Elemental chemistry, radionuclides, and charcoal in watershed soil and reef sediment at Olowalu, Maui, 2022

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Elemental chemistry, radionuclides, and charcoal in watershed soil and reef sediment at Olowalu, Maui, 2022
Abstract:
Fine-sediment elemental chemistry, short-lived cosmogenic radionuclides (Beryllium-7, Cesium-137, and Lead-210), charcoal counts, and total organic carbon contents were quantified to describe urban and wildfire effects and land-based sediment sources and runoff to Olowalu Reef in February 2022.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the field activity or activities from which these data were derived is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2022-606-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Takesue, Renee K., Falinski, Kim, Hodges, Amy, Deakos, Mark, and Storlazzi, Curt D., 20240307, Elemental chemistry, radionuclides, and charcoal in watershed soil and reef sediment at Olowalu, Maui, 2022: data release DOI:10.5066/P92N5DT3, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Takesue, Renee K., Falinski, Kim, Hodges, Amy, Deakos, Mark, and Storlazzi, Curt D., 2024, Metals and PAHs in watershed soil and reef sediment at Olowalu and leeward Maui, February 2022: data release DOI:10.5066/P92N5DT3, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested Citation: Takesue, R.K., Falinski, K., Hodges, A., Deakos, M., and Storlazzi, C.D., 2024,Metals and PAHs in watershed soil and reef sediment at Olowalu and leeward Maui, February 2022: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P92N5DT3.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.63914
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.45059
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.84197
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.76454
  3. What does it look like?
    https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/64b809add34e70357a2b4c07?name=pic_UKU.jpeg&allowOpen=true (JPEG)
    Picture of Ukumehame Gulch above Olowalu Reef
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 12-Feb-2022
    Ending_Date: 17-Feb-2022
    Currentness_Reference:
    Watershed and reef sediment samples were collected approximately two months after winter flooding in December 2021 and one month after tsunamigenic waves impinged on the leeward Maui shore from the January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga-Tonga volcano in the South Pacific.
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (53)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.00001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.00001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.2572.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    OlowaluWatershedReef2022_compositions.csv
    Table of data. -9999, not determined; -1111, not detected. (Source: Producer defined)
    Field_ID
    Unique sample identifier assigned during field collection based on location and year of collection. (Source: Producer defined) Unique alphanumeric field sample identifier
    Date_collected
    Date the sample was collected, in mm/dd/yyyy (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:02/12/2022
    Maximum:02/17/2022
    Units:mm/dd/yyyy
    Resolution:1
    Latitude
    Latitude where the sample was collected (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:20.76454
    Maximum:20.84197
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.00001
    Longitude
    Longitude where the sample was collected (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-156.63914
    Maximum:-156.45059
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.00001
    Datum
    Geodetic datum of location coordinates (Source: Producer defined) Alphanumeric datum identifier
    Charcoal_count
    Number of charcoal particles in one-quarter of a teaspoon of sediment with diameter greater than 0.125 mm. -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:43
    Units:number per quarter-teaspoon
    Resolution:1
    TC
    Measured total carbon (TC) content; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.14
    Maximum:10.75
    Units:weight percent
    TOC
    Calculated total organic carbon (TOC) content; -9999, not determined (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:8.54
    Units:weight percent
    TIC
    Measured total inorganic carbon (TIC) content; -9999, not determined (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:10.75
    Units:weight percent
    CaCO3
    Calculated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content; -9999, not determined (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:89.56
    Units:weight percent
    7Be_activity
    Activity of Beryllium-7; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:0.85
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    7Be_uncertainty
    Measurement uncertainty of Beryllium-7 activity estimated from: detector efficiency, background correction, and one standard deviation of the counting error; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.11
    Maximum:0.24
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    137Cs_activity
    Activity of Cesium-137; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:0.46
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    137Cs_uncertainty
    Measurement uncertainty of Cesium-137 activity estimated from: detector efficiency, background correction, and one standard deviation of the counting error; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:0.17
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    210Pb_total_activity
    Activity of total Lead-210; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.21
    Maximum:37.69
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    210Pb_total_uncertainty
    Measurement uncertainty of total Lead-210 estimated from: detector efficiency, background correction, and one standard deviation of the counting error; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.29
    Maximum:0.79
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    210Pb_excess_activity
    Activity of excess, or unsupported, Lead-210. -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.38
    Maximum:37.45
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    210Pb_excess_uncertainty
    Measurement uncertainty of excess Lead-210 estimated from: detector efficiency, background correction, and one standard deviation of the counting error; -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.34
    Maximum:0.79
    Units:disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm per g)
    GGGSC_Lab_ID
    Unique sequential laboratory identifier assigned to each sample by the GGGSC Analytical Chemistry Laboratory. -9999, not determined (Source: Producer defined) Sequential unique sample identifier assigned by the GGGSC Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
    Hg_by_CVAAS
    Total mercury (Hg) content analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) in units of mg per kg; -1111, not detected at the reporting limit of 0.001; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.001
    Maximum:0.340
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.001
    Al_by_fusion
    Aluminum (Al) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.55
    Maximum:12.48
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Ca_by_fusion
    Calcium (Ca) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.25
    Maximum:27.40
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Fe_by_fusion
    Iron (Fe) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.17
    Maximum:22.70
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    K_by_fusion
    Potassium (K) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.07
    Maximum:2.18
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Mg_by_fusion
    Magnesium (Mg) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.21
    Maximum:12.70
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Na_by_multi-acid
    Sodium (Na) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.08
    Maximum:6.81
    Units:weight percent (percent)
    Resolution:0.01
    P_by_fusion
    Phosphorus (P) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -1111, not detected at the reporting limit of 0.01; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:0.29
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    S_by_multi-acid
    Sulfur (S) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:0.76
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Si_by_fusion
    Silica (Si) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:28.60
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Ti_by_fusion
    Titanium (Ti) content of fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.36
    Maximum:10.30
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Ag_by_multi-acid
    Silver (Ag) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:1.38
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    As_by_multi-acid
    Arsenic (As) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -1111, not detected at the reporting limit of 1; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.7
    Maximum:25.7
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Ba_by_multi-acid
    Barium (Ba) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:17
    Maximum:671
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Be_by_multi-acid
    Beryllium (Be) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.28
    Maximum:24.70
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Bi_by_multi-acid
    Bismuth (Bi) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:1.07
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Cd_by_multi-acid
    Cadmium (Cd) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.05
    Maximum:2.76
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Ce_by_fusion
    Cerium (Ce) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:8
    Maximum:241
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Co_by_multi-acid
    Cobalt (Co) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.4
    Maximum:117.0
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Cr_by_fusion
    Chromium (Cr) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:19
    Maximum:3520
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Cs_by_multi-acid
    Cesium (Cs) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.04
    Maximum:1.81
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Cu_by_multi-acid
    Copper (Cu) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.5
    Maximum:191.0
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Dy_by_fusion
    Dysprosium (Dy) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.04
    Maximum:31.20
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Er_by_fusion
    Erbium (Er) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.97
    Maximum:16.70
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Eu_by_fusion
    Europium (Eu) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.50
    Maximum:11.70
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Ga_by_multi-acid
    Gallium (Ga) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.98
    Maximum:41.70
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Gd_by_fusion
    Gadolinium (Gd) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.02
    Maximum:34.90
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Ge_by_fusion
    Germanium (Ge) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:17
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Hf_by_fusion
    Hafnium (Hf) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:30
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Ho_by_fusion
    Holmium (Ho) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.33
    Maximum:5.37
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    In_by_multi-acid
    Indium (In) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.022
    Maximum:0.200
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.001
    La_by_fusion
    Lanthanum (La) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.5
    Maximum:106.0
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Li_by_multi-acid
    Lithium (Li) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.1
    Maximum:50.2
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Lu_by_fusion
    Lutetium (Lu) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.11
    Maximum:2.06
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Mn_by_fusion
    Manganese (Mn) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:657
    Maximum:3610
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Mo_by_multi-acid
    Molybdenum (Mo) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.11
    Maximum:2.93
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Nb_by_multi-acid
    Niobium (Nb) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:138.0
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Nd_by_fusion
    Neodymium (Nd) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:6.7
    Maximum:167.0
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Ni_by_fusion
    Nickel (Ni) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:12
    Maximum:803
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    P_by_multi-acid
    Phosphorus (P) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:121
    Maximum:2950
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Pb_by_multi-acid
    Lead (Pb) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.9
    Maximum:51.9
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Pr_by_fusion
    Praseodymium (Pr) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.34
    Maximum:36.70
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Rb_by_fusion
    Rubidium (Rb) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.4
    Maximum:42.1
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Sb_by_multi-acid
    Antimony (Sb) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -1111, not detected at the reporting limit of 0.05; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.05
    Maximum:2.26
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Sc_by_multi-acid
    Scandium (Sc) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:6.1
    Maximum:53.5
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Sm_by_fusion
    Samarium (Sm) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.9
    Maximum:37.8
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Sn_by_multi-acid
    Tin (Sn) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.0
    Maximum:7.8
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Sr_by_fusion
    Strontium (Sr) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:31
    Maximum:3370
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Ta_by_multi-acid
    Tantalum (Ta) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -1111, not detected at the reporting limit of 0.05; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.07
    Maximum:6.98
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Tb_by_fusion
    Terbium (Tb) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.34
    Maximum:5.11
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Te_by_multi-acid
    Tellurium (Te) content of multi-acid digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -1111, not detected at the reporting limit of 0.01; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:0.81
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    Th_by_fusion
    Thorium (Th) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.2
    Maximum:9.7
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Tm_by_fusion
    Thulium (Tm) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.12
    Maximum:2.07
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    U_by_fusion
    Uranium (U) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.22
    Maximum:3.64
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.01
    V_by_fusion
    Vanadium (V) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:17
    Maximum:1340
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Y_by_fusion
    Yttrium (Y) content of fused digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9.7
    Maximum:149.0
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Yb_by_fusion
    Ytterbium (Yb) content of fused digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.8
    Maximum:15.1
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:0.1
    Zn_by_fusion
    Zinc (Zn) content of fused, digested sediment in units of mg per kg; -9999, not determined. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:57
    Maximum:362
    Units:milligrams per kilogram (mg per kg)
    Resolution:1
    Zr_by_fusion
    Zirconium (Zr) content of the fused, digested sediment in units of weight percent (percent); -9999, not determined. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:40
    Maximum:1140
    Units:weight percent (percent)
    Resolution:1
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Renee K. Takesue
    • Kim Falinski
    • Amy Hodges
    • Mark Deakos
    • Curt D. Storlazzi
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Olowalu Reef on the leeward shore of Maui, Hawaii, is the largest and best developed reef tract on the island and provides coral larvae for distal reefs. Olowalu Reef and its watershed are under increasing anthropogenic pressure in the form of land-based sediment and nutrient runoff, coral bleaching events, and frequent wildfires. Sediment provenance and wildfire contaminants were quantified in Olowalu watersheds and reef sediment to explore linkages between human activities, wildfire and potentially harmful runoff to Olowalu reef communities. The USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program gratefully acknowledges support from The Nature Conservancy, Maui Nui Marine Resource Council, and the Hawaii Association for Marine Education and Research, Inc.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    IAEA-RGU-1 Certificate of analysis (source 1 of 3)
    International Atomic Energy Agency, 1987, IAEA-RGU-1, Uranium Ore Certified Reference Material: International Atomic Energy Agency, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: online document
    Source_Contribution:
    The Certificate lists the certified properties for IAEA-RGU-1, their values, and estimated uncertainties.
    IAEA-RGTh-1 Certificate of analysis (source 2 of 3)
    International Atomic Energy Agency, 1987, IAEA-RGTh-1, Thorium Ore Certified Reference Material: International Atomic Energy Agency, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: online document
    Source_Contribution:
    The Certificate lists the certified properties for IAEA-RGTh-1, their values, and estimated uncertainties.
    Certificate of analysis (source 3 of 3)
    Ballestra, S., Gastaud, J., Lopez, J.J., Parsi, P., and Vas, D., 1994, Intercomparison of radionuclide measurements on marine sediment sample IAEA-300: International Atomic Energy Agency, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: online document
    Source_Contribution:
    The Certificate lists the certified properties for IAEA-300, their values, and estimated uncertainties.
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 17-Feb-2022 (process 1 of 6)
    SEDIMENT COLLECTION. Sediment was collected from leeward Maui watersheds and Olowalu Reef in wire-top plastic bags in February 2022. Stream sediment was collected by hand with stainless steel sampling tools rinsed in ambient water between sites. Subaqueous reef sediment was scooped directly into pre-cleaned glass jars. Samples were stored and transported frozen.
    Date: 01-May-2022 (process 2 of 6)
    CHARCOAL COUNTS. Sediment was gently agitated with bleach at room temperature for two hours without changing particle sizes. Stainless steel sieves were used to separate particles greater than 0.125 mm, then the retained particles were rinsed in a water bath. Particles were transferred to a petri dish and dried completely at 45 degrees Celsius. Charcoal particles were counted under a stero-microscope. Person who carried out this activity:
    Leticia Hallas
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Physical Scientist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7471 (voice)
    lhallas@contractor.usgs.gov
    Date: 17-May-2023 (process 3 of 6)
    TOTAL CARBON, TOTAL INORGANIC CARBON, TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON, AND CARBONATE CONTENT. Sediment carbon contents were determined at the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Sediment and Carbon Lab. Approximately 1 gram of sediment was dried overnight at 80 degrees Celsius and pulverized by hand in a mortar and pestle. Total carbon (TC) was determined by incineration at 950 degrees Celsius (UIC CM 5200 furnace) of 20 milligrams of dry sediment loaded into in foil capsules. Total inorganic carbon (TIC) was determined by perchloric acid digestion (UIC CM 5130 acid digester) of 20 milligrams of dry sediment. Total organic carbon (TOC) was calculated as the difference between TC and TIC. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of sediment in weight percent was determined by multiplying TIC by 8.333, the mass ratio of CaCO3 to carbon. Averages of process duplicate values are reported. Person who carried out this activity:
    Angela Tan
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Physical Scientist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7409 (voice)
    atan@usgs.gov
    Date: 30-Mar-2022 (process 4 of 6)
    SHORT-LIVED COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDE ACTIVITIES. Prior to quantification of short-lived radionuclide activities, bulk sediment was oven-dried at 60 degrees Celsius, ground by hand in a mortar and pestle and packed into 10 milliliter graduated polystyrene vials. Vials were capped and sealed to prevent gas exchange. Six of 11 samples were re-counted after more than 21 days had elapsed to allow radionuclides to reach secular equilibrium. Samples and reference materials with the same geometry were counted for 24 hours in a high purity, low background germanium (HPGe) well detector at the USGS PCMSC Radiochemistry Lab. Beryllium-7 activities were counted at 476 kiloelectron volts (keV), Cesium-137 at 661 keV, total Lead-210 at 46.5 keV, and Radium-226 as the average of indirect peaks at 351.87 keV (Lead-214) and 609.31 keV (Bismuth-214). Unsupported, or excess, Lead-210 was calculated by subtracting supported Lead-210 (assumed to equal average Radium-226 activity) from total Lead-210.
    Date: 15-May-2023 (process 5 of 6)
    ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY. Bulk sediment was oven-dried at 60 degrees Celsius and disaggregated gently with a mortar and pestle to avoid changing grain sizes. Disaggregated sediment was dry-sieved through stainless steel sieves to obtain 2 grams of the less than 0.063 millimeter fine fraction. Fine sediments were sent to the Analytical Chemistry Project of the USGS Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center (GGGSC), which contracted AGAT and SGS-AXYS Laboratories for analyses of major, minor, and trace element contents using two methods: a near-total four-acid digestion (labeled multi-acid in the table of data) and a total digestion with a sodium peroxide fusion (labeled fusion in the table of data) for elements hosted in acid-resistant minerals. Quantification was performed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for major and some minor elements and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for some minor and all trace elements. Mercury was quantified by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS). Person who carried out this activity:
    Jaime Azain
    USGS Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
    Research Geologist
    Denver Federal Center, Bldg 20
    Denver, CO

    303-236-9376 (voice)
    jsazain@usgs.gov
    Date: 01-Apr-2024 (process 6 of 6)
    Edits were made to correct the field activity links in the Supplemental Information section. No data were changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata date of this file to any similar file to ensure they are using the most recent version. (mau@usgs.gov)
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY: Internal reference materials were used to standardize the data. The percent recovery for all elements was within 15 percent of reference values for concentrations that were not less than five times the limit of detection. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC): Duplicates were run for each sample and the results were averaged. Blanks and calcium carbonate standards were run every 10 samples. The duplicate carbon values were within 15 percent. SHORT-LIVED COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDES: Sample activities were calculated by comparison to certified reference materials with the same geometry and counting time. Detector efficiency for Cesium-137 was determined using International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Standard Reference Material 300. Detector efficiency for Lead-210 was determined using IAEA standards RGU-1 and RGTh-1. Detector efficiency for Beryllium-7 was calculated by interpolation between the efficiencies of peaks for Lead-214 centered at 351.9 keV and Bismuth-214 centered at 609.3 keV. Reported uncertainties include one-standard-deviation counting errors, detector efficiency, and background corrections.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    The stated accuracy from the manufacturer for the Garmin handheld GPS used to record sediment collection locations is 3 feet.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Charcoal counts were determined in 18 samples collected from wildfire areas. Short-lived cosmogenic nuclides were determined in 11 samples due to time constraints, and of these 6 were recounted after 21 days to calculate excess Lead-210 (210Pbex). Total organic carbon contents (TOC) were determined in 26 samples with corresponding analyses of organic contaminants (PAHs).
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical consistency tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in csv format (OlowaluWatershedReef2022_compositions.csv) accompanied by CSDGM FGDC-compliant metadata.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with any text reader.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 01-Apr-2024
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_P92N5DT3/OlowaluWatershedReef2022_compositions_metadata.faq.html>
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