Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrea C. O'Neill Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Publication_Date: 20221012 Title: Nearshore total water level (TWL) proxies (2018-2100) for Northern California Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Nearshore proxies for total water level (TWL) data in NetCDF format Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9048D1S Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9048D1S Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62ec48e0d34eacf539724fd0 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Patrick L. Barnard Originator: Li H. Erikson Originator: Amy C. Foxgrover Originator: Patrick W. Limber Originator: Andrea C. O'Neill Originator: Jenny Thomas Originator: Sean Vitousek Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS) for northern California 3.2 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: modeling results presented in various formats Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9048D1S Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9048D1S Description: Abstract: Nearshore proxies for total water level (TWL) developed for Coastal Storm Model (CoSMoS) work in Northern California 3.2 are presented. Deterministic dynamical modeling of future climate conditions and associated hazards, such as flooding, can be computationally-expensive if century-long time-series of waves, sea level variations, and overland flow patterns are simulated. To focus such modeling on storm events of interest, local impacts over long time periods and large geographical areas are estimated. Nearshore proxies for total water level (TWL) are generated via a computationally simple approach, assuming a linear superposition of the important processes contributing to overall total water level. A time series of TWL proxies is used as the basis for 1) identifying coastal segments that respond similarly to region-wide coastal storms, 2) selecting storm events for detailed hydrodynamic modeling within CoSMoS, and 3) to drive long-term shoreline change and bluff retreat models. Purpose: These data are intended for science researchers and technical users. Supplemental_Information: This work is one supporting part of ongoing modeling efforts for California and the western United States. For information on data sources and details on methodology of this dataset, see source information below. For more information on CoSMoS implementation, see https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/coastal-storm-modeling-system-cosmos?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 202210 Currentness_Reference: year and month of publication Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -124.4448 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.4774 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.9985 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.8921 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: Hazards Planning Theme_Keyword: Ocean Waves Theme_Keyword: Ocean Winds Theme_Keyword: Beaches Theme_Keyword: Erosion Theme_Keyword: Storm Surge Theme_Keyword: Extreme Weather Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: Water Depth Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Climate Change Theme_Keyword: Storms Theme_Keyword: Wind Theme_Keyword: Floods Theme_Keyword: mathematical modeling Theme_Keyword: effects of climate change Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: Oceans Theme_Keyword: ClimatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: waves Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:62ec48e0d34eacf539724fd0 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: State of California Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Northern California Place_Keyword: Northern California Coast Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-4747 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: This project was funded by U.S. Geological Survey. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Erikson, L.H. Originator: Espejo, A. Originator: Barnard, P.L. Originator: Serafin, K.A. Originator: Hegermiller, C.A. Originator: O'Neill, A.C. Originator: Ruggiero, P. Originator: Limber, P.W. Originator: Mendez, F.J. Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Identification of storm events and contiguous coastal sections for deterministic modeling of extreme coastal flood events in response to climate change Other_Citation_Details: Erikson, L.H., Espejo, A., Barnard, P.L., Serafin, K.A., Hegermiller, C.A., O'Neill, A.C., Ruggiero, P., Limber, P.W., and Mendez, F.J., 2018, Identification of storm events and contiguous coastal sections for deterministic modeling of extreme coastal flood events in response to climate change: Coastal Engineering, v. 140, p. 316-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.08.003. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Reynolds, R.W. Originator: Rayner, N.A. Originator: Smith, T.M. Originator: Stokes, D.C. Originator: Wang, W. Publication_Date: 2002 Title: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate Other_Citation_Details: Reynolds, R.W., Rayner, N.A., Smith, T.A., Stokes, D.C. and Wang, W., 2002, An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate: Journal of Climate, v. 15, p. 1609-1625. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dunne, J.P. Originator: John, J.G. Originator: Adcroft, A.J. Originator: Griffies, S.M. Originator: Hallberg, R.W. Originator: Shevliakova, E. Originator: Stouffer, R.J. Originator: Cooke, W. Originator: Dunne, K.A. Originator: Harriso, M.J. Originator: Krasting, J.P. Originator: Malyshev, S.L. Originator: Milly, P.C.D. Originator: Phillips, P.J. Originator: Sentman, L.T. Originator: Samuels, B.L. Originator: Spelman, M.J. Originator: Winton, M. Originator: Wittenberg, A.T. Originator: Zadeh, N. Publication_Date: 2012 Title: GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate-Carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics Other_Citation_Details: Dunne, J.P., John, J.G., Adcroft, A.J., Griffies, S.M., Hallberg, R.W., Shevliakova, E., Stouffer, R.J., Cooke, W., Dunne, K.A., Harrison, M.J., Krasting, J.P., Malyshev, S.L., Milly, P.C.D., Phillipps, P.J., Sentman, L.T., Samuels, B. L., Spelman, M. J., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., and Zadeh, N., 2012, GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate-Carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics: Journal of Climate, v. 25, p. 6646-6665, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00560.1. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Attribute values are model-derived proxies of nearshore total water level due to plausible future storm conditions and therefore cannot be validated against observations. The projections were generated using climate projections for California. See Erikson and others (2018) for more information. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone QA/QC and fall within expected/reasonable ranges. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented. Users are advised to read the metadata record and cited references carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data are concurrent with referenced cross-shore transect locations. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Model-derived data are accurate within the limitations outlined in Erikson and others (2018). Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Pierce, D.W. Originator: Cayan, D.R. Originator: Thrasher, B.L. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: LOCA Statistical Downscaling (Localized Constructed Analogs) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California Online_Linkage: http://loca.ucsd.edu/ Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2015 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GCM data Source_Contribution: statistically downscaled Global Climate Model (GCM) data for California Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Erikson, L.H. Originator: Storlazzi, C.D. Originator: Barnard, P.L. Originator: Hegermiller, C.E. Originator: Shope, J.B. Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Wave and wind projections for United States Coasts; Mainland, Pacific Islands, and United States-Affiliated Pacific Islands Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F72B8W3T Online_Linkage: http://cmgwindwave.usgsportals.net/ Type_of_Source_Media: online dataset Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2016 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: wave model data Source_Contribution: historical and future wave conditions generated from WaveWatch III simulations of Global Climate Models Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Historical data for various buoy stations Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Online_Linkage: https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/ Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2019 Source_Currentness_Reference: date of access Source_Citation_Abbreviation: buoy observations Source_Contribution: ocean wave and meteorological observation records at buoy stations Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Publication_Date: 2019 Title: NOAA Water Level Information for Tide Stations Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Online_Linkage: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stations.html?type=Water+Levels Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2019 Source_Currentness_Reference: date of access Source_Citation_Abbreviation: water level measurements Source_Contribution: water level measurements at various tide stations for determination of storm surge estimation parameters Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory Publication_Date: 2019 Title: NOAA High-resolution Blended Analysis of Daily SST Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Online_Linkage: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.highres.html Type_of_Source_Media: online dataset Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2019 Source_Currentness_Reference: date of access Source_Citation_Abbreviation: satellite-derived SST Source_Contribution: sea surface temperature data used for determination of sea level anomoly parameters Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP)) Publication_Date: 2019 Title: MOP v1.1 model output Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California Online_Linkage: http://cdip.ucsd.edu/MOP_v1.1/ Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2019 Source_Currentness_Reference: date of access Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CDIP Source_Contribution: nearshore wave information used for determination of estimated runup parameters Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Foxgrover, A.C. Originator: Erikson, L.H. Originator: O'Neill, A.C. Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Northern California cross-shore transects used in CoSMoS 3.2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9048D1S Type_of_Source_Media: online dataset Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2022 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CSTs Source_Contribution: cross-short transects (CSTs) used throughout study region for model setup Process_Step: Process_Description: Same methods as laid out in Erikson and others (2018) with changes for geography of this study region as noted in following steps. Deep-water waves are translated to estimates of nearshore values at designated CSTs using the look-up table (LUT) approach laid out in Erikson and others (2018). Rather than using a spectral wave approach, the LUT was populated by relating nearshore conditions from CDIP with deep-water conditions from wave model data and wave observations at buoys in the region over the years 2000-2017. In the manner described in Erikson and others (2018) observations from four buoys were employed: observations at buoy NDBC 46214 were used to build LUTs for CSTs #8067-9172 (within Marin and Sonoma counties), NDBC 46014 for CSTs #9173-10225 (Mendocino County), NDBC 46213 for CSTs #10226-1121 (Humboldt County), and NDBC 46027 for CSTs #11222-11594 (Del Norte County). Significant wave heights were binned from 0.5-10.25 m at 0.25 m intervals; peak wave periods from 3-24 s at 3 s intervals; peak wave directions from 5-360 degrees at 5 degree intervals; and wind speeds from 0-24 m/s at 6 m/s intervals. Interval sizes for H_s and T_p were based on the average RMSE for each variable. For each combination of deep-water H_s, T_p, D_p, and U, time indices falling into each bin were identified. For each nearshore location, median H_s, T_p, T_m, D_p, and D_m corresponding to all time indices of a given set of deep-water binned conditions were computed to complete the lookup table. Because swell travel time from offshore to nearshore is on the order of 1.5 hours (assuming an average depth of 100 m and T_p = 15 s over a distance of approximately 120 km) and the model outputs are at three-hourly intervals, no time lag is assumed between deep-water and nearshore conditions. The LUTs, developed from the Jan 2000 through 2017 wave observation and CDIP data, were then used to generate bulk wave statistic time-series at each of the CSTs for the 2018-2100 time period, and an additional hindcast period (1979-1999) for a longer historical period. Wave model data for projected waves and winds from GCM data, representing the GFDL-ESM2M RCP4.5 climate scenario (Dunne and others, 2012), were used in conjunction with the LUT as described by Erikson and others (2018). Wave statistic time series for the historical period were also generated using information from historical periods of GCM data. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CST Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CDIP Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: wave model data Process_Date: 20190819 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: LUT relating nearshore conditions to deep-water wave conditions Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Bulk wave statistic time-series Process_Step: Process_Description: An estimation of the storm surge (SS) term for TWL (equation 3 in Erikson and others, 2018) was generated using wind and pressure data from GCM data and previously generated wave statistic time series. Coefficients were found by obtaining least-square residual best fits for data spanning 1979 through Dec 2017 of overlapping nearshore hindcast data and tide gauge water level measurements at regional tide stations (San Francisco, Point Reyes, Arena Cove, North Spit, and Crescent City). The coefficients for each tide station ranged as follows: -0.0139 - 0.1321 for C0, 0.1019 - 0.1865 for C1, and 1.3 - 1.9 for C2. An SS time series was generated for each tide station, and nearshore SS at each CST was interpolated between the stations (at each time step), owing to the variation in shelf width and coastal exposure at the tide stations compared to study region in Erikson and others (2018). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Bulk wave statistic time-series Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GCM data Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: water level measurements Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CST Process_Date: 20210220 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: SS estimation time-series for each CST Process_Step: Process_Description: Sea level anomaly (SLA) time-series were derived from observations for the hindcast period and from a simple linear model that used sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) as the independent variable for the future period (2017-2100). For the hindcast time-period, monthly mean sea levels from NOAA were prepared with the average seasonal cycle and linear trends removed, for all tide stations listed in the previous step. The coefficients (equation 4, in Erikson and others, 2018) were developed from mean SSTA observations at the San Francisco buoy (NDBC 46237); SSTAs were computed by subtracting out the seasonal signal and long-term means (1971-2000; Reynolds and others, 2002) from the satellite-derived SST time-series for 1981-2014. Coefficients C0 and C1 were found to equal 0.033758 and 0.095694, respectively, by a least squares linear fit through the upper envelope of the mean monthly SSTA and SLA. The upper envelope SLA was defined by the maximum SLA within 0.25-degree SSTA bins from -3.0 deg C to +3.0 deg C. A fit through the upper envelope, rather than all the data, errs conservatively high by assuring a positive SLA for higher SSTAs. Due to scatter in the data and relatively small SLAs, a fit through all the data would yield only a slight positive SLA for the maximum observed SSTA, which is well below observed extremes. As in the previous step, SLA time series were generated at each tide station using the determined coefficients and GCM data, and values were interpolated alongshore at CSTs at each time step. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: satellite-derived SST Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GCM data Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: water level measurements Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CST Process_Date: 20210301 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: SLA estimation time-series for each CST Process_Step: Process_Description: An estimation of runup (R2%; equation 2 in Erikson and others, 2018) was made for the study region using the nearshore wave statistics at each CST. A representative slope of 0.066 was used for Northern California. TWL proxies were generated for each CST by summing all SS, SLA and R2% contributions, per equation 1 in Erikson and others (2018). These proxy values can functionally be referenced as elevations above Mean Sea Level (MSL). Data were prepared for packaging into NetCDF format. Proxy values are identified and organized by CST location. Time units are in decimal days since January 01, 1900. See NetCDF attributes for variables for more information. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Bulk wave statistic time-series Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SS estimation time-series for each CST Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SLA estimation time-series for each CST Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CST Process_Date: 20210323 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: data represented at user-defined cross-shore transects throughout study region Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -100.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum 1983 (NSRS2007) Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean sea level Depth_Resolution: .01 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: NetCDF files are self-contained and attribute information may be found in the header of the file itself and with each variable. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the data set. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: NetCDF Format_Version_Number: MATLAB R2016b Format_Information_Content: File contains TWL proxy time-series data in NetCDF format for the period of 2018-2100 File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied Transfer_Size: 3300 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/62ec48e0d34eacf539724fd0?name=NorthernCalifornia_TWL_proxies_2018-2100.nc Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/item/62ec48e0d34eacf539724fd0 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9048D1S Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5633fea2e4b048076347f1cf Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the data file. The second link points to the page with the data and metadata. The third link points to the landing page for all of the CoSMoS Northern California 3.2 data. The third link points to the community landing page for the entire CoSMoS project. Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20221012 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-4747 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998