Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Matt Nolan Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Originator: Alexander G. Snyder Publication_Date: 20221115 Title: Orthoimagery of the coast of Alaska from Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales, 2016 Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data (GeoTIFF) Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62819e47d34e3bef0c9a3b0d Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Matt Nolan Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Originator: Alexander G. Snyder Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Alaska coastal orthoimagery and elevation data: Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales, 2016 Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster and vector digital files Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: suggested citation: Nolan, M., Gibbs, A.E., and Snyder, A.G., 2022, Alaska coastal orthoimagery and elevation data: Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Description: Abstract: This part of the data release presents orthoimagery spanning the ocean shoreline of Alaska from Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales. Aerial images were collected, and data were processed, by Fairbanks Fodar (https://www.fairbanksfodar.com) in Fairbanks, Alaska, for the U.S. Geological Survey. The aerial images, from which the orthoimages were created, were collected in 2016 between August 29 and September 4 and extend from the shoreline to 400-4000 meters inland. The aerial images were collected with precise Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation data from a manned aircraft and were then processed into orthoimages photogrammetrically and using structure-from-motion (SFM) processing methods as described in Nolan and others, 2015. Orthoimages contain 4-band, 8-bit, unsigned raster data and are available in GeoTIFF format with 10, 16, or 20 cm cell sizes, depending on location. The orthoimages were converted to cloud optimized GeoTIFF format by the USGS. Due to file size and number limitations, the orthoimages have been divided into three groups by geographic location. Users are encouraged to use the Tile Index shapefile, which is also available in this data release, to identify orthoimagery files that are appropriate to a specific area of interest. Purpose: Fairbanks Fodar was contracted by the USGS to acquire aerial photography and to generate structure-from-motion products including orthoimagery, digital elevation models, and elevation point clouds. USGS researchers use the orthorectified imagery to delineate shoreline position and characterize coastal geomorphology. Supplemental_Information: The Tile Index shapefile, also available in this data release, provides an outline of the data in each orthoimagery and elevation data file as well as the name of the file. Once the appropriate filenames are identified, users can either download files to their local server or stream the Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) directly to any COG supporting GIS. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20160829 Ending_Date: 20160904 Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -167.62629 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.92483 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 70.29046 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 65.763323 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: ImageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Physical habitats and geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: structure from motion Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: aerial photography Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: geomorphology Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme_Keyword: geography Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: coast Theme_Keyword: beach Theme_Keyword: cliff Theme_Keyword: beach ridge Theme_Keyword: shore Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:62819e47d34e3bef0c9a3b0d Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: State of Alaska Place_Keyword: Icy Cape Place_Keyword: Chukchi Sea Place_Keyword: Wainwright Place_Keyword: Point Lay Place_Keyword: Kasegaluk Lagoon Place_Keyword: Cape Sabine Place_Keyword: Sitkok Point Place_Keyword: Cape Beaufort Place_Keyword: Cape Lisburne Place_Keyword: Wevok Place_Keyword: Cape Lewis Place_Keyword: Kilikralik Point Place_Keyword: Marryat Inlet Place_Keyword: Cape Prince of Wales Place_Keyword: Shishmaref Place_Keyword: Kotzebue Sound Place_Keyword: Kotzebue Place_Keyword: Kivalina Place_Keyword: Point Hope Place_Keyword: Cape Krusenstern Place_Keyword: Deering Place_Keyword: Cape Espenberg Place_Keyword: Cape Thompson Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and Fairbanks Fodar as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/62819e47d34e3bef0c9a3b0d?name=Orthoimagery_Example.jpg&allowOpen=true Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Graphic depicts an example of the orthoimagery data available in this release. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: Data collection was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey. Data acquisition and processing were conducted by Fairbanks Fodar. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 10, Agisoft Photoscan, ArcMap 10.6, gdal v3.3.1 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Nolan Originator: C. Larsen Originator: M. Sturm Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Mapping snow depth from manned aircraft on landscape scales at centimeter resolution using structure-from-motion photogrammetry Other_Citation_Details: Nolan, M., Larsen, C., and Sturm, M., 2015, Mapping snow depth from manned aircraft on landscape scales at centimeter resolution using structure-from-motion photogrammetry: The Cryosphere, v. 9, p. 1445–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1445-2015. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1445-2015 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Alexander G. Snyder Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Publication_Date: 2019 Title: National assessment of shoreline change: A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales Other_Citation_Details: Snyder, A.G., and Gibbs, A.E., 2019, National assessment of shoreline change: A GIS compilation of updated vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H1S1PV. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H1S1PV Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Ann E. Gibbs Originator: Alexander G. Snyder Originator: Bruce M. Richmond Publication_Date: 2019 Title: National Assessment of Shoreline Change—Historical Shoreline Change Along the North Coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales Other_Citation_Details: Gibbs, A.E., Snyder, A.G., and Richmond, B.M., 2019, National assessment of shoreline change—Historical shoreline change along the north coast of Alaska, Icy Cape to Cape Prince of Wales: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1146, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191146. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191146 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jacquelyn R. Overbeck Originator: Richard M. Buzard Originator: Mark M. Turner Originator: Katie Y. Miller Originator: Roberta J.T. Glenn Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Shoreline change at Alaska coastal communities: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation Other_Citation_Details: Overbeck, J.R., Buzard, R.M., Turner, M.M., Miller, K.Y., and Glenn, R.J., 2020, Shoreline change at Alaska coastal communities: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation 2020-10, 29 p., 47 sheets, https://doi.org/10.14509/30552. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30552 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI) Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Fairbanks Fodar Assessment Other_Citation_Details: A formal evaluation performed by Quantum Spatial (2019) compared these data to vertical control points (see the Attribute Accuracy Report). Additional information about this report can be obtained by contact Ann Gibbs (agibbs@usgs.gov). Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy evaluation performed by Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI; 2019) compared these data to other data sources. Additional information about this report can be obtained by contacting Ann Gibbs (agibbs@usgs.gov). Logical_Consistency_Report: Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI; 2019) compared orthoimagery in this dataset to orthoimagery from other sources that cover the same area and the data in release were found to be very consistent in their visual and spatial representation of geomorphic features and infrastructure, except near areas of moving water. Data also include returns from vegetation/the canopy. Shallow underwater reconstructions have not been corrected for parallax. Completeness_Report: Structure-from-motion photogrammetry utilizes overlapping photographs, which can cause moving water surfaces to appear unrealistic. In some rare cases, images of water surface may appear in spatially unrealistic places. These artifacts are generally very recognizable. Users are advised to become familiar with the entire metadata document. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Formal horizontal accuracy checks were not possible, but visual evaluations conducted by Quantum Spatial, Incorporated (QSI; 2019) confirmed that these data align well with other orthoimagery and lidar data. Gibbs and others (2019) used a horizontal uncertainty value of 0.3 meters. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Not applicable. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Photographs were collected using a Nikon D800E with 24 mm lens mounted to a vertical camera port and connected to a survey grade GPS (Trimble 5700), which records an event marker for each photo, allowing for positional accuracy of less than 10 cm. The camera and GPS system was fit to a Cessna 170B, from which the photos were collected (Nolan and others, 2015). Photographs were primarily collected by flying two passes parallel to the shoreline in a flight pattern that achieved approximately 60 percent side lap and 80 percent end lap between photographs. Acquisition methods followed those outlined in Nolan and others (2015), with the exception of the number of passes made by the aircraft, which in this case was two instead of four. Process_Date: 20160904 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. Matt Nolan Contact_Organization: Fairbanks Fodar Contact_Position: Owner Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing Address: PO Box 82416 City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99708 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-978-0542 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: info@fairbanksfodar.com Process_Step: Process_Description: Photographs were processed to optimize exposure and contrast. Photograph position GPS data were post-processed using precise point positioning (PPP) due to the absence of a nearby available GPS base station network. The overlapping aerial photos and GPS positions were input into Agisoft Photoscan Structure-from-Motion software. Data were processed in blocks, based in part on the time the imagery was collected. Agisoft generated point clouds, digital elevation models (DEMs), and orthoimagery, which were output in smaller blocks to make the data more manageable. More information about the processing steps used to generate this dataset are described in Nolan and other, 2015. Process_Date: 20160904 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dr. Matt Nolan Contact_Organization: Fairbanks Fodar Contact_Position: Owner Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing Address: PO Box 82416 City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99708 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-978-0542 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: info@fairbanksfodar.com Process_Step: Process_Description: GDAL v3.3.1 (accessed February, 2022; https://gdal.org) was used to convert the orthoimagery to cloud optimized GeoTIFFs for data publication. The following command was used: gdal_translate ‘infile’ -of COG -stats -co BLOCKSIZE=256 -co COMPRESS=DEFLATE -co PREDICTOR=YES -co NUM_THREADS=ALL_CPUS -co BIGTIFF=YES. Process_Date: 20220118 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Alexander Snyder Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4450 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: agsnyder@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 3 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -165.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.20 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.20 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2011 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Four-band GeoTIFF Rasters Entity_Type_Definition: Pixel based 4-band, 8-bit, unsigned integer raster matrix with 4 layers of information for each pixel: Red, Green, Blue, and a data/no data indicator. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: Band_1 Attribute_Definition: Red wavelength band Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 255 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Band_2 Attribute_Definition: Green wavelength band Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 255 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Band_1 Attribute_Definition: Blue wavelength band Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 255 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Band_4 Attribute_Definition: Values indicating the presence (255) or absence (0) of RGB data from Bands 1,2, or 3. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 255 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: These attribute values represent all orthoimagery rasters in this data release. Filenames are a unique identifier that describes certain attributes of the file, including the region, processing group, data type, grid size, and format. For example, the filename ‘shish_C_ortho_20cm-0-4x_cog’ refers to data that is somewhat close to the town of Shishmaref (‘shish’), processed with other files in group ‘C’, contains orthoimagery (‘ortho’) data, represented as a raster with cell size ‘20cm’, uniquely identified as ‘4-2, and stored as a Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (‘cog’). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Producer defined Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: These data are available in cloud optimized GeoTIFF format and include CSDGM FGDC compliant metadata. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Information_Content: Files contain high-resolution orthoimagery as cloud optimized GeoTIFFs. Filename indicates raster resolution in centimeters and general region of data coverage. File_Decompression_Technique: Deflate compression used in COG generation. Most GIS software can read this compression format without any extra steps from the user. Transfer_Size: 170000 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62819e47d34e3bef0c9a3b0d Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/628535e8d34e3bef0c9a6342 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62853dacd34e3bef0c9a642b Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62854179d34e3bef0c9a64a8 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGJNE9 Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link points to the landing page for the orthoimagery and includes the metadata. The second, third, and fourth links point to the geographically defined pages where the orthoimagery data can be downloaded. The last link points to the landing page for the entire data release from which other data types can be accessed. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software or other software capable of displaying geospatial raster data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20221115 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998