Eric E Grossman Babak Tehranirad Andrew W Stevens Nathan R VanArendonk Sean Crosby Kees Nederhoff 20231211 comma-delimited text in zip folder data release DOI: 10.5066/P946SC3L Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L Eric E Grossman Babak Tehranirad Andrew W Stevens Nathan R VanArendonk Sean Crosby Kees Nederhoff 2023 data release DOI:10.5066/P946SC3L Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested Citation: Grossman, E.E., Tehranirad, B., Stevens, A.W., VanArendonk, N.R., Crosby, S., and Nederhoff, K., 2023, Salish Sea Hydrodynamic Model: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L. https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L Simulations of water levels in the Salish Sea over the period October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2020 were conducted to validate the Salish Sea hydrodynamic model. The model accounts for sea level position, tides, remote sea-level anomalies, local winds and storm surge and stream flows as they affect water density. Comparison of modeled and measured water levels showed the model predicts extreme water levels at NOAA and USGS tide gage stations within 0.15 m. Model inputs and outputs of time-series forcing and water levels, respectively, are presented. These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. This work is part of the ongoing coastal hazard modeling efforts for the State of Washington. For more information on CoSMoS implementation, see https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/ps-cosmos-puget-sound-coastal-storm-modeling-system. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20161001 20210630 time period for which the data were modeled Complete none -129.1400 -122.1500 51.5700 47.0000 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Hazards Planning Ocean Winds Extreme Weather Data Categories for Marine Planning Predictions ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation oceans USGS Thesaurus coastal processes Climate Change Storms Wind Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords numerical modeling water level measurements Data Categories for Marine Planning Distributions None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Washington Salish Sea Puget Sound None USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Mailing and Physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e?name=M2_tidal_constituent_mean_WL.jpg&allowOpen=true Modeled M2 tidal constituent amplitude in meters (A), phase in hours (B), and mean water level (C) in the Salish Sea. JPEG Eric E Grossman Babak Tehranirad Kees Nederhoff Sean Crosby Andrew W Stevens Nathan R VanArendonk Daniel Nowacki Li Erikson Patrick Barnard 2023 Grossman, E.E., Tehranirad, B., Nederhoff, C.M., Crosby, S.C., Stevens, A.W., Van Arendonk, N.R., Nowacki, D.J., Erikson, L.H., Barnard, P.L. Modeling Extreme Water Levels in the Salish Sea: The Importance of Including Remote Sea Level Anomalies for Application in Hydrodynamic Simulations. Water 2023, 15, 4167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234167 Deltares 2020 https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft3dfm/manuals Florent Lyard Fabien Lefevre Thierry Letellier Oliver Francis 2006 comma-delimited text https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x Jason K. Jolliff John C. Kindle Igor Shulman Bradley Penta Marjorie A.M. Friedrichs Robert Helber Robert A. Arnone 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.014 Rich Pawlowicz Bob Beardsley Steve Lentz 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4 Eric P Chassignet Harley E Hurlburt Ole Martin Smedstad George R Halliwell Patrick J Hogan Alan J Wallcraft Remy Baraille Rainer Bleck 2007 Chassignet, E.P., Hurlburt, H.E., Smedstad, O.M., Halliwell, G.R., Hogan, P.J., Wallcraft, A.J., Baraille, R. and Bleck, R., 2007. The HYCOM (hybrid coordinate ocean model) data assimilative system. Journal of Marine Systems, 65(1-4), pp.60-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.09.016. The Salish Sea model constructed with Delft3D has been validated with observations. Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards. Missing data have been filled with NaN values. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Data are concurrent with topobathymetric DEM locations that vary in accuracy cell by cell as reported in Tyler and others (2020). Water levels are modeled with a combined root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 m for several locations. Tyler, D.J. Danielson, J.J. Grossman, E.E. Hockenberry, R.J. 2020 Raster Digital Data Set online U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P95N6CIT online database 20200504 publication date Tyler and others (2020) Elevations and bathymetry for US waters K. Carignan B. Eakin M. Love M. Sutherland S. McLean 2013 Raster Digital Dataset online NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:4956 online database 20130709 publication date Carignan and others (2013) Elevations and bathymetry for Canadian waters Washington Department of Ecology 2022 comma-delimited text online Washington Department of Ecology http://www.ecology.wa.gov/eim/ online database 20100101 20151231 time period for which the data were modeled HYCOM Sea surface temperature, conductivity, density data High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction System 2021 netCDF files online High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction System https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/5b401fa0-6c29-57f0-b3d5-749f301d829d online database 20161001 20200930 time period for which the data were modeled HRDPS reanalyzed atmospheric and oceanic climate variables HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model 2021 tab delimited files online Naval Research Laboratory: Ocean Dynamics and Prediction Branch https://www.hycom.org/dataserver/gofs-3pt1/reanalysis online database 19940101 20151231 time period for which the data were modeled HYCOM reanalyzed atmospheric and oceanic climate variables USGS National Water Information System 2022 ascii csv files online U.S. Geological Survey https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis online database 20161001 20200930 2022 USGS, 2022 stream discharge Environment and Natural Resources Canada 2020 ascii csv files online Environment and Natural Resources Canada https://wateroffice.ec.gc.ca online database 20161001 20200930 2020 Environment and Natural Resources Canada, 2020 stream discharge Environment Canada 2020 Grib online Environment Canada https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/5b401fa0-6c29-57f0-b3d5-749f301d829d online database 20161001 20200930 time period for which the data were modeled Environment Canada, 2020 Meteorology National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 2020 tab delimited files online National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stations.html?type=Water+Levels online database 20161001 20200930 date of access NOAA, 2020 water level measurements at various tide stations for validation of model Dan J. Nowacki Andrew W. Stevens Nathan van Arendonl Eric. E. Grossman 2021 NetCDF online U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JTFJ6M online database 20211211 Publication date Nowacki and others, 2021 Time-series measurements of observed water levels from NOAA tide gages and USGS tide stations A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Salish Sea constructed using the Delft3D Flexible Mesh (DFM) modeling suite (Deltares, 2020) was used to simulate water levels between October 1, 2016 and September 30, 2020. The model domain extends across the entire Salish Sea and Vancouver Island to ~180 km south of the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Elevations and bathymetry for US waters were prescribed from Tyler and others (2020) and for Canadian water utilizing Carignan and others (2013). Seasonal salinity representing average autumn and winter condition were prescribed as an initial condition based on average October through March depth-profile temperature, salinity, and density measurements spanning 1999-2017 by the State of Washington Department of Ecology Marine Waters Monitoring Program (Washington Department of Ecology, 2022). Stream discharge was prescribed at the mouth of the 24 largest streams in Washington State (USGS, 2022) and the Fraser River in British Columbia (Environment and Natural Resources Canada, 2020). Oceanic boundaries were forced using astronomic tidal constituents derived from the satellite-derived FES 2012 global tide model (Lyard and others, 2006) and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) sea surface height data (Chassignet and others, 2007). Hourly wind and atmospheric pressure data were prescribed on the open boundary sourced from Canada�s 2.5-km High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS) (Environment Canada, 2020). Roughness values were calibrated to optimize tidal propagation. Tyler and others (2020) Carignan and others (2013) USGS, 2022 HYCOM Washington Department of Ecology (2022) Environment and Natural Resources Canada, 2020 Environment Canada, 2020. 20210630 Simulated water levels Simulated water levels were compared against time-series measurements of observed water levels from NOAA tide gages (NOAA, 2020) and USGS tide stations (Nowacki and others, 2021) throughout the study area. All water level observations were made or converted to a common vertical datum (NAVD88) and water level data were interpolated in time from the native measurement interval (between 6 and 15 minutes depending on site) to the 10-minute output interval of the model simulations. Bulk error metrics describing the comparisons between model and observations over the entire simulation time frame (October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2020) were calculated following Jolliff and others (2009). Total root-mean-square error (RMSE) was less than 20 cm for water levels at all of the measurement sites and described in detail in Grossman and others (XXXX). Nowacki and others, 2021 NOAA, 2020 20211215 Simulated water levels Harmonic tidal analysis on the simulated and observed water levels (Pawlowicz and others, 2002) over the analysis time frame was performed to validate model predictions of tidal propagation into the Salish Sea. Nowacki and others, 2021 20220415 Zip files containing time-series modeled water levels at validation sites and along the -5 m isobath; zipped file of tidal constituents at validation stations; zipped example model input files. 0.001 0.001 Decimal degrees North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.257222 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 0.01 meters Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates netCDF files are self-contained and attribute information may be found in the header of the file itself. Attributes are latitude and longitude for each location, as well as significant water level time-series, tidal constituents' phases and amplitudes, and model input samples. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov The data is presented in six netCDF files. Three files are atmospheric pressure, eastward wind, and northward wind forcing files used for the simulation provided here as samples (slp_2017.nc, u_2017.nc, and v_2017.nc). Water level time series at a 5m depth contour along the U.S. State of Washington coastline within the Salish Sea (Time_Series.nc) and at measurement stations (Stations_WL_TS_2017_2020.nc) are also provided. Calculated tidal constituents' amplitudes and phases are provided in Tidal_constituents.nc. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. netCDF File contains calculated water level time-series at measurement stations from the simulation of 2017-2020 water years WinZip or archive utility 2.8 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e?name=2017-2020_water-level_time_series-stations.zip https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. The third link points to the landing page for the entire data release. netCDF File contains calculated water level time-series at 5m depth contour from the simulation of 2017-2020 water years WinZip or archive utility 438 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e?name=2017-2020_water-level_time_series.zip https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. The third link points to the landing page for the entire data release. netCDF File contains calculated tidal contituents' amplitudes and phases in the Salish Sea from the simulation of 2017-2020 water years WinZip or archive utility 42 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e?name=tidal-constituents.zip https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. The third link points to the landing page for the entire data release. netCDF File contains model setup files including model grid and configuration and sample boundary condition inputs of atmospheric pressure (slp_2017.zip), eastward wind forcing (u_2017.zip) and northward wind forcing (v_2017.zip) for the year 2017 used to simulate water levels by the Salish Sea hydrodynamic model WinZip or archive utility 1350 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e?name=model_setup_files2017-2020.zip https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63a0f0add34e0de3a1f2793e https://doi.org/10.5066/P946SC3L Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. The third link points to the landing page for the entire data release. None. These data can be viewed with any software that reads netCDF files, such as Mathworks MATLAB, Python, Panoply. 20231211 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998