age was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -14 Range_Domain_Maximum: 167 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: yr BP Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age error (corrected, yr BP) Attribute_Definition: Corrected Thorium-230 age (yr BP) error. BP stands for “Before Present” where the “Present” is defined as the year 1950 A.D. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Thorium-230 age error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Jaffey and others, 1971 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 14 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: yr BP Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Assigned date Attribute_Definition: Assigned calendar date based on 230Th age and yr BP defined as 1950 A.D. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as assigned date was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: produced defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1783 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1964 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: yr A.D. Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Fraction Modern Attribute_Definition: Fraction Modern is a measurement of the deviation of the carbon-14:carbon-12 ratio of a sample from "Modern." Modern is defined as 95 percent of the radiocarbon concentration (in AD 1950) of NBS Oxalic Acid I (SRM 4990B, OX-I) normalized to delta-C-13 =-19 per mil (Olsson, 1970). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Fraction Modern was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach, 1977 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.9490 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.1480 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Fraction Modern error Attribute_Definition: Fraction Modern error is a measurement error of the deviation of the carbon-14:carbon-12 ratio of a sample from "Modern." Modern is defined as 95 percent of the radiocarbon concentration (in AD 1950) of NBS Oxalic Acid I (SRM 4990B, OX-I) normalized to delta-C-13 =-19 per mil (Olsson, 1970). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Fraction Modern error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach, 1977 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0030 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0041 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-C-14 Attribute_Definition: The relative difference between the absolute international standard (base year 1950) and sample activity corrected for age and delta-Carbon-13. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Delta-Carbon-14 was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach, 1977 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -51 Range_Domain_Maximum: 148 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (per mil) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-C-14 error Attribute_Definition: The error for the relative difference between the absolute international standard (base year 1950) and sample activity corrected for age and delta-Carbon-13. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as Delta-Carbon-14 error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach, 1977 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (per mil) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-C-14 age (yr BP) Attribute_Definition: Radiocarbon age in year before present (yr BP) with present defined as 1950. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as radiocarbon was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach, 1977 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 420 Range_Domain_Maximum: 420 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year before present (yr BP) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-C-14 age error (yr BP) Attribute_Definition: Radiocarbon age error in year before present (yr BP) with present defined as 1950. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as radiocarbon age error was not calculated for every sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach, 1977 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 30 Range_Domain_Maximum: 30 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year before present (yr BP) Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: These chronology and geochemistry data are available in two .csv formatted files, Olowalu_coral_chronology.csv and Olowalu_coral_chemistry.csv, respectively. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: csv Format_Version_Number: Excel 14.3.9 Format_Specification: .csv Format_Information_Content: File contains table in .csv format File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied Transfer_Size: 0.53 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/59e4f341e4b05fe04cd1917d Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F72J69TH Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the Internet Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with Microsoft Excel or any text reader Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211026 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time