Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Joshua B. Logan Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Structure-from-motion point cloud of Mud Creek, Big Sur, California, 1967-10-18 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: point cloud digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P973FQ3M Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P973FQ3M Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5c6488c7e4b0fe48cb373f54 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Joshua B. Logan Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Topographic point clouds for the Mud Creek landslide, Big Sur, California from structure-from-motion photogrammetry from aerial photographs Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P973FQ3M Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P973FQ3M Description: Abstract: Presented here is a point cloud produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from historical U.S. Air Force vertical aerial imagery, covering the area of the Mud Creek landslide on California State Route 1 (SR1), Mud Creek, Big Sur, California. The point cloud is referenced to previously published lidar data and contains RGB information as well as XYZ. Point cloud coordinates are in NAD83 UTM Zone 10 meters. Imagery was downloaded from USGS Eros Data Center and processed using structure-from-motion photogrammetry with Agisoft PhotoScan version 1.2.8 through 1.3.2. Point clouds were clipped to an AOI using LASTools. The AOI was created from a KMZ in Google Earth and transformed to a shapefile using ArcMap 10.5. Purpose: Data were produced from previously collected mapping products to better understand long-term evolution of an unstable area of the Big Sur coastline presenting a natural hazard to life, property, and navigation, as part of the USGS Remote Sensing Coastal Change (RSCC) Project. The area failed catastrophically on 20 May 2017, and subsequent data collection continued to monitor both the natural and human-modified evolution of the slide area. Supplemental_Information: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19671018 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -121.436958 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -121.423702 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.870567 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.860814 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:5c6488c7e4b0fe48cb373f54 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: transportation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: geomorphology Theme_Keyword: coastal change hazards topics Theme_Keyword: coastal landsliding Theme_Keyword: aerial and satellite photography Theme_Keyword: agents of coastal change Theme_Keyword: anthropogenic agents of coastal change Theme_Keyword: coastal landslides Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: coastal sediment budget Theme_Keyword: coastal zone management Theme_Keyword: effects of coastal change Theme_Keyword: human responses to coastal change Theme_Keyword: hazards and disasters Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: landslides Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme_Keyword: topography Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: aerial photography Theme_Keyword: image analysis Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry and Elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common geographic areas Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: California Place_Keyword: Central California Coastal Place_Keyword: Big Sur Place_Keyword: Villa Creek Place_Keyword: Cape San Martin Place_Keyword: Monterey Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Original survey data collected by United States Air Force Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows versions 7 and 10, Agisoft PhotoScan version 1.2.8 through 1.3.2, LASTools 170327 through 180322 were used to process data for this release. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Kevin M. Schmidt Originator: Mark E. Reid Originator: Joshua B. Logan Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Characterizing the catastrophic 2017 Mud Creek landslide, California, using repeat structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry Other_Citation_Details: Warrick, J.A., Ritchie, A.C., Schmidt, K.M., Reid, M.E., and Logan, J.B., 2019, Characterizing the catastrophic 2017 Mud Creek landslide, California, using repeat structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry: Landslides, doi:10.1007/s10346-019-01160-4 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01160-4 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted Logical_Consistency_Report: Coordinates recorded for each point in the point cloud describe discrete positions in space and the visual reflectance (in RGB values) at the time of capture. This final point cloud was checked for accuracy by rotating the point cloud to view from multiple angles to ensure that obvious spurious points do not cause artifacts in measurements or derivative products (DEM and Orthomosaic). Although some outlying points were eliminated during processing, there may still be points that do not represent ground features, but are instead artifacts generated by erroneous tie points or spurious matches in the photogrammetric process. Completeness_Report: Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Ground control was derived from six photo-identifiable, stable, and prominent rocks that were located around the perimeter of the landslide area. Positions for three of these rocks were derived from survey-grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements collected by USGS field crews during August 17-20, 2017. Positions for the remaining three rocks were derived from the 2016 airborne lidar point data. The vertical and horizontal accuracies for these positions were 0.02 and 0.03 m for the GNSS measurements and were assumed to be 0.25 m for the lidar-derived data. The lidar-derived data include the additional uncertainty of accurately matching the irregularly spaced lidar points to the photo-identifiable rocks, which is difficult to measure, but estimated to be an additional 0.25 m, resulting in a total estimated 3D uncertainty of 0.5 m. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Ground control was derived from six photo-identifiable, stable, and prominent rocks that were located around the perimeter of the landslide area. Positions for three of these rocks were derived from survey-grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements collected by USGS field crews during August 17-20, 2017. Positions for the remaining three rocks were derived from the 2016 airborne lidar point data. The vertical and horizontal accuracies for these positions were 0.02 and 0.03 m for the GNSS measurements and were assumed to be 0.25 m for the lidar-derived data. The lidar-derived data include the additional uncertainty of accurately matching the irregularly spaced lidar points to the photo-identifiable rocks, which is difficult to measure, but estimated to be an additional 0.25 m, resulting in a total estimated 3D uncertainty of 0.5 m. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Publication_Date: 19770330 Title: https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/Single_Frame_Records Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Single Frame Aerial Photography Issue_Identification: Aerial Photography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center Other_Citation_Details: Eros Data Center project code 68008, retrieved via spatial search engine. Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Source_Scale_Denominator: 25000 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital scanned copy of original film Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19671018 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 1967 USAF imagery Source_Contribution: source material for point cloud generation Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Dewberry Publication_Date: 20170412 Title: 2016 USGS Lidar: West Coast El Nino (WA, OR, CA) point cloud files with orthometric vertical datum North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) using GEOID12B Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Other_Citation_Details: USGS Contract: G10PC00020 Task Order: G16PD00366 available at ftp://ftp.coast.noaa.gov/pub/DigitalCoast/lidar2_z/geoid12b/data/6259/west_coast2016_usgs_el_nino_m6259_metadata.xml Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar2_z/geoid12b/data/6259/ Online_Linkage: ftp://ftp.coast.noaa.gov/pub/DigitalCoast/lidar2_z/geoid12b/data/6259 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2016 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2016 USGS West Coast El-Nino lidar (WA, OR, CA) Source_Contribution: ground control and error analysis Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Digital Mapping, Inc Publication_Date: 2011 Title: 2010 ARRA lidar: California Coastal Project (Zone 4) point cloud files with orthometric vertical datum North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) using GEOID12B Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Other_Citation_Details: https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/4843/ca2013_arra_centralcoast_m4843_metadata.xml Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/4843/ Online_Linkage: ftp://ftp.coast.noaa.gov/pub/DigitalCoast/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/4843/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2010 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2010 ARRA lidar: California Coastal Project (Zone 4) Source_Contribution: ground control and error analysis Process_Step: Process_Description: 1. Aerial imagery was downloaded from archived historical aerial photo single frames on USGS Earth Explorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). A total of 31 images were downloaded. The project code in the Earth Explorer database is 68008, but the spatial query tools were used to identify and download the relevant imagery. Online linkage for that data set, per metadata, is https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/Single_Frame_Records 2.Images from the survey area were first aligned using Hugin by rotating and shifting scanned imagery (affine transformation) so that fiducial marks were at the same pixel locations, and all images were cropped to the same center pixel. Images were then imported into Agisoft Photoscan Professional v. 1.4.2 software using the 'Add photos' tool. 3. The photos were processed through an initial alignment and optimization procedure using the following settings: Alignment - Accuracy: 'High'; Pair selection: 'Reference, generic'; Key point limit: 0 (unlimited); Tie point limit; 0 (unlimited). Optimization - Lens-calibration parameters f, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 were included; b1, b2, and higher-order parameters k4, p3, and p4 were not. 4. The sparse point cloud (tie points; created as a result of photo alignment and optimization) was edited using an iterative error-reduction procedure to filter the data. This was done in several iterations of a process called "Gradual Selection" to first reduce reconstruction uncertainty (to a unitless value of 10) and then projection accuracy (to a weighted value of 3). 5. Ground control points (GCPs) were identified in the lidar data and the 1967 aerial images, primarily along the highway. Latitude, longitude, and elevation were extracted from lidar and added to the PhotoScan project. 6. Another round of "Gradual Selection" was done to reduce the reprojection error (to a value of 0.4 pixels) 7. A dense point cloud was then created with the parameters set to "High" quality and "moderate" depth filtering. 8. The dense cloud was exported as a .las file and imported to CloudCompare, where it was aligned to the 2010 lidar point cloud using a rigid transformation (rotate, translate) derived from a least-squares adjustment using Horn's least-squares method for rigid-body transformation between two coordinate systems (Horn, B.K., 1987, Closed-form solution of absolute orientation using unit quaternions: Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 4, p.629-642) The transformation matrix using the 2010 lidar as the source data is: 0.999999523163 -0.000057821395 -0.001067430479 4.551651000977 0.000056641620 0.999999344349 -0.001105255098 -2.024248600006 0.001067493809 0.001105194795 0.999998807907 -122.032318115234 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 1.000000000000 9. The dense point cloud was exported from cloud compare in LAZ format and clipped to a shapefile of the survey area using lastools with the following command: lasclip -i [input_file.laz] -poly [clip_shape.shp] -odir clipped -olaz Process_Date: 2018 Process_Step: Process_Description: Edited metadata to add keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. No data were changed. Process_Date: 20201019 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Mud Creek, Monterey County, California. Located on California State Route 1 (SR1), 2 km (1 mi) south of Gorda, CA, and 57 km (35 mi) north of Cambria CA. Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 10 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.1 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.1 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The attribute information associated with the point cloud follows the LAZ file standard. Attributes include location (northing, easting, and elevation in the NAD83/UTM zone 10N (EPSG:26910) horizontal and NAVD88 vertical coordinate systems), color (red, blue, and green components), intensity, and classification. All points are classified as 0 (unclassified). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS; 2013, https://www.asprs.org/committee-general/laser-las-file-format-exchange-activities.html) and Isenburg (2013, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.79.2.209) Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: GS ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: LAZ Format_Version_Number: LAS 1.2 Format_Information_Content: This file contains point cloud data in LAZ format (LAS 1.2 specification). File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied. Transfer_Size: 13.35 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5c6488c7e4b0fe48cb373f54 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c6488c7e4b0fe48cb373f54 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P973FQ3M Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data and metadata. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. The third link takes you to a landing page for the entire data release. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: This zip file contains point cloud data in LAZ format (LAS 1.2 specification). The user must have software capable of uncompressing the .zip compressed file and displaying or processing the .laz format file Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201019 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998