Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Nadine E. Golden Originator: Jane A. Reid Originator: Mark Zimmermann Originator: Erik N. Lowe Originator: Amalia S. Hansen Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Digital seafloor character data of the Gulf of Alaska from historical National Ocean Service (NOS) smooth sheets Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: shapefile, comma-delimited text Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7CV4FT9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7CV4FT9 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Nadine Golden Originator: Jane A. Reid Originator: Mark Zimmermann Originator: Erik N. Lowe Originator: Amalia S. Hansen Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Gulf of Alaska Digitization Project: Digital seafloor character data from NOS smooth sheets Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: shapefile Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7CV4FT9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7CV4FT9 Description: Abstract: This data release provides seafloor-characteristics point data across the Gulf of Alaska, as digitized directly from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001, and archived at the National Geophysics Data Center (NGDC). Geo-rectification and digitization methods were adapted from Zimmermann and Benson (2013). Each location includes information for the smooth sheet number (H#####), a unique site number location, latitude, longitude, collection date, seafloor notation, and the translation of the notation. Unique site numbers were assigned randomly to each notation on a smooth sheet, starting at “_0”. Examples of seafloor notations include: rk (= rock); bu C (= blue clay); hrd (= hard); fne S (= fine sand); Co (= coral) or similar codes; the full code key is given in the Department of Commerce and Department of Defense Chart 1 (2013). In some cases, a diagrammatic indication of the seafloor character is used on the smooth sheet, such as a “*”. During digitization, the corresponding value given in “Chart 1” is assigned to the location; in this case, “*” denotes “rk” or “rock”. Distribution of NOS seafloor-characteristics data across the Gulf of Alaska varies widely: nearer the shoreline, data are more densely distributed; on the mid and outer continental shelf, data are more sparsely spaced. The cited locations of the points were adjusted as necessary in GIS to match the location on the geo-rectified smooth sheet in GIS as projected in North American Datum of 1983. NOAA has published the companion regional bathymetric data and its derivatives and sediment characteristics data for Cook Inlet and areas of the Aleutian Islands at http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/RACE/groundfish/bathymetry/. The project was funded through the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, and Alaska Fisheries Science Center Interagency Agreement AKC-119 (May 2012). References: Zimmermann, M., and Benson, J., 2013, Smooth sheets: How to work with them in a GIS to derive bathymetry, features and substrates: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-249, 52 p., available at http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Publications/AFSC-TM/NOAA-TM-AFSC-249.pdf. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Department of Defense, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 2013, U.S. Chart No. 1: Symbols, abbreviations and terms used on paper and electronic navigational charts, 12th edition, 132 p., available at http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/chartno1.htm. Purpose: In 2012, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) embarked on an ambitious project to digitize surficial seafloor data from existing National Ocean Service (NOS) smooth sheets in the Gulf of Alaska including numerous bays bordering the Gulf. USGS and NOAA are using the data for the nation-wide usSEABED (http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/usseabed) project that seeks to compile and unify existing seafloor characterization point data into GIS-friendly data using the dbSEABED program (Jenkins, 1997; Reid and others, 2005; Buczkowski and others, 2006; Reid and others, 2006) and for the North Pacific Research Board’s Gulf of Alaska Integrated Ecosystems Research Program (NPRB, GOA-IERP, http://www.nprb.org/gulf-of-alaska-project) juvenile groundfish survival project. In addition, NOAA “Deepwater Sponges and Corals” project uses these data to predict viable habitat for those species. Smooth sheets are available through the National Geophysics Data Center’s online data portal (NDGC, http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov). Data on smooth sheets hold densely packed data including surficial seafloor character that variably includes: rockiness, hardness/softness, sediment size, color, and constituents; as well as navigational hazards including anthropogenic sites or remains, rocky reefs, and areas of kelp or sea grass. References: Buczkowski, B.J., Reid, J.A., Jenkins, C.J., Reid, J.M., Williams, S.J., and Flocks, J.G., 2006, usSEABED: Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean (Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands) offshore surficial sediment data release: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 146, version 1.0, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/146/. Jenkins, C.J., 1997, Building offshore soils databases: Sea Technology, v. 38, p. 25-28. Reid, J.A., Reid, J.M., Jenkins, C.J., Zimmermann, M., Williams, S.J., and Field, M.E., 2006, usSEABED: Pacific Coast (California, Oregon, Washington) offshore surficial-sediment data release: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 182, version 1.0., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/182/. Reid, J.M., Reid, J.A., Jenkins, C.J., Hastings, M.E., Williams, S.J., and Poppe, L.J, 2005, usSEABED: Atlantic coast offshore surficial sediment data release: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 118, version 1.0., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/118/. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1892 Ending_Date: 2001 Currentness_Reference: observed Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Not planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.222581 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -134.259811 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.135883 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 56.120981 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: Marine Habitat Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Substrate Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: relative abundance analysis Theme_Keyword: grain-size analysis Theme_Keyword: ecosystems Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: fisheries biology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Alaska Place_Keyword: Gulf of Alaska Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794?name=GADP_NOSSeafloorCharacter.jpg&allowOpen=true Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Map of sample points used to create seafloor character map Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: USGS and NOAA appreciate the assistance of Kalei Shotwell and Chris Rooper (both NOAA) and Jennifer Reynolds (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK) in providing funding to the USGS to complete the project, and of Mega Prescott (NOAA) and Paul Waiters, Sara Kaiser, and Blake McBride (all University of California, Santa Cruz) who assisted with the digitization and proofing process Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Observations are of variable unknown accuracy. Logical_Consistency_Report: Point features present Completeness_Report: Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Variable due to time span of smooth sheet data Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Data Reference Datum Shapefile. In order to properly georeference a smooth sheet, and insure it has been referenced accurately, a shapefile containing all reference datums in the state of Alaska can be downloaded at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/sf_archive.prl. The file is in the North American Datum of 1983 HARN. Smooth sheets. Smooth sheets are scans from NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center website (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/hydro.html) in MrSID format. Previously Digitized Bottom Characteristics. HYD93 Data contains the locations of soundings and other hydrographic data. It is in the form of an XYZ data table. The data is in a coded format, and for the purposes of this project, it was only used for the locations of rocks. The data can be retrieved from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/hydro.html). Definitions and information on HYD93 Data can be found at: (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/dat/geodas/docs/hyd93.htm) NOAA/NOS and USCGS Data contain locations and descriptions of Bottom Characteristics. The data are in table form and can be copied and pasted directly from the website (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geosamples/survey.jsp). Georeferencing Alignment. All smooth sheets are aligned to the Reference Datum Shapefile. For all smooth sheets projected in the datum of NAD83, no datum shift/transformation needs to be applied. Smooth sheets are referenced by locating the intersections of latitude and longitude and specifying their locations. Transformations. As many smooth sheets were surveyed prior to establishment of NAD83, a datum shift, or transformation will be required. For the purposes of this manual, a shift will be referred to as a manual shift the user defines and a transformation refers to using ArcMap’s “on-the-fly transformation” tool to switch between datums with a known transformation algorithm. Digitization Attributes. There are several attributes that are collected from the smooth sheet. Attributes include: Survey- The name of the Survey in the form H#####, the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Latitude and Longitude- location of each description Sediment- The coded description of the sediment or object SedType- the interpreted description of the sediment or object Name- A general description of the area surveyed (no longer collected) Cruisedate- The date(s) of the survey Interpretations of Descriptions. Descriptions are not interpreted until after the digitization is complete and data has been merged. However, as some symbols may not be intuitively recognized, two documents were used to help in deciding what should be digitized: Chart No. 1 United States of America Nautical Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms. Hydrographic Manual Fourth Edition Defining Locations of Bottom Characteristics. Bottom characteristics are written in a slanted black font and are generally placed to the bottom right of the associated sounding, and if not placed in the bottom right, it is placed in an area that still represents that area of the seabed. The location of the point placed on the description is directly on the top left corner of the description. Objects such as rocks, marked on the smooth sheet with an asterisk (*) had the point placed directly centered on the asterisk. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of Digitized Sediments. Individual datasets are proofed at least once before being merged. Each dataset is plotted with its corresponding smooth sheet and checked for errors in point location, and attributes. Proofed shapefiles do not overwrite previous versions. Instead, shapefiles are copied and given a new name, which indicates the number of times the shapefile has been reviewed. Process_Date: 20121231 Process_Step: Process_Description: Data and metadata files were moved to a different location on ScienceBase, resulting in a change of ID number in the Online_Linkage and Network_Resources URLs of the metadata. In addition, edits were made as needed to bring the metadata up to current PCMSC standards including standardizing doi# links, correcting typos, adding disclaimers, and refining keywords. Point of Contact and Metadata Contact information sections were changed to static PCMSC contact information. No data were changed. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. Process_Date: 20200617 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Susan A Cochran Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission St. City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7545 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: scochran@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Removed duplicate keyword thesaurus. Process_Date: 20200901 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Susan A. Cochran Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission St. City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7545 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: scochran@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Edited metadata to add keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. No data were changed. Process_Date: 20201019 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Performed minor edits to the metadata to correct typos. No data were changed Process_Date: 20211013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Susan A. Cochran Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7545 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: scochran@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 116750 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area Albers_Conical_Equal_Area: Standard_Parallel: 55.0 Standard_Parallel: 65.0 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -154.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 50.0 False_Easting: 0.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.002048 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.002048 Planar_Distance_Units: Decimal Degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: DigitizedSeafloorCharacterizationData_GulfofAlaska Entity_Type_Definition: The shapefile includes vector point data of observed geologic features when each observation was taken. The shapefile can be added to any ESRI ArcMap project. The attribute table of the shapefile is also available as a comma-delimited text file (.csv). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. This field is not found in the .csv file. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. This field is not found in the .csv file. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Survey Attribute_Definition: The name of the Survey in the form of the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Attribute_Definition_Source: NOAA Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The name of the Survey in the form of the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Attribute: Attribute_Label: Pt_Name Attribute_Definition: The name of the Survey in the form of the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC combined with sequential numbers for each smooth sheet Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The name of the Survey in the form of the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC combined with sequential numbers for each smooth sheet Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: Latitude Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 55.4989269 Range_Domain_Maximum: 61.1396275 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: Longitude Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -156.22258 Range_Domain_Maximum: -134.22158 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: CruiseDate Attribute_Definition: The date(s) of the survey in YYYYMMDD format Attribute_Definition_Source: NOAA Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 18920101 Range_Domain_Maximum: 20111231 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Calendar dates Attribute: Attribute_Label: NOSSedCode Attribute_Definition: The coded description of the sediment in the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Attribute_Definition_Source: NOAA Attribute_Domain_Values: Codeset_Domain: Codeset_Name: Sediment type from NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Codeset_Source: NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Attribute: Attribute_Label: Definition Attribute_Definition: Defines the coded description of the sediment in the naming convention for NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Attribute_Definition_Source: NOAA Attribute_Domain_Values: Codeset_Domain: Codeset_Name: Sediment Type from NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Codeset_Source: NOS smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001 and archived at NGDC Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: GulfofAlaskaDigitizationProject_NOSSeafloorCharacter .zip contains a shapefile (.shp) and associated files (.cpg, .dbf, .prj, .sbn, .sbx, .shx) and FGDC-compliant metadata in .xml format. GulfofAlaskaDigitizationProject_NOSSeafloorCharacter.csv contains the same information as the shapefile attribute table (.dbf) but in comma-delimited text format. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: shapefile Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 10.1.1 Format_Specification: Esri point shapefile Format_Information_Content: zip file contains the interpreted point shapefile and associated metadata File_Decompression_Technique: Winzip Transfer_Size: 5 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794?facet=GulfofAlaskaDigitizationProject_NOSSeafloorCharacter.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7CV4FT9 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network Resource links. The first link will begin a direct download of the shapefile data. The second link is a landing page on which the shapefile, csv version of the data, metadata, and a map of the sample locations are listed. The third link is a landing page for the entire data release. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-delimited text Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 10.1.1 Format_Specification: comma-delimited text file Format_Information_Content: csv file contains the interpreted point data File_Decompression_Technique: none Transfer_Size: 7.2 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794?name=GulfofAlaskaDigitizationProject_NOSSeafloorCharacter.csv Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7CV4FT9 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network Resource links. The first link will begin a direct download of the csv data. The second link is a landing page on which the csv file, the shapefile version of the data, metadata, and a map of the sample locations are listed. The third link is a landing page for the entire data release. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: The shapefile can be viewed with ESRI ArcGIS or other GIS software. The .csv file may be read by Excel or any standard spreadsheet program. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998