Sorbed-water (H2O-) corrected chemistry for ferromanganese crust samples from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Sorbed-water (H2O-) corrected chemistry for ferromanganese crust samples from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean
Abstract:
Ferromanganese crust samples were collected via dredge during four oceanographic research cruises to the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. The location (latitude, longitude, depth) and concentrations of 27 major and trace elements in the most recent growth layers of ferromanganese crusts from 57 dredge sites are presented here, as well as select seawater chemistry at each location. These data were used in statistical analyses to determine how oceanographic conditions affect the chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts throughout the region. The changes in ferromanganese crust composition show that modern measurements of these primary oceanographic parameters, as well as paleoceanographic reconstructions, can be used to define regions of interest for FeMn crust exploration.
Supplemental_Information:
Samples analyzed for this data release include samples collected both on USGS-led and on NSF-funded cruises associated with the following NSF grant numbers: 1154070, OCE-9730394, and OCE-0351437. Information on the USGS field activity can be found at: http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=1984-015-FA; information from the NSF-funded cruises can be found at: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1154070; https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9730394; https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0351437.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Mizell, Kira L., and Hein, James R., 20191227, Sorbed-water (H2O-) corrected chemistry for ferromanganese crust samples from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean: data release DOI:10.5066/P93YOXHY, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: 167.633
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.24
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 13.904
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.968
  3. What does it look like?
    https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5deb42f2e4b02caea0f0f3ca?name=WestEquatPacSmt_SampleLocMap.png&allowOpen=true (PNG)
    Map of sample locations from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 28-Jul-1984
    Ending_Date: 19-Dec-2019
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition at time data were collected
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (57)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    WestEquatPacSmt_all_chem.csv
    table containing results from analyses of ferromanganese crusts as well as compiled oceanographic data at the latitude, longitude, and/or water depth of each sample location. (Source: Producer defined)
    Island_Region
    lists the island, islands, or island nation nearby the sample location (Source: Producer defined)
    ValueDefinition
    Marshallname of islands nearby where the sample was collected
    Gilbertname of islands nearby where the sample was collected
    Tuvaluname of island nation nearby where the sample was collected
    Samoaname of island nation nearby where the sample was collected
    HBTname of islands and island nation nearby where the sample was collected; H = Howland; B = Baker; T = Tokelau
    Cruise_ID
    Lists the research cruise during which samples were collected. The Cruise ID names were decided by the research teams leading the four expeditions and can include vessel abbreviation (e.g. RR= Roger Revelle, KM= Kilo Moana, L= Lee), the region (e.g. CP= Central Pacific), the year, the expedition, and/or the project name (e.g. AVON2). (Source: Producer defined)
    ValueDefinition
    L9-84-CPresearch cruise on which sample was collected
    AVON2research cruise on which sample was collected
    RR1310research cruise on which sample was collected
    KM0506research cruise on which sample was collected
    Sample_Dredge_ID
    The name or dredge ID for each sample (Source: Producer defined) The dredge and sample names were decided by the research teams leading the four expeditions and are therefore not consistent. They can include D, denoting dredge, each contain a number to denote the dredge number, and some include further hyphenated numbers and letters to denote rock numbers or subsamples.
    Layer_Interval
    The layer interval of the ferromanganese crust sample in millimeters (Source: Producer defined) The layer intervals are listed as ranges from zero (surface of the crust) to any integer value that is less than or equal to 15 (depth in millimeters below the surface of the crust). Samples with mean listed for the layer interval represent the mean chemistry for the uppermost crust layers (less than or equal to 15 millimeters) from multiple individual ferromanganese crusts recovered from the listed dredge location.
    Latitude
    Latitude (Source: based on ship navigation systems)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-14.968
    Maximum:13.904
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.001
    Longitude
    Longitude (Source: based on ship navigation systems)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-179.803
    Maximum:179.875
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.001
    Water_Depth
    Water depth in meters of sample collection (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1399
    Maximum:4354
    Units:meters (m)
    Resolution:1
    Oxygen
    seawater dissolved oxygen concentration at sample location (Source: WOA 2013 Oxygen (micromol_per_l))
    Range of values
    Minimum:91
    Maximum:198
    Units:micromol per liter
    Resolution:1
    Chlorophyll-a
    seawater surface chlorophyll-a concentration at sample location (Source: NASA MODIS Aqua MODISA)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.037
    Maximum:0.182
    Units:milligram per cubic meter
    Resolution:0.001
    Carbonate_ion
    seawater carbonate ion concentration at sample location; samples for which carbonate ion concentration was not reported are marked with NA. (Source: GLODAP carbonate ion concentration (micromol_per_kilogram))
    Range of values
    Minimum:59
    Maximum:78
    Units:micromol per kilogram
    Resolution:1
    Silicate
    seawater dissolved silicate concentration at sample location; samples for which dissolved silicate concentration was not reported are marked with NA. (Source: WOA 2013 Phosphate (micromol_per_l) and Silicate (micromol_per_l))
    Range of values
    Minimum:113
    Maximum:153
    Units:micromol per liter
    Resolution:1
    Excess_Silica
    Excess silica at sample location. Excess silica was calculated by multiplying the Si/Al ratio for average ocean island basalt (3.37; Dasgupta, Jackson, and Lee, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.027) by the Al concentration for each FeMn crust and then subtracting this theoretical Si concentration from the measured Si concentration for each FeMn crust. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-3.76
    Maximum:4.88
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Phosphate
    seawater dissolved phosphate concentration at sample location; samples for which dissolved phosphate concentration was not reported are marked with NA. (Source: WOA 2013 Phosphate (micromol_per_l) and Silicate (micromol_per_l))
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.30
    Maximum:2.92
    Units:micromol per liter
    Resolution:0.01
    Fe
    Iron concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:14.6
    Maximum:35.6
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.1
    Mn
    Manganese concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:12.2
    Maximum:33.3
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.1
    Si
    Silicon concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.88
    Maximum:8.76
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Al
    Aluminum concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:2.89
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Mg
    Magnesium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.93
    Maximum:1.71
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Ca
    Calcium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.52
    Maximum:4.32
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Na
    Sodium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.38
    Maximum:2.23
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    K
    Potassium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.29
    Maximum:0.89
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    Ti
    Titanium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.79
    Maximum:2.22
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    P
    Phosphorous concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.30
    Maximum:0.81
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.01
    H2O-
    water content in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:15.3
    Maximum:28.9
    Units:weight percent
    Resolution:0.1
    As
    Arsenic concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:144
    Maximum:408
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Ba
    Barium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1074
    Maximum:3707
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Cd
    Cadmium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.50
    Maximum:6.17
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:0.01
    Co
    Cobalt concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1405
    Maximum:18879
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Cr
    Chromium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.75
    Maximum:108
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:0.01
    Cu
    Copper concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:286
    Maximum:3775
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Mo
    Molybdenum concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:148
    Maximum:780
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Ni
    Nickel concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:734
    Maximum:6520
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Pb
    Lead concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:728
    Maximum:2142
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Sr
    Strontium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1230
    Maximum:2258
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    V
    Vanadium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:483
    Maximum:1118
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Zn
    Zinc concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:503
    Maximum:841
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Y
    Yttrium concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:103
    Maximum:234
    Units:parts per million
    Resolution:1
    Fe/Mn
    Ratio of iron to manganese concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:2.1
    Units:decimal fraction
    Resolution:0.1
    Si/Al
    Ratio of silicon to aluminum concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.1
    Maximum:710
    Units:decimal fraction
    Resolution:0.1
    K/Al
    Ratio of potassium to aluminum concentration in each sample (Source: standard reporting value in geochemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.2
    Maximum:96
    Units:decimal fraction
    Resolution:0.1
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Kira L. Mizell
    • James R. Hein
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Determine if fluctuations in chemical oceanographic parameters at different geographic locations are robustly recorded by FeMn crusts.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    WOA 2013 Oxygen (micromol_per_l) (source 1 of 6)
    Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., and Johnson, D. R., 2014, World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation: NOAA, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: downloadable online database
    Source_Contribution:
    seawater dissolved oxygen concentrations in micromoles per liter at each sample latitude and longitude were exported from the WOA 2013 database using Ocean Data View (Schlitzer, R., Ocean Data View, odv.awi.de, 2018).
    WOA 2013 Phosphate (micromol_per_l) and Silicate (micromol_per_l) (source 2 of 6)
    Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., and Johnson, D. R., 2014, World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate): NOAA, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: downloadable online database
    Source_Contribution:
    seawater dissolved phosphate and silicate concentrations in micromoles per liter at each sample latitude, approximate longitude, and depth were exported from the WOA 2013 database using Ocean Data View (Schlitzer, R., Ocean Data View, odv.awi.de, 2018).
    GLODAP carbonate ion concentration (micromol_per_kilogram) (source 3 of 6)
    Key, R.M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J., Feely, R. A., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C., and Peng, T.-H., 2004, A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP): Global Biogeochemical Cycles, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: downloadable online database
    Source_Contribution:
    dissolved carbonate ion concentrations in micromol per kilogram at each sample latitude, approximate longitude, and depth were exported from the GLODAP database using Ocean Data View (Schlitzer, R., Ocean Data View, odv.awi.de, 2018).
    NASA MODIS Aqua MODISA (source 4 of 6)
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Laboratory, Ocean Ecology, and Ocean Biology Processing Group, 2019, Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua, Level 3, 4km mission composite, default chlorophyll algorithm data: NASA, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: downloadable online database
    Source_Contribution:
    Sea surface chlorophyll-a concentrations at each sample latitude and longitude were exported from a map of monthly 4 km from the NASA MODIS Aqua MODISA database in milligrams per meter cubed.
    Rock samples from AVON2 cruise (source 5 of 6)
    Richard Norris, Curator, James Hawkins, Assoc Curator, Rocks, and Alexandra Hangsterfer, Collections Manager, 2019, Geological Collections, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: digital dataset
    Source_Contribution:
    Rock samples from cruise AVON2 were provided by this sample repository
    Rock samples from cruises KM0506 and RR1310 (source 6 of 6)
    Joe Stoner, Principal Investigator, Anthony Koppers, Co-PI, Maziet Cheseby, Curator, Cara Fritz, Asst. Curator, Bobbi Conard, Asst. Curator, and Mysti Weber, Asst. Curator, 2019, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Marine Geology Repository: Oregon State University, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: digital dataset
    Source_Contribution:
    Rock samples from cruises KM0506 and RR1310 were provided by this sample repository
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: (process 1 of 4)
    The water content (H2O-) of each FeMn crust was determined by gravimetric analysis, and the weight percent water was then used to correct element concentrations in each sample to sorbed-water-free values using the following formula: water normalized = [raw element concentration]/[(100 – wt.% water)/100].
    Date: (process 2 of 4)
    Results from the all lab analyses were combined into a comma-delimited text document (WestEquatPacSmt_all_chem.csv) for this data release. Data sources used in this process:
    • All source contributions were used for this dataset
    Date: 14-Jan-2020 (process 3 of 4)
    Citation for accompanying journal article was completed in Cross-Reference section of metadata Person who carried out this activity:
    Susan A Cochran
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    2885 Mission St.
    Santa Cruz, CA
    United States

    831-460-7545 (voice)
    scochran@usgs.gov
    Date: 19-Oct-2020 (process 4 of 4)
    Edited metadata to add keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. No data were changed. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross
    Marine Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    vatnipp@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Mizell, Kira, Hein, James R., Lam, Phoebe J., Koppers, Anthony A.P., and Staudigel, Hubert, 2020, Geographic and oceanographic influences on ferromanganese crust composition along a Pacific Ocean meridional transect, 14N to 14S.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Mizell, K., Hein, J.R., Lam, P.J., Koppers, A.A.P., and Staudigel, H., 2020, Geographic and oceanographic influences on ferromanganese crust composition along a Pacific Ocean meridional transect, 14N to 14S: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008716.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    All geochemistry data were calibrated against certified reference materials.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has not been conducted.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - Science Base
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in .csv format contained in a single file.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with Microsoft Excel or any text reader

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 19-Oct-2020
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_P93YOXHY/WestEquatPacSmt_all_chem_metadata.faq.html>
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