Liana N. Heberer Kristen C. Alkins Curt D. Storlazzi Susan A. Cochran Ann E. Gibbs Russell Sparks Itana Silva Kristy Stone Tatiana Martinez Cole Peralto 20250410 vector digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P9ICJ7CF Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey Suggested Citation: Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.C., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Silva, I., Stone, K., Martinez, T., and Peralto, C., 2025, Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ICJ7CF. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ICJ7CF https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64304b5dd34ee8d4add5bb1d This shapefile contains habitat polygons identifying the dominant and major geomorphological structure, biological type and percent cover, and geologic zone for 11 square kilometers of Olowalu reef off west-central Maui at a minimum mapping unit of 100 square meters. Habitats were mapped with heads-up digitization using the NOAA Habitat Digitizer Extension in ArcMap (Esri, v.10.8.2). Seafloor characteristics were based on visual interpretation of 3-band (red, green, blue) 0.5m satellite orthoimagery, 1-m-resolution acoustic backscatter imagery, lidar-derived digital bathymetric models (DBM) at 1-, 4-, and 8-m resolutions, and various surface morphometric layers derived from the three DBMs (relative position, aspect, rugosity, slope). Ground reference (n=870) and accuracy assessment (n=216) images of the seafloor were extracted from live video taken by a vessel-towed camera sled surveying shore-normal transects in waters 10-40 m depth. These data accompany the following report: Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.C., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Stone, C., Silva, I., Martinez, T., Peralto, C., Levine, A., Stow, D., and Maloney, J., 2025, Benthic habitat map of Olowalu Reef, Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2025–1010, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20251010. These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. This shapefile can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) or other software to display the nearshore benthic habitat of Olowalu reef, Maui. Additional information about the USGS field activities from which these data were derived are available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=A0211MU https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=A0113HW Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. 2011 2023 Seafloor reference imagery collected in 2011, mapping completed in 2023 Complete None planned -156.634297 -156.560569 20.822643 20.773125 ISO 19115 Topic Category biota boundaries oceans geoscientificInformation environment Data Categories for Marine Planning Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Substrate Habitat USGS Thesaurus benthic ecosystems habitats reef ecosystems geomorphology remote sensing Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords coral reef communities geographic information systems (GIS) None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Coral Reefs USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:64304b5dd34ee8d4add5bb1d Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Hawaii Maui Olowalu Olowalu Beach Hekili Point Punahona Ukumehame Kailiili Beach Papalaua United States of America No access constraints These data are not intended for navigational purposes. USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Olowalu_bhabs.jpg Image showing benthic habitat types offshore Olowalu, Maui, Hawai’i JPEG Microsoft Windows 11 Home Version 10.0.22621 Build 22621; Esri ArcMap 10.8.2 Shapefile Feature Class Liana N. Heberer Kristen C. Alkins Curt D. Storlazzi Susan A. Cochran Ann E. Gibbs Russell Sparks Itana Silva Kristy Stone Tatiana Martinez Cole Peralto Tim Battista Bryan Costa Cole Peralto Arielle S. Levine Douglas Stow Jillian Maloney 2025 Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.C., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Stone, C., Silva, I., Martinez, T., Peralto, C., Levine, A., Stow, D., and Maloney, J., 2025, Benthic habitat map of Olowalu Reef, Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2025–1010, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20251010. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20251010 Georeferenced in situ underwater images extracted from vessel-towed video surveys of the seafloor were used as ground reference (n=870, 80 percent of images) and accuracy assessment (n=216, 20 percent of images), all of which were validated by the Hawai’i Division of Aquatic Resources. Final thematic accuracy was 88 percent for major structure, 86 percent for dominant structure, 86 percent for major biological cover, and 79 percent for percentage of major biological cover. Data quality control (QC) included correction of topology errors, such as polygon overlap, and logical attribution errors, such as inconsistent UNIQUEID codes. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Habitat was digitized at a 100 square meter Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) at a digitizing scale averaging 1:1,000. Digitization was based on satellite imagery with a 0.154 m RMS accuracy at a 95 percent confidence level as determined by DigitalGlobe, and bathymetric lidar with a +/-3.50-6.50 m horizontal accuracy, as determined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. There has not been a formal accuracy assessment of vertical position in this dataset and/or is not applicable. DigitalGlobe 20121119 Raster Digital Data Set online DigitalGlobe http://evwhs.digitalglobe.com Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20121119 ground condition WV2 WorldView-2 satellite imagery was used as a base layer to begin drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of orthoimagery used in the mapping project. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) 20131125 Raster Digital Data Set online USACE JALBTCX https://jalbtcx.usace.army.mil Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20131016 20131125 ground condition Lidar Lidar data were used as a layer to assist in drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of lidar data used in the mapping project. Gibbs, Ann E. Finlayson, David P. Dartnell, Peter 20231130 Digital Data Set online U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XJLL6C Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20130206 20130212 ground condition Acoustic Swath backscatter and bathymetry data were used to assist in drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of lidar data used in the mapping project. Gibbs, Ann E. Cochran, Susan A. Tierney, Peter W. 20130204 Digital Data Set online U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/ds735 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 20110319 20110321 ground condition Acoustic Seafloor video and stills were used to assist in drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of the seafloor imagery data used in the mapping project. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 20120802 Computer Program Redlands, CA Esri http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=aaa88d03d6cd499db77f663bdcb77173 Software 20120802 publication date Habitat-digitizing extension v.10.0 Habitat digitizer extension v.10.0 (downloaded 23 Aug 2021) was used in ArcGIS v.10.3 as a tool to assist with digitizing polygons and assigning attributes. See accompanying report for complete details. The benthic maps were digitized using a heads-up digitizing method. A minimum mapping unit of 100 square meters was using with the exception of smaller features carrying unique habitat significance (for example, an individual coral colony 2 m in diameter in an otherwise uncolonized area) or when caused by subdividing a habitat polygon that traversed more than one geographic zone. As input to guide the digitizing, the following datasets were used: satellite orthoimagery, lidar bathymetry, acoustic imagery, and seafloor video and stills. The draft map was created and randomly selected still images (independently classified) that were not used as part of the interpretation were used to assess the accuracy of the polygons. Any necessary corrections were made to the mapped polygons, and the final interpretation was created. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of the process flow used in the mapping project. All Source Contributions listed in the Lineage section of the metadata file were used in the interpretation of the benthic map polygons. 20211201 The metadata file was edited to correct an originator name. No data were changed. (mau@usgs.gov) 20250520 The metadata file was edited to correct the DOI number of a cross reference. No data were changed. (mau@usgs.gov) 20250818 Vector G-Polygon 683 NAD_1983_PA11 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 USGS_Olowalu_Benthic_Habitat_2023 The benthic habitat of Olowalu reef is categorized by major geomorphological structure, dominant geomorphological structure, major biological cover, percent of major biological cover, and reef zonation. Producer defined. UNIQUEID A four-digit code that represents the combination of the individual habitat components where the first digit represents the major structure (M_STRUCT); the second digit represents the dominant structure (D_STRUCT); the third digit represents the major biologic cover (M_COVER); and the fourth digit represents the percent of biologic cover (P_COVER). Each of these attributes has a text value that is also represented by a numeric value, so that the UNIQUEID is a compilation of the numerical values. See accompanying Open-File Report for complete details. USGS Classification Scheme Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS (National Ocean Service) benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories M_STRUCT Major structure or underlying substrate within the defined polygon. This is represented by the numeric code found in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID. Not all of the following Major structure components exist within this particular dataset. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Reef and hardbottom This is represented by 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Unconsolidated sediment This is represented by 1 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Unknown This is represented by 9 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. D_STRUCT Dominant structure within the defined polygon. This is represented by the numeric code found in the 2nd number position of the UNIQUEID. There is a relationship between the Dominant structure and the Major structure. The text value of Unknown is the only text value that can be found in more than one Major structure. In each instance, Unknown is also assigned a numeric value of zero as represented in the UNIQUEID. The remaining text values are unique and only associated with a single Major structure, however the numeric representation of the text value is duplicated. The numeric values of 1 and 2 are represented in the following Major structure classifications: Unconsolidated sediment (represented by a 1 in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID); Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID); and Other (represented by a 3 in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID). Not all of the following Dominant structure components exist within this particular dataset. Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Aggregate reef Formations with high relief and complexity, which form an extensive reef structure without sand channels (as found in spur-and-groove). Note that aggregate reef refers to the underlying hard structure and implies nothing about the nature of the biological cover, nor whether it is live or dead. This is represented by 1 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID). U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Aggregated patch reef Clustered coral formations, smaller than the MMU (100 m2 in this study) or too close together to be mapped separately, that are isolated from other coral reef formations by sand, seagrass, or other habitats and that have no organized structural axis relative to the contours of the shore or shelf edge. This is represented by 4 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID). U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Individual patch reef Coral formations, larger than or equal to the minimum mapping unit (MMU) (100 m2 in this study), that are isolated from other coral reef formations by sand, seagrass, or other habitats and that have no organized structural axis relative to the contours of the shore or shelf edge. This is represented by 3 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID). U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Pavement Carbonate or volcanic substrate with <10 percent loose rocks or boulders scattered on the surface. Volcanic substrate may be smooth or irregular, depending on the original lava flow and subsequent erosion patterns. This is represented by 6 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID). U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Sand Coarse sediment typically found in areas exposed to currents or high wave energy (reef-derived) or on beaches (land-derived or reef-derived). This is represented by 2 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Unconsolidated sediment (represented by a 1 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID). U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Spur-and-groove Elongate, alternating sand and coral formations that are oriented perpendicular to the shore or bank/shelf escarpment. The coral formations (spurs) of this feature typically have a high vertical relief relative to the pavement with sand channels class and are separated from each other by 1–5 m of sand or bare pavement (grooves). There are no spur-and-groove formations found in this map area. This is represented by 2 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID). U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Unknown This is represented by 0 in the 2nd number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. M_COVER Major biologic cover within the defined polygon. Not all of the following Major biologic cover components exist within this particular dataset. Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Coral This is represented by 5 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Macroalgae This is represented by 2 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Turf This is represented by 6 in the 3rd number in the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. This Domaine Value is also known as Turf Algae in other USGS benthic habitat mapping publications. Uncolonized This is represented by 1 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Unknown This is represented by 0 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. P_COVER Percent cover of major biologic cover. Scientist. The attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. 10-<50% This is represented by 2 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. 50-<90% This is represented by 3 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. 90-100% This is represented by 4 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Unknown This is represented by 0 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. REEF_ZONE Location of a habitat community in the coral reef ecosystem. This does not indicate the substrate or biologic cover type. Not all of the following components exist within this particular dataset. Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Bank/shelf A deep-water platform extending offshore from the seaward edge of the fore reef to the beginning of the escarpment where the insular shelf drops off into deep, oceanic water. If no reef crest is present, the bank/shelf is the flattened platform between the shoreline/intertidal zone and deeper ocean offshore. Typical habitats include sand, patch reefs, algae, colonized and uncolonized pavement with and without sand channels, and other coral habitats. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Bank/shelf escarpment The edge of the bank/shelf where depth increases rapidly into deep, oceanic water. This zone begins in water depths of about 20–30 m, near the depth limit of features visible in aerial images. This zone captures the transition from the shelf to deep oceanic waters. Typical habitats include sand, aggregate reef, and spur-and-groove. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Channel Naturally occurring channels that often cut across several other zones. Typical habitats include sand, mud, and uncolonized pavement. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Fore reef Area from the seaward edge of the reef crest that slopes into deeper water to the landward edge of the bank/shelf platform. Fore reef is also defined as features not forming an emergent reef crest but still having a seaward-facing slope that is markedly greater than the slope of the bank/shelf. Typical habitats include aggregate coral reef and spur-and-groove. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Reef crest Flattened, emergent (especially during low tides) or nearly emergent segment of a reef, usually where the waves break. This zone is between the back reef and fore reef zones of a barrier reef system, and between the reef flat and fore reef of a fringing system. Typical habitats include reef rubble, patch reefs, and aggregate reefs. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Reef flat Without lagoon. Shallow, semi-exposed area between the shoreline/intertidal zone and the reef crest of a fringing reef system. This zone is protected from the high-energy waves commonly experienced on the reef crest and fore reef. The reef flat is not present if there is a lagoon. Typical habitats include sand, reef rubble, pavement, algae, mud, and patch reefs. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Reef hole Area in which a visible hole is in the reef. Larger and deeper reef holes are referred to as blue holes because the deeper water inside the reef hole looks darker than the surrounding shallower water. Reef holes typically occur as a result of fresh water dissolution. U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories. Shape_Area The area, in square meters, of the reef habitat (based on NAD83-PA11). Software calculated (Esri ArcMap 10.8.2) 29.725052 1158704.13728 square meter U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Mailing and Physical

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov These data are available as a shapefile (Olowalu_bhabs.shp) contained in a single zip file (Olowalu_bhabs.zip). Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Shapefile 2023 Zip file contains the shapefile. No compression applied. 0.96 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ICJ7CF Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data and metadata. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. None. These data can be viewed with any GIS software. 20250818 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998