Matt Nolan Ann E. Gibbs Alexander G. Snyder 20221115 1.0 raster digital data (GeoTIFF) data release DOI:10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62853dacd34e3bef0c9a642b Matt Nolan Ann E. Gibbs Alexander G. Snyder 2022 1.0 raster and vector digital files data release DOI:10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA U.S. Geological Survey suggested citation: Nolan, M., Gibbs, A.E., and Snyder, A.G., 2022, Alaska coastal orthoimagery and elevation data: Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9 This part of the data release presents orthoimagery spanning the ocean shoreline of Alaska from Kivalina to Cape Espenberg. Aerial images were collected, and data were processed, by Fairbanks Fodar (https://www.fairbanksfodar.com) in Fairbanks, Alaska, for the U.S. Geological Survey. The aerial images, from which the orthoimages were created, were collected in 2016 between August 29 and September 4 and extend from the shoreline to 400-4000 meters inland. The aerial images were collected with precise Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation data from a manned aircraft and were then processed into orthoimages photogrammetrically and using structure-from-motion (SFM) processing methods as described in Nolan and others, 2015. Orthoimages contain 4-band, 8-bit, unsigned raster data and are available in GeoTIFF format with 10, 16, or 20 cm cell sizes, depending on location. The orthoimages were converted to cloud optimized GeoTIFF format by the USGS. Due to file size and number limitations, the orthoimages have been divided into three groups by geographic location. Users are encouraged to use the Tile Index shapefile, which is also available in this data release, to identify orthoimagery files that are appropriate to a specific area of interest. Fairbanks Fodar was contracted by the USGS to acquire aerial photography and to generate structure-from-motion products including orthoimagery, digital elevation models, and elevation point clouds. USGS researchers use the orthorectified imagery to delineate shoreline position and characterize coastal geomorphology. The Tile Index shapefile, also available in this data release, provides an outline of the data in each orthoimagery and elevation data file as well as the name of the file. Once the appropriate filenames are identified, users can either download files to their local server or stream the Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) directly to any COG supporting GIS. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. 20160829 20160904 ground condition at time data were collected Complete None planned -165.2340 -160.7200 67.9779 65.9911 ISO 19115 Topic Category oceans ImageryBaseMapsEarthCover Data Categories for Marine Planning Physical habitats and geomorphology USGS Thesaurus structure from motion coastal processes geospatial datasets remote sensing aerial photography image collections geomorphology earth sciences geography coastal processes Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords coast beach cliff beach ridge shore None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:62853dacd34e3bef0c9a642b Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Alaska Cape Krusenstern Kotzebue Sound Kotzebue Deering Cape Espenberg No access constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and Fairbanks Fodar as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/62853dacd34e3bef0c9a642b?name=Orthoimagery_Example.jpg&allowOpen=true Graphic depicts an example of the orthoimagery data available in this release. JPEG Data collection was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey. Data acquisition and processing were conducted by Fairbanks Fodar. Microsoft Windows 10, Agisoft Photoscan, ArcMap 10.6, gdal v3.3.1 M. Nolan C. Larsen M. Sturm 2015 Nolan, M., Larsen, C., and Sturm, M., 2015, Mapping snow depth from manned aircraft on landscape scales at centimeter resolution using structure-from-motion photogrammetry: The Cryosphere, v. 9, p. 1445–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1445-2015. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1445-2015 Alexander G. Snyder Ann E. Gibbs 2019 Snyder, A.G., and Gibbs, A.E., 2019, National assessment of shoreline change: A GIS compilation of updated vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H1S1PV. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H1S1PV Ann E. Gibbs Alexander G. Snyder Bruce M. Richmond 2019 Gibbs, A.E., Snyder, A.G., and Richmond, B.M., 2019, National assessment of shoreline change—Historical shoreline change along the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1146, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191146. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191146 Jacquelyn R. Overbeck Richard M. Buzard Mark M. Turner Katie Y. Miller Roberta J.T. Glenn 2020 Overbeck, J.R., Buzard, R.M., Turner, M.M., Miller, K.Y., and Glenn, R.J., 2020, Shoreline change at Alaska coastal communities: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation 2020-10, 29 p., 47 sheets, https://doi.org/10.14509/30552. https://doi.org/10.14509/30552 Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI) 2019 A formal evaluation performed by Quantum Spatial (2019) compared these data to vertical control points (see the Attribute Accuracy Report). Additional information about this report can be obtained by contact Ann Gibbs (agibbs@usgs.gov). A formal accuracy evaluation performed by Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI; 2019) compared these data to other data sources. Additional information about this report can be obtained by contacting Ann Gibbs (agibbs@usgs.gov). Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI; 2019) compared orthoimagery in this dataset to orthoimagery from other sources that cover the same area and the data in release were found to be very consistent in their visual and spatial representation of geomorphic features and infrastructure, except near areas of moving water. Data also include returns from vegetation/the canopy. Shallow underwater reconstructions have not been corrected for parallax. Structure-from-motion photogrammetry utilizes overlapping photographs, which can cause moving water surfaces to appear unrealistic. In some rare cases, images of water surface may appear in spatially unrealistic places. These artifacts are generally very recognizable. Users are advised to become familiar with the entire metadata document. Formal horizontal accuracy checks were not possible, but visual evaluations conducted by Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI; 2019) confirmed that these data align well with other orthoimagery and lidar data. Gibbs and others (2019) used a horizontal uncertainty value of 0.3 meters. Not applicable. Photographs were collected using a Nikon D800E with 24 mm lens mounted to a vertical camera port and connected to a survey grade GPS (Trimble 5700), which records an event marker for each photo, allowing for positional accuracy of less than 10 cm. The camera and GPS system was fit to a Cessna 170B, from which the photos were collected (Nolan and others, 2015). Photographs were primarily collected by flying two passes parallel to the shoreline in a flight pattern that achieved approximately 60 percent side lap and 80 percent end lap between photographs. Acquisition methods followed those outlined in Nolan and others (2015), with the exception of the number of passes made by the aircraft, which in this case was two instead of four. 20160904 Dr. Matt Nolan Fairbanks Fodar Owner mailing

PO Box 82416

Fairbanks AK 99708 907-978-0542 info@fairbanksfodar.com Photographs were processed to optimize exposure and contrast. Photograph position GPS data were post-processed using precise point positioning (PPP) due to the absence of a nearby available GPS base station network. The overlapping aerial photos and GPS positions were input into Agisoft Photoscan Structure-from-Motion software. Data were processed in blocks, based in part on the time the imagery was collected. Agisoft generated point clouds, digital elevation models (DEMs), and orthoimagery, which were output in smaller blocks to make the data more manageable. More information about the processing steps used to generate this dataset are described in Nolan and other, 2015. 20160904 Dr. Matt Nolan Fairbanks Fodar Owner mailing

PO Box 82416

Fairbanks AK 99708 907-978-0542 info@fairbanksfodar.com GDAL v3.3.1 (accessed February, 2022; https://gdal.org) was used to convert the orthoimagery to cloud optimized GeoTIFFs for data publication. The following command was used: gdal_translate ‘infile’ -of COG -stats -co BLOCKSIZE=256 -co COMPRESS=DEFLATE -co PREDICTOR=YES -co NUM_THREADS=ALL_CPUS -co BIGTIFF=YES. 20220118 Alexander Snyder U.S. Geological Survey Oceanographer Mailing

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4450 agsnyder@usgs.gov The single metadata file describing data spanning the ocean shoreline of Alaska from Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales was split into three separate metadata files: Icy Cape to Kivalina, Kivalina to Cape Espenberg, and Cape Espenberg to Cape Prince of Wales. The file names, titles, abstract, bounding coordinates, place keywords, attribute values online linkage, transfer size, and network resource names were updated to describe the geographically defined section of data associated with the metadata file. 20260305 Manda Au U.S. Geological Survey Data Management Specialist Mailing

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-460-7575 mau@usgs.gov Raster Pixel Universal Transverse Mercator 3 0.999600 -165.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 row and column 0.20 0.20 meters NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2011 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.257222101 Four-band GeoTIFF Rasters Pixel based 4-band, 8-bit, unsigned integer raster matrix with 4 layers of information for each pixel: Red, Green, Blue, and a data/no data indicator. Producer defined Band_1 Red wavelength band Producer defined 0 255 Band_2 Green wavelength band Producer defined 0 255 Band_1 Blue wavelength band Producer defined 0 255 Band_4 Values indicating the presence (255) or absence (0) of RGB data from Bands 1,2, or 3. Producer defined 0 255 These attribute values represent all orthoimagery rasters in this data release. Filenames are a unique identifier that describes certain attributes of the file, including the region, processing group, data type, grid size, and format. For example, the filename ‘shish_C_ortho_20cm-0-4x_cog’ refers to data that is somewhat close to the town of Shishmaref (‘shish’), processed with other files in group ‘C’, contains orthoimagery (‘ortho’) data, represented as a raster with cell size ‘20cm’, uniquely identified as ‘4-2, and stored as a Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (‘cog’). Producer defined U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical

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Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov These data are available in cloud optimized GeoTIFF format and include CSDGM FGDC compliant metadata. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. GeoTIFF Files contain high-resolution orthoimagery as cloud optimized GeoTIFFs. Filename indicates raster resolution in centimeters and general region of data coverage. Deflate compression used in COG generation. Most GIS software can read this compression format without any extra steps from the user. 70800 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62853dacd34e3bef0c9a642b https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link points to the landing page where the orthoimagery data can be downloaded and includes the metadata. The last link points to the landing page for the entire data release from which other data types can be accessed. None. These data can be viewed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software or other software capable of displaying geospatial raster data. 20260305 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998