Geochemistry time series and growth parameters from Tutuila, American Samoa coral record

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Geochemistry time series and growth parameters from Tutuila, American Samoa coral record
Abstract:
Geochemical analysis (including age-corrected radiocarbon stable isotopes, and elemental composition) and growth parameters (including calcification rate, density, and extension information) were measured from a coral core collected from a reef off the southern side of Tutuila, American Samoa. The core was collected near Matautuloa Point on 8 April 2012 in collaboration with the Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Honolulu, HI.
Supplemental_Information:
The coral core extraction was performed under the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources Scientific (Permit Series No. 2012-57), Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary Research (Permit No. FBNMS-2011-002), National Park of American Samoa research (Permit No. NPSA-2012-SCI-0001), and Pacific Reefs National Wildlife Refuge Complex (Special Use Permit No. 12521-10001).
Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at:
http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-637-FA http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2015-654-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Prouty, Nancy G., and Andrews, Allen H., 20201231, Geochemistry time series and growth parameters from Tutuila, American Samoa coral record: data release DOI: 10.5066/P9DTWC3I, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.67758
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.67758
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.30126
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.30126
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 08-Apr-2012
    Ending_Date: 08-Apr-2012
    Currentness_Reference:
    Ground condition at time data were collected.
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (8375)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.00001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.00001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is D_WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257224.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    A comma-delimited text file with the first line being a header line.
    Output geochemical and growth analysis of coral core. (Source: Producer defined.)
    Sample ID
    Unique sample ID of coral sample for radiocarbon analysis. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: Producer defined.) A unique identifier containing the site location (TUT=Tutuila, American Samoa) and sequential number. Letter designation indicates replicate.
    NOSAMS number
    Unique accession number assigned by the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) Facility. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: Producer defined.) A unique identifier assigned by the NOSAMS lab including a letter designation (OS) and sequential number.
    Year
    Year and month (1 month=0.083) of coral carbonate precipitation based on density banding chronology and assigned to radiocarbon results. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: Producer defined.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1953.84
    Maximum:2012.06
    Fraction Modern
    Fraction modern is a measurement of the deviation of the delta-Carbon-14/delta-Carbon-12 ratio of a sample from modern carbon (Stuiver and Polach, 1977). Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach (1977))
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.9431
    Maximum:1.1344
    Units:unitless
    Resolution:0.0001
    Fraction Modern (error)
    Fraction modern (error) is a measurement of the deviation of the delta-Carbon-14/delta-Carbon-12 ratio of a sample from modern carbon (Stuiver and Polach, 1977). Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach (1977))
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.0018
    Maximum:0.0039
    Units:unitless
    Resolution:0.0001
    delta-C-13
    delta-C-13 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes Carbon-13:Carbon-12, reported in parts per thousand (per mil). Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: standard reporting value in isotope chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-4.19
    Maximum:-0.41
    Units:parts per thousand (per mil)
    Resolution:0.01
    Delta-C-14
    The relative difference between the absolute international standard (base year 1950) and sample activity corrected for age and delta-Carbon-13. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: defined in Stuiver and Polach (1977))
    Range of values
    Minimum:-57.3
    Maximum:131.3
    Units:parts per thousand (per mil)
    Resolution:0.1
    Band number
    Band number based on density data with one high- and low-density couplet per year. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:58
    Units:unitless
    Resolution:1
    Year-CT
    Calendar year defined as subtraction of band number from year of collection in 2012. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: Producer defined.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1954
    Maximum:2011
    Units:unitless
    Resolution:1
    Density
    The density of each of the cores was determined using the scanned grayscale images and a conversion to apparent absolute density using pristine coral standards as described in Crook and others (2013). Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: defined in Crook and others (2013))
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.2290
    Maximum:1.4859
    Units:grams per cubic centimeter
    Resolution:0.0001
    Extension
    Linear extension (distance) measured between annual growth bands. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: defined in Crook and others (2013))
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.8993
    Maximum:1.4340
    Units:cm
    Resolution:0.0001
    Calcification Rate
    Annual calcification rates were calculated as the product of density and linear extension. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: defined in Crook and others (2013))
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.1904
    Maximum:1.9919
    Units:grams per cubic centimeter per year
    Resolution:0.0001
    Distance-Track 1
    Cumulative distance from the top of the core to the bottom of the core for the laser track 1. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:673.23
    Units:millimeter
    Resolution:0.01
    B:Ca track 1
    boron to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:7.71
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Mg:Ca track 1
    magnesium to calcium ratio track 1. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.63
    Maximum:80.83
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    P:Ca track 1
    phosphorous to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:67.42
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Mn:Ca track 1
    manganese to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:230.00
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Cu:Ca track 1
    copper to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:13.60
    Maximum:4884.20
    Units:micromol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Sr:Ca track 1
    strontium to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:7.70
    Maximum:11.40
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Sn:Ca track 1
    tin to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:111.80
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Ba:Ca track 1
    barium to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.20
    Maximum:2481.70
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Pb:Ca track 1
    lead to calcium ratio track 1 Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:58.70
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    U:Ca track 1
    uranium to calcium ratio track 1. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.80
    Maximum:2.40
    Units:micromol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Distance-track 2
    Cumulative distance from the top of the core to the bottom of the core for the laser track 2. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:674.28
    Units:millimeter
    Resolution:0.01
    B:Ca track 2
    boron to calcium ratio track 2. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:4.70
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Mg:Ca track 2
    magnesium to calcium ratio track 2. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.57
    Maximum:45.46
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    P:Ca track 2
    phosphorous to calcium ratio track 2. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:38.94
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Mn:Ca track 2
    manganese to calcium ratio track 2. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:102.00
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Cu:Ca track 2
    copper to calcium ratio track 2. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:16.40
    Maximum:2852.60
    Units:micromol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Sr:Ca track 2
    strontium to calcium ratio track 2. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:6.97
    Maximum:12.06
    Units:millimol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Sn:Ca track 2
    tin to calcium ratio track 2. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:49.40
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Ba:Ca track 2
    barium to calcium ratio track 2. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:2524.50
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Pb:Ca track 2
    lead to calcium ratio track 2. Values of -8888 indicate value was below detection limit. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.10
    Maximum:54.80
    Units:micromole per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    U:Ca track 2
    uranium to calcium ratio track 2. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.70
    Maximum:3.00
    Units:micromol per mol
    Resolution:0.01
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    The first line of the comma-delimited text file is a header line.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Nancy G. Prouty
    • Allen H. Andrews
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    N. Prouty (USGS), C. Young and D. Merritt (NOAA) K. Rose (WHOI) and A. Pietro (WHOI), and C. Gallagher (UCSC).
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

This coral core was collected as part of on-going research with the Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Honolulu, HI to conduct a suite of benthic habitat mapping, integrated ecosystem assessment, monitoring and management-relevant research activities of the coral reef ecosystems in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    radiocarbon1 (source 1 of 3)
    National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility, 2018, Coral radiocarbon analysis.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Proteinaceous coral lab samples
    Source_Contribution:
    An accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) was used to measure organic radiocarbon (Vogel and others, 1997).
    CT (source 2 of 3)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2017, Coral Computerized Tomography analysis.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Scleractinian coral core samples
    Source_Contribution:
    Coral calcification, density and growth rates measured by Computerized Tomography analysis (CT; Crook and others, 2013).
    elemental to calcium ratio (source 3 of 3)
    University of Santa Cruz, California Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, 2018, Elemental composition of coral samples.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: carbonate coral samples
    Source_Contribution:
    Elemental to calcium ratio as measured by laser ablation Inductively-coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS; Sinclair and others, 1998).
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2020 (process 1 of 4)
    Core TUT-013 was extracted from a Porites sp. colony from the top surface at a depth of 10 m with a pneumatic drill and diamond bit coring device of 3.8 cm in diameter by C. Young and D. Merritt (Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Honolulu, HI) from the NOAA R/V Hi'ialakai). The coral core extraction was performed under the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources Scientific (Permit Series No. 2012-57), Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary Research (Permit No. FBNMS-2011-002), National Park of American Samoa research (Permit No. NPSA-2012-SCI-0001), and Pacific Reefs National Wildlife Refuge Complex (Special Use Permit No. 12521-10001).
    Date: 2020 (process 2 of 4)
    Samples were analyzed by several external laboratories, and the results were combined into one spreadsheet. Empty cells are designated by -9999 indicating no analysis was performed.
    Date: 04-Jun-2021 (process 3 of 4)
    The data values for the Delta-C-14 Attribute were revised to accurately report age-corrected values. The min/max values for the Attribute were corrected in the metadata, and the Abstract was revised to specify that the Delta-C-14 values are corrected for age. The revised data are considered v.2.0 for the data release.
    Date: 10-Jun-2021 (process 4 of 4)
    Incorrect URL link to a USGS Field Activity was removed from the Supplemental Information section. No data were changed. (scochran@usgs.gov)
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Stuiver, Minze, and Polach, Henry A., 1977, Discussion reporting of 14C data.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Stuiver, M., and Polach, H.A., 1977, Discussion reporting of 14C data: Radiocarbon, v. 19, pp. 355-363.
    Vogel, John S., Southon, John R., and Nelson, D. Erle, 1987, Catalyst and binder effects in the use of filamentous graphite for AMS.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Vogel, J.S., Southon, J.R., and Nelson, D.E., 1987, Catalyst and binder effects in the use of filamentous graphite for AMS: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 29, pp. 50-56.
    Crook, Elizabeth D., Cohen, Anne L., Rebolledo-Vieyra, M., Hernandez, L., and Paytan, Adina, 2013, Reduced calcification and lack of acclimatization by coral colonies growing in areas of persistent natural acidification.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Crook, E.D., Cohen, A.L., Rebolledo-Vieyra, M., Hernandez, L., and Paytan, A., 2013, Reduced calcification and lack of acclimatization by coral colonies growing in areas of persistent natural acidification: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 110(27), p. 11044-11049.
    Sinclair, Daniel J., Kinsley, Leslie P.J., and McCulloch, Malcolm T., 1998, Discussion reporting of 14C data.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Sinclair, D.J., Kinsley, L.P.J.,and McCulloch, M.T., 1998, High resolution analysis of trace elements in corals by laser ablation ICP-MS: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62(11), p. 1889-1901.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    All geochemistry data were calibrated against known standards
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. The horizontal accuracy was determined with a hand help GPS, with a stated accuracy of less than 3 m.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Depth was determined using a SCUBA dive computer, with a stated accuracy of 0.3 m.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the metadata for each part of this data release carefully for additional details. Values of -9999 indicate the parameter was not measured and -8888 indicate below limit of detection.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as the originators of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in a comma-delimited text file (TUT_013_Coral_data.csv) which contains the geochemistry results from coral core TUT-013.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with any text editor software.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 10-Jun-2021
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_P9DTWC3I/TUT_013_Coral_data_v2.0_metadata.faq.html>
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