Metadata:
Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Ferdinand K.J. Oberle
Originator: Daniel J. Nowacki
Originator: Rachel K. Marcuson
Originator: Cordell Johnson
Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Originator: Joshua Logan
Originator: Olivia Cheriton
Publication_Date: 20250303
Title: USGS Thermal Tower Reef Camera Timestack, Papaloloa, Ofu, American Samoa
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: TIFF
Series_Information:
Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P19NRBZS
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Oberle, F.K., Nowacki, D.J., Marcuson, R.K., Johnson, C., Storlazzi, C.D., Logan, J.B., and Cheriton, O.M., 2025, USGS Thermal Tower Reef Camera Timestack, Papaloloa, Ofu, American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P19NRBZS.
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P19NRBZS
Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/667f3becd34e84b99fe5c15e
Description:
Abstract: A digital thermal camera was installed at Papaloloa reef on Ofu, American Samoa and faced west along the beach. Every minute from February 3, 2020, to August 1, 2020, the camera collected raw radiometric snapshot images. The camera is part of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research project to study the effects of temperature on coral reef health. USGS researchers analyzed the timestack imagery collected from this camera to remotely sense information such as submarine groundwater discharge and temperature residence times. This camera is part of the USGS Coral Reef Project under the Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program (CMHRP). To learn more about this specific project visit: https://www.usgs.gov/programs/cmhrp/science/anthropogenic-nutrient-loading-and-coral-health-ofu-american-samoa
Purpose: Data were obtained to document changes in surface temperatures over a coral reef. These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the public. These data can be further processed to calculate temperature and submarine groundwater discharge. To ensure that USGS CMHRP data management protocols were followed, USGS Field Activity Number was assigned (FAN) for this camera imagery collection: 2020-620-FA.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the field activity or activities from which these data were derived is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2020-620-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
The bounding coordinates below represent the limits of the rectified images from the thermal camera that covers the entirety of the in-focus field of view of the coral reef. This dataset represents the timestack images (in TIFF format) collected from the Optris PI640 90 degree x 66 degree field of view camera. This dataset is not rectified
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20200203
Ending_Date: 20200801
Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -169.666752
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -169.664986
North_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.184401
South_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.185927
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme_Keyword: environment
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: image analysis
Theme_Keyword: field methods
Theme_Keyword: coastal processes
Theme_Keyword: optical methods
Theme_Keyword: ecosystem management
Theme_Keyword: photography
Theme_Keyword: remote sensing
Theme_Keyword: image collections
Theme_Keyword: thermal imaging
Theme_Keyword: ocean sciences
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords
Theme_Keyword: coral reefs
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Theme_Keyword: CMHRP
Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: PCMSC
Theme_Keyword: Total Water Level
Theme_Keyword: runup
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:667f3becd34e84b99fe5c15e
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: Ofu Island
Place_Keyword: Territory of American Samoa
Place_Keyword: Papaloloa Point
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: NGA GEOnet Names Server (GNS)
Place_Keyword: Papaloloa
Access_Constraints: No access constraints
Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise Version 22H2; Optris PiX Connect Version 3.3.3029.0.
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Brittany L. Bruder
Originator: Katherine L. Brodie
Publication_Date: 2020
Title: CIRN Quantitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox
Other_Citation_Details: Bruder, B.L., and Brodie, K.L., 2020, CIRN Quantitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox: SoftwareX, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100582.
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100582
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The video camera collected 0.3-megapixel images, with file sizes generally between 0.14 and 0.59 megabytes (MB) on disc. Some images may have been obscured by water droplets, insects, birds, salt, plant debris or sun glare. This product is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
Logical_Consistency_Report: The camera system installed (Optris PI640) was programmed to collect 24-bit gray scale images at an interval of 1 minute. The published data are only a single grayscale band (8-bit)
Completeness_Report: The imagery represents a fixed location at Papaloloa Point, Ofu, American Samoa. Images may not be available every minute of operation due to camera malfunction. Some images may have been obscured by water droplets, insects, birds, salt, plant debris or sun glare. This product is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The post-processed kinematic (PPK) data collected in field activity 2020-620-FA were used to validate the extrinsic camera calibration using corrections referenced to a temporary base station located approximately 250 meters from the study area. The reference position of the base station was established using the mean position of four static occupations (each lasting between three and five hours, conducted during two days of surveying) derived using Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The standard deviation of the horizontal coordinates derived for the base station was 0.025 meters. The mean reported horizontal precision of the rover measurements was 0.015 meters (with a standard deviation of 0.010 meters). The magnitude of additional errors resulting from uncertainty in the base station reference position, errors in tripod centering, and antenna height measurement errors are unknown. The precise locations of the targets are used in the CIRN Quantitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox steps B and C (Bruder and Brodie, 2020). Horizontal coordinates are referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (National Spatial Reference System 2011) Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 2 South (NAD83(PA11)/UTM Zone 2S) coordinate system, with a resolution of 0.001 meters.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The PPK data collected in field activity 2020-620-FA were used to validate the extrinsic camera calibration using corrections referenced to a temporary base station located approximately 250 meters from the study area. The reference position of the base station was established using the mean position of four static occupations (each lasting between three and five hours, conducted during two days of surveying) derived using Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The standard deviation of the vertical coordinates derived for the base station was 0.031 meters. The mean reported horizontal precision of the rover measurements was 0.039 meters (with a standard deviation of 0.010 meters). The magnitude of additional errors resulting from uncertainty in the base station reference position, errors in tripod centering, and antenna height measurement errors are unknown. The precise locations of the targets are used in the CIRN Quantitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox steps B and C (Bruder and Brodie, 2020). Vertical positions are referenced to the American Samoa Datum of 2002 (ASVD02), derived using GEOID12B with a resolution of 0.001 meters.
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Thermal camera model: The camera was a Optris IP 640. This model is temperature calibrated and sensitive to longwave infrared radiation (7-13.5 micron), using an uncooled microbolometer. The sensor size is 640x480 pixels. We used the high temperature range of -20-100 degrees C. The camera was employed with a wide-angle lens configuration (90-degree horizontal field of view). The camera was placed in a Optris Outdoor protective housing with a Germanium window. The camera was powered by batteries and solar panels and recorded the data locally to a rugged ultra compact fanless PC-computer. The camera was programmed to collect radiometric TIFF images with a spectral range of 7.5 to 13 micrometers at 1/60 Hertz (Hz) indefinitely.
Process_Date: 20200801
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Ferdinand Oberle
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: foberle@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description: The Thermal Camera (Optris Ip 640 90 degrees x 64 degrees) was mounted on a tower at 1262 cm height above local mean sea level, as defined by the American Samoa Vertical Datum of 2002. The tower was positioned at Latitude -14.18447566, Longitude-169.66628747. The thermal camera was looking out over the reef at an approximate viewing azimuth of 156 degrees southeast, with a 90 degree horizontal field of view. The tower ground position was determined using post-processed kinematic (PPK) data collected in field.
Process_Date: 2020
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Ferdinand Oberle
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Country: US
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 8314607589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: foberle@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description: The images included in this data release were collected from February 3, 2020, to August 1, 2020. Gaps exist in the dataset because of camera malfunctions. Additionally, some images may have been obscured by water droplets, insects, birds, salt, plant debris or sun glare, and thus may not reflect the true state of the ocean. A total of 259064 Image files (*.tiff) are included in this release and can be viewed and downloaded on the data release webpage. The files are zipped and must be unzipped to access the date-based folder structure. The TIFF files were named using the following convention, with 4 separate elements: 1) nickname of the location of the image 2) time zone indication for Samoa Standard Time (SST) 3) date and time in the following order year (YYYY), month (MM), day (DD), hour (HH), minute (MM), second (SS) and 4) the file format definition .tiff. An example of a filename formatted in this way would be Ofu_Papaloloa.Time_zone_SST.2020-03-18_14-42-51.tiff
Process_Date: 2024
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Ferdinand Oberle
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 8314607589
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: foberle@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Original images were a proprietary format 2-page TIFF with the first page being a 3-band 24-bit (RGB) image containing identical information in all three bands, and the second page being a 4-band 32-bit image (RGBa) containing all zeros in the R band, all 255 in the a (alpha) band, and 16-bit temperature data in an undocumented proprietary format in the G and B bands. For this publication, only a single band from the first page of the TIFF was published. The single band was extracted from the first band (Red) of the first page [0] of the original images using imagemagick version 7.1.1-36 Q16-HDRI x86_64 and the following command nested in a for loop in a bash shell:
for files in /path-to-source/*.tiff; do magick $files[0] -channel R -separate -compress LZW /<path-to-destination>/$(basename "$files"); done
Process_Date: 2024
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:
Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Grid_Coordinate_System:
Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
UTM_Zone_Number: 2
Transverse_Mercator:
Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -171
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
False_Easting: 500000.0
False_Northing: 10000000
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 1
Ordinate_Resolution: 1
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System 2011) (EPSG:6318)
Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 (EPSG:7019)
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Altitude_System_Definition:
Altitude_Datum_Name: American Samoa Vertical Datum of 2002 (ASVD02)
Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: Ofu_Papaloloa.Time_zone_SST.YYYY-MM-DD_HH-MM-SS.tif
Entity_Type_Definition: single band thermal image
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Value
Attribute_Definition: Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 255
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: temperature (relative)
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.4
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: A zip file containing 259,064 8-bit TIFF files
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
City: Denver
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80225
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov
Resource_Description: These data are presented in a zipped file accompanied by CSDGM FGDC-compliant metadata. Thermal camera single bad grayscale (8-bit) data (OfuFeb3toAug2020_single_band.zip) are provided.
Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: TIFF
Format_Version_Number: 4.3
Format_Specification: Data files contain timsetack imagery;
File_Decompression_Technique: The data download files are compressed and must be unzipped using software such as WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip before use.
Transfer_Size: 23750
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P19NRBZS
Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link and scrolling to the zip files listed on the data release landing page.
Fees: None
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20250303
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998