Joshua B. Logan Andrew W. Stevens Shawn R. Harrison 20230623 GeoTIFF data release DOI:10.5066/P9BVTVAW Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVTVAW https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1 Joshua B. Logan Andrew W. Stevens Shawn R. Harrison Cordell D. Johnson 2023 data release DOI:10.5066/P9BVTVAW Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested Citation: Logan, J.B., Stevens, A.W., Harrison, S.R., and Johnson, C.D., 2023, Aerial imagery and structure-from-motion data products from UAS surveys of the beaches at Fort Stevens State Park, OR, and Cape Disappointment State Park, WA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVTVAW. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVTVAW This portion of the data release presents high-resolution orthomosaic images of the ocean beach at Fort Stevens State Park, OR, and Benson Beach at Cape Disappointment State Park, WA. The orthomosaics have resolutions of 5 centimeters per pixel and were derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected with unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) during low tide surveys on 7 and 8 August 2017. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaics was acquired with a UAS fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines spaced to provide approximately 70 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines. The camera was triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. The raw imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Survey control was established using temporary ground control points (GCPs) consisting of a combination of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns and temporary chalk marks placed on the ground. The GCP positions were measured using dual-frequency post-processed kinematic (PPK) GPS with corrections referenced to a static base station operating nearby. The images and GCP positions were used for structure-from-motion (SfM) processing to create topographic point clouds, high-resolution orthomosaic images, and DSMs. The orthomosaic images have been provided in a three-band RGB format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression and are formatted as cloud optimized GeoTIFFs with internal overviews and masks to facilitate cloud-based queries and display. These data were obtained to evaluate changes in shoreline position and coastal morphology. These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify topographic features on the sub-aerially exposed portions of the beaches surveyed. Additional information about the field activity from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2017-666-FA Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government . 20170807 20170808 ground condition at time data were collected Complete None planned -124.08829 -123.99237 46.29986 46.19996 ISO 19115 Topic Category elevation geoscientificInformation Data Categories for Marine Planning Bathymetry and Elevation USGS Thesaurus topography topographic maps remote sensing geomorphology aerial photography image mosaics geospatial datasets Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords photography remote sensing aerial and satellite photography altimetry orthophotography None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CHMRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC UAS Unmanned aerial system Structure-from-motion USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Washington State of Oregon Pacific Ocean Columbia River Clatsop County Pacific County Cape Disappointment Fort Stevens Benson Beach Clatsop Spit North Head None USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1?name=FortStevens_2017-08-07_orthomosaic_browse.jpg&allowOpen=True Portion of orthomosaic image from Fort Stevens 2017-08-07 UAS survey. JPEG Microsoft Windows 10, Agisoft Photoscan/Metashape 1.4.x through 1.5.x, ESRI ArcGIS 10.6 through 10.7, Exiftool, QGIS 3.26, and GDAL 3.5.1 Joshua B. Logan Phillipe A. Wernette Andrew C. Ritchie 2022 Logan, J.B., Wernette, P.A. and Ritchie, A.C., 2022, Agisoft Metashape/Photoscan Automated Image Alignment and Error Reduction version 2.0: U.S. Geological Survey code repository, U.S. Geological Survey software release, python package, Reston, Va., (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DGS5B9). https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DGS5B9 Federal Geographic Data Committee 1998 FGDC-STD-007.3-1998 https://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/accuracy/part3/chapter3 No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. For each DSM, horizontal accuracy was estimated by comparing ground control point (GCP) positions measured with RTK GPS measurements to their SfM-estimated positions. Due to the time-intensive process of placing GCPs in the field, all available GCPs were used for registration and camera optimization in the SfM processing workflow. To evaluate the horizontal positional accuracy of the final SfM alignments, each GCPs was disabled one at a time using a python script to create a 'temporary check point'. With the single GCP temporarily disabled, camera optimization was performed with all lens parameters fixed, and all other GCPs enabled. The residual errors of the check point relative to its GPS-measured position were recorded. After all temporary check point iterations were complete, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean-absolute error (MAE) were calculated. Following the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy guidelines, we use the RMSE to calculate the positional horizontal accuracy at the 95% confidence level. To account for additional uncertainty in the GPS-measured positions of the GCPs (0.030 meters) we include this as an additional error term through summation in quadrature to arrive at an estimate of total positional horizontal accuracy. The error statistics and horizontal accuracy estimates for each of the orthomosaics are below: - FortStevens_2017-08-07_orthomosaic_5cm.tif: Horizontal RMSE (m): 0.016; Horizontal MAE (m): 0.013; Horizontal accuracy at the 95% confidence level (m): 0.028; Total horizontal accuracy estimate at the 95% confidence level, including GPS uncertainty (m): 0.041; - BensonBeach_orthomosaic_5cm.tif: Horizontal RMSE (m): 0.023; Horizontal MAE (m): 0.018; Horizontal accuracy at the 95% confidence level (m): 0.040; Total horizontal accuracy estimate at the 95% confidence level, including GPS uncertainty (m): 0.050; It should be noted that this error estimate is for areas of bare ground where GCPs were placed. Additional sources of error such as poor image-to-image point matching due to vegetation or uniform substrate texture (such as sand with uniform coloration) resulting in poor surface reconstruction may cause localized errors in some portions of the point clouds to exceed this estimate. Vertical positional accuracy was not evaluated for this data product. Aerial imagery was collected using a Department of Interior-owned 3DR Solo quadcopter fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The camera was mounted using a fixed mount on the bottom of the UAS and oriented in an approximately nadir orientation. During acquisition the UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines at a variable altitude of less than 120 meters above ground level (AGL). Altitude for each flight was determined in the field depending on operational restrictions related to the cloud ceiling. Each flight was programmed to provide approximately 66 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines. The camera was triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. Before each flight, the camera’s digital ISO, aperture and shutter speed were manually set to adjust for ambient light conditions. Although these settings were changed between flights, they were not permitted to change during a flight; thus, the images from each flight were acquired with consistent camera settings. 201708 Ground control was established using ground control points (GCPs) consisting of a combination of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns and temporary "X" marks placed with chalk on the ground surface throughout the survey area. The GCP positions were measured using post-processed kinematic (PPK) GPS, using corrections from GPS base stations located near the survey area. For each GCP measurement the GPS receiver was placed on a fixed-height tripod and set to occupy the GCP for a minimum occupation time of one minute. Post-processing was conducted using the Trimble Business Center software package. 201708 The image files were renamed using a custom python script. The file names were formed using the following pattern Fx-YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ_Ryz.*, where: - Fx = Flight number - YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ = date and time in the ISO 8601 standard, where 'T' separates the date from the time, and 'Z' denotes UTC ('Zulu') time. - Ry = RA or RB to distinguish camera 'RicohA' from 'RicohB' - z = original image name assigned by camera during acquisition - * = file extension (JPG) The approximate image acquisition coordinates were added to the image metadata (EXIF) ('geotagged') using the image timestamp and the telemetry logs from the UAS onboard single-frequency 1-Hz autonomous GPS. The geotagging process was done using the GeoSetter utility. To improve timestamp accuracy, the image acquisition times were adjusted to true ('corrected') UTC time by comparing the image timestamps with several images taken of a clock showing accurate time synchronized from Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. For the Fort Stevens survey on 2017-08-07 the image time stamps from camera "RA" were adjusted by +00:01:14 (+1 minute, and 14 seconds) to synchronize with corrected UTC time. For the Benson Beach survey on 2017-08-08 the image time stamps from camera "RA" were adjusted by +00:01:16 (+1 minute, and 16 seconds) to synchronize with corrected UTC time. The positions stored in the EXIF are in geographic coordinates referenced to the WGS84(G1150) coordinate reference system (EPSG:4979), with elevation in meters relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid. Additional information was added to the EXIF using the command-line 'exiftool' software. For the Fort Stevens imagery the following command was used: exiftool ^ -P ^ -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" ^ -IPTC:Contact="pcmsc_data@usgs.gov" ^ -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" ^ -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." ^ -EXIF:ImageDescription="Aerial image of the beach at Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon, USA, from USGS Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2017-666-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2017-666-FA), conducted under Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Scientific Research Permit #024-17" ^ -XMP:Event="Unoccupied Aircraft System survey of the beach at Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon, USA, during USGS field activity 2017-666-FA, conducted under Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Scientific Research Permit #024-17" ^ -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="Position from UAS onboard autonomous single-frequency GNSS." ^ -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4979 (WGS 84)" ^ -EXIF:Artist="U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" ^ -IPTC:CopyrightNotice="Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey." ^ -IPTC:Caption-Abstract="Aerial image of the beach at Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon, USA, from USGS Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2017-666-FA conducted under Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Scientific Research Permit #024-17" ^ -sep ", " ^ -keywords="Columbia River, Fort Stevens State Park, South Jetty, Oregon, 2017-666-FA, Unoccupied Aircraft System, UAS, drone, aerial imagery, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" ^ -comment="Low-altitude aerial image from USGS Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2017-666-FA conducted under Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Scientific Research Permit #024-17" ^ -Orientation= ^ -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVTVAW" ^ -ext DNG ^ -ext JPG ^ For the Benson Beach imagery the following command was used: exiftool ^ -P ^ -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" ^ -IPTC:Contact="pcmsc_data@usgs.gov" ^ -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" ^ -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." ^ -EXIF:ImageDescription="Aerial image of Benson Beach at Cape Disappointment State Park, Washington, USA, from USGS Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2017-666-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2017-666-FA), conducted under Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Scientific Research Permit 170603" ^ -XMP:Event="Unoccupied Aircraft System survey of Benson Beach at Cape Disappointment State Park, Washington, USA, during USGS field activity 2017-666-FA, conducted under Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Scientific Research Permit 170603" ^ -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="Position from UAS onboard autonomous single-frequency GNSS." ^ -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4979 (WGS 84)" ^ -EXIF:Artist="U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" ^ -IPTC:CopyrightNotice="Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey." ^ -IPTC:Caption-Abstract="Aerial image of Benson Beach at Cape Disappointment State Park, Washington, USA, from USGS Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2017-666-FA conducted under Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Scientific Research Permit 170603" ^ -sep ", " ^ -keywords="Columbia River, Cape Disappointment State Park, North Jetty, Washington, 2017-666-FA, Unoccupied Aircraft System, UAS, drone, aerial imagery, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" ^ -comment="Low-altitude aerial image from USGS Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2017-666-FA conducted under Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Scientific Research Permit 170603" ^ -Orientation= ^ -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVTVAW" ^ -ext DNG ^ -ext JPG ^ Additional metadata tags were populated for all of the imagery metadata using the following command: exiftool ^ -P ^ "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" ^ "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" ^ "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" ^ "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" ^ "-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all" ^ "-XMP-exif:GPSLatitude<Composite:GPSLatitude" ^ "-XMP-exif:GPSLongitude<Composite:GPSLongitude" ^ "-XMP-exif:GPSDateTime<Composite:GPSDateTime" ^ "-XMP-photoshop:DateCreated<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" ^ "-XMP-xmp:ModifyDate<EXIF:ModifyDate" ^ "-XMP-dc:Creator<EXIF:Artist" ^ "-XMP-tiff:Make<EXIF:Make" ^ "-XMP-tiff:Model<EXIF:Model" ^ -overwrite_original ^ -ext JPG ^ -ext DNG 2017 Structure-from-motion (SfM) processing techniques were used to create point clouds, DSMs, and orthomosaic images in the Agisoft Photoscan/Metashape software package using the following workflow: 1. Initial image alignment was performed using an automated python script (Logan and others, 2022), with the following parameters: Accuracy: 'high' Pair selection: 'reference', 'generic' Key point limit: 100,000 Tie point limit: 0 (unlimited) 2. Sparse point cloud error reduction was performed using the automated python script (Logan and others, 2022), to sequentially apply the Reconstruction Uncertainty and Projection Accuracy gradual selection filters to iteratively remove a portion of the lowest quality sparse points, followed by camera optimization. This resulted in the following final gradual selection filter values: - For Fort Stevens: Final Reconstruction Uncertainty: 10 Final Projection Accuracy: 3.0 Lens calibration parameters for optimization: f, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 - For Benson Beach: Final Reconstruction Uncertainty: 10.0 Final Projection Accuracy: 3.0 Lens calibration parameters for optimization: f, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 3. Ground control point (GCP) positions were imported and markers were manually identified and placed in the images. 4. Additional sparse point cloud error reduction was performed using the automated python script to iteratively apply the Reprojection Error gradual selection filter and camera optimization such that no more than 10percent of the remaining sparse points are deleted at a time. Between each iteration of the filter, camera optimization was performed with the following lens calibration parameters: f, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2. Once Reprojection Error was reduced below 1 pixel, additional lens calibration parameters (k4, b1, b2, p3, and p4) were included during optimization. This process was repeated until the following final Reprojection Error filter levels were achieved: - For Fort Stevens: Final Reprojection Error: 0.3 Lens calibration parameters for optimization: f, b1, b2, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, k4, p1, p2, p3 and p4 - For Benson Beach: Final Reprojection Error: 0.3 Lens calibration parameters for optimization: f, b1, b2, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, k4, p1, p2, p3 and p4 Additional remaining sparse points obviously above or below the true surface were manually deleted after the last error reduction iteration, and a final optimization was performed. 5. Dense point clouds were created using the 'high' accuracy setting, with 'aggressive' depth filtering, and exported to LAZ format. 6. Preliminary Digital Surface Models (DSM) with native resolutions of 5.32 and 4.65 centimeters per pixel (for Fort Stevens and Benson Beach, respectively) were created using all points in the dense point clouds, and exported to GeoTIFF files with 10-centimeter pixel resolutions. 7. RGB orthomosaics with native resolutions of 2.7 and 2.32 centimeters per pixel (for Fort Stevens and Benson Beach, respectively) were created using the preliminary DSM as the orthorectification surface and exported to GeoTIFF files with 5-centimeter pixel resolutions. 8. The RGB orthomosaics were converted to cloud optimized GeoTIFF formats (using internal JPEG compression with a quality of 90) for compatibility with cloud storage services using the gdal_translate utility in the GDAL software package. 2017 Joshua Logan U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Physical Scientist mailing address

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 US 831-460-7519 831-427-4748 jlogan@usgs.gov The metadata title was modified to move the data collection month and year to the beginning of the title. This was done to meet new system requirements as ScienceBase is migrated to a new platform, and to keep datasets grouped by collection date on the new data release landing page.(20260323). 20260323 Manda Au U.S. Geological Survey Data Management Specialist Mailing

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-460-7575 mau@usgs.gov Raster Grid Cell State Plane Coordinate System 1983 4602 47.33333 45.83333 -120.50000 45.33333 500000.0 0.0 row and column 0.050 0.050 meters North American Datum of 1983 (EPSG:4269) GRS 1980 (EPSG:7019) 6378137.0 298.257222101 GeoTIFF GeoTIFF containing RGB color bands. Producer defined Band_1 Red band Producer defined 0 255 Band_2 Green band Producer defined 0 255 Band_3 Blue band Producer defined 0 255 The dataset consists of a three-band raster which represents true color in red, green, and blue visible light bands. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov The orthomosaic images are available as a Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF file. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. GeoTIFF GDAL 3.5.1 Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF contains a three-band RGB orthomosaic with 8-bit unsigned integer values stored with high quality JPEG compression. The transfer size listed reflects the largest size file that may be downloaded. Other files in this data release are smaller. none 181.34 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1?name=FortStevens_2017-08-07_orthomosaic_5cm.tif https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1?name=BensonBeach_2017-08-08_orthomosaic_5cm.tif https://prod-is-usgs-sb-prod-publish.s3.amazonaws.com/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1/FortStevens_2017-08-07_orthomosaic_5cm.tif https://prod-is-usgs-sb-prod-publish.s3.amazonaws.com/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1/BensonBeach_2017-08-08_orthomosaic_5cm.tif https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/642f4c34d34ee8d4add512f1 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVTVAW Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first two links are direct links to download the 5-centimeter resolution orthomosaic images. The second two links are for accessing the orthomosaic images on cloud-based storage and can be used for cloud-based queries or viewing. The fifth link points to a landing page with the orthomosaic image, metadata, and a browse image. The sixth link points to the landing page for the entire data release, including links to pages of the various data files. None. These data can be viewed with GIS software or other software capable of displaying geospatial raster data. 20260323 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998