Projected coastal flooding depths for 1-, 20-, and 100-year return interval storms and 0.00, +0.25, +0.50, +1.00, +1.50, +2.00, and +3.00 meter sea-level rise scenarios in American Samoa

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Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Entity_and_Attribute_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Kristen C. Alkins
Originator: Camila L. Gaido
Originator: Borja G. Reguero
Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Publication_Date: 20240130
Title:

Projected coastal flooding depths for 1-, 20-, and 100-year return interval storms and 0.00, +0.25, +0.50, +1.00, +1.50, +2.00, and +3.00 meter sea-level rise scenarios in American Samoa

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GeoTiff
Series_Information:

Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9RIQ7S7

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RIQ7S7
Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Kristen C. Alkins
Originator: Camila L. Gaido
Originator: Borja G. Reguero
Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Originator: Theresa A. Fregoso
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:

Projected coastal flooding extents and depths for 1-, 20-, and 100-year return interval storms and 0.00, +0.25, +0.50, +1.00, +1.50, +2.00, and +3.00 meter sea-level rise scenarios in the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands

Series_Information:

Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9RIQ7S7

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RIQ7S7

Description:

Abstract:

This data release provides flood depth GeoTIFFs based on sea-level rise and wave-driven total water levels for the coast of the American Samoa’s most populated islands of Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, and Tau. Oceanographic, coastal engineering, ecologic, and geospatial data and tools were combined to evaluate the increased risks of storm-induced coastal flooding in the populated American Samoan Islands due to climate change and sea-level rise. We followed risk-based valuation approaches to map flooding due to waves and storm surge at 10-m2 resolution along the coastlines for annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year return-interval storm events and +0.25 m, +0.50 m, +1.00 m, +1.50 m, +2.00 m, and +3.00 m sea-level rise scenarios.

Purpose:

These flood extent files were created to evaluate the increased risks of storm-induced coastal flooding in the most populated American Samoan Islands of Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, and Tau due to climate change and sea-level rise. The data are intended to provide a spatially explicit, rigorous valuation of how, where, and when climate change and sea-level rise increase coastal storm-induced flooding to help identify areas where management and/or restoration could potentially help reduce the risk to, and increase the resiliency of, the coastal communities in American Samoa. The data can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) software for research purposes. The methods follow a sequence of steps derived from Storlazzi and others (2019, 2021) and Reguero and others (2021) that integrate physics-based oceanographic and coastal engineering modeling, along with ecologic and geospatial data and tools, to quantify the role of climate change and sea-level rise in increasing coastal flooding hazards.

Supplemental_Information:

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the dataset in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 20210401
Ending_Date: 20220801

Currentness_Reference: publication date

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.846546803
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -169.416950927
North_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.153287314
South_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.37292361

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: oceans
Theme_Keyword: environment
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning
Theme_Keyword: Predictions
Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Coastal Processes
Theme_Keyword: Geospatial Datasets
Theme_Keyword: Spatial Analysis
Theme_Keyword: Climate Change
Theme_Keyword: Storms
Theme_Keyword: Floods
Theme_Keyword: Sea-level Change
Theme_Keyword: Mathematical modeling
Theme_Keyword: Effects of climate change
Theme_Keyword: Earth sciences
Theme_Keyword: Environmental Justice

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords
Theme_Keyword: Flooding
Theme_Keyword: Sea level change
Theme_Keyword: Waves

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Theme_Keyword: CMHRP
Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: PCMSC
Theme_Keyword: Environmental Equity

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:64821e9cd34eac007b580e16

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: Territory of American Samoa
Place_Keyword: Ofu Island
Place_Keyword: Olosega Island
Place_Keyword: Tau Island
Place_Keyword: Tutuila Island

Access_Constraints: No access constraints
Use_Constraints:

USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and University of California, Santa Cruz as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Native_Data_Set_Environment:

The datasets were created in a Windows 10 Operating system, using Matlab v2020, ArcGIS 10.8.1, and python 3.7. Results were output as NetCDF files and saved as GeoTIFFs.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Originator: Borja G. Reguero
Originator: Aaron D. Cole
Originator: Eric Lowe
Originator: James B. Shope
Originator: Ann E. Gibbs
Originator: Barry A. Nickel
Originator: Robert T. McCall
Originator: Ap R. van Dongeren
Originator: Mike W. Beck
Publication_Date: 2019
Title:

Rigorously Valuing the Role of U.S. Coral Reefs in Coastal Hazard Risk Reduction

Other_Citation_Details:

Storlazzi, C.D., Reguero, B.G., Cole, A.D., Lowe, E., Shope, J.B., Gibbs, A.E., Nickel, B.A., McCall, R.T., van Dongeren, A.R., and Beck, M.W., 2019, Rigorously valuing the role of U.S. coral reefs in coastal hazard risk reduction: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1027, 42 p.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191027

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Originator: Borja G. Reguero
Originator: T. Shay Viehman
Originator: Kristen A. Cumming
Originator: Aaron D. Cole
Originator: James B. Shope
Originator: Sarah H. Groves
Originator: Camila Gaido L.
Originator: Barry A. Nickel
Originator: Mike W. Beck
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:

Rigorously Valuing the Impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Coastal Hazard Risk in Florida and Puerto Rico

Other_Citation_Details:

Storlazzi, C.D., Reguero, B.G., Viehman, T.S., Cumming, K.A., Cole, A.D., Shope, J.B., Groves, S.H., Gaido L., C., Nickel, B.A., and Beck, M.W., 2021, Rigorously valuing the impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on coastal hazard risks in Florida and Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1056, 29 p.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211056

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Borja G. Reguero
Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Originator: Ann E. Gibbs
Originator: James B. Shope
Originator: Aaron D. Cole
Originator: Kristen A. Cumming
Originator: Mike W. Beck
Publication_Date: 2021
Title: The value of US coral reefs for flood risk reduction
Other_Citation_Details:

Reguero, B.G., Storlazzi, C.D., Gibbs, A.E., Shope J.B., Cole, A.D., Cumming, K.A., and Beck, M.W., 2021 Author Correction: The value of US coral reefs for flood risk reduction. Nat Sustain 4, 457.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00724-4

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Originator: Borja G. Reguero
Originator: Camila L. Gaido
Originator: Kristen C. Alkins
Originator: Chris Lowrie
Originator: Kees M. Nederhoff
Originator: Li H. Erikson
Originator: Andrea C. O’Neill
Originator: Mike W. Beck
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:

Forecasting Storm-Induced Coastal Flooding for 21st Century Sea-Level Rise Scenarios in the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands

Other_Citation_Details:

Storlazzi, C.D., Reguero, B.G., Gaido L., C., Alkins, K.C., Lowrie, C., Nederhoff, K.M., Erikson, L.H., O’Neill, A.C., and Beck, M.W., 2024, Forecasting storm-induced coastal flooding for 21st century sea-level rise scenarios in the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Data Report 1184, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1184.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1184

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Booij, N
Originator: Ris, R.C.
Originator: Holthuijsen, L.H.
Publication_Date: 1999
Title:

A third-generation wave model for coastal regions - 1. Model description and validation

Other_Citation_Details:

Booij, N., Ris, R.C. and Holthuijsen, L.H., 1999, A third-generation wave model for coastal regions - 1. Model description and validation, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 104(C4): 7649–7666.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Camus, P.
Originator: Mendez, F.J.
Originator: Medina, R.
Originator: Cofino, A.S.,
Publication_Date: 2011
Title:

Analysis of clustering and selection algorithms for the study of multivariate wave climate

Other_Citation_Details:

Camus, P., Mendez, F.J., Medina, R., and Cofino, A.S., 2011. Analysis of clustering and selection algorithms for the study of multivariate wave climate, Coastal Engineering, 58: 453–462.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Erikson, L.H.
Originator: Herdman, L.
Originator: Flahnerty, C.
Originator: Engelstad, A.
Originator: Pusuluri, P
Originator: Barnard, P.L
Originator: Storlazzi, C.D.
Originator: Beck, M.
Originator: Reguero, B.
Originator: Parker, K.
Publication_Date: 2022
Title:

Ocean wave time-series data simulated with a global-scale numerical wave model under the influence of projected CMIP6 wind and sea ice fields

Other_Citation_Details:

Erikson, L.H., Herdman, L., Flahnerty, C., Engelstad, A., Pusuluri, P., Barnard, P.L., Storlazzi, C.D., Beck, M., Reguero, B., Parker, K., 2022, Ocean wave time-series data simulated with a global-scale numerical wave model under the influence of projected CMIP6 wind and sea ice fields: U.S. Geological Survey data release

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KR0RFM

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Leijnse, T
Originator: van Ormondt, M
Originator: Nederhoff, K.
Originator: van Dongeren, A.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:

Modeling compound flooding in coastal systems using a computationally efficient reduced-physics solver: Including fluvial, pluvial, tidal, wind-and wave-driven processes

Other_Citation_Details:

Leijnse, T., van Ormondt, M., Nederhoff, K., & van Dongeren, A., 2021, Modeling compound flooding in coastal systems using a computationally efficient reduced-physics solver: Including fluvial, pluvial, tidal, wind-and wave-driven processes. Coastal Engineering, 163, 103796.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Muis, S.
Originator: Verlaan, M.
Originator: Winsemius, H.C.
Originator: Aerts, J.
Originator: Ward, P.J.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: A global reanalysis of storm surge and extreme sea levels
Other_Citation_Details:

Muis, S., Verlaan, M., Winsemius, H.C., Aerts, J.C.J.H., Ward, P.J., 2016. A global reanalysis of storm surge and extreme sea levels. Nature Communications, 7(7:11969), 1–11.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Muis, S.
Originator: Apecechea, M.I.
Originator: Dullaart, J.
Originator: de Lima Rego, J.
Originator: Madsen, K.S.
Originator: Su, J.
Originator: Yan, K.
Originator: Verlaan, M.
Publication_Date: 2020
Title:

A high-resolution global dataset of extreme sea levels, tides, and storm surges, including future projections

Other_Citation_Details:

Muis, S., Apecechea, M.I., Dullaart, J., de Lima Rego, J., Madsen, K.S., Su, J., Yan, K., Verlaan, M., 2020, A high-resolution global dataset of extreme sea levels, tides, and storm surges, including future projections. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 263.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Ris, R.C.
Originator: Holthuijsen, L.H.
Originator: Booij, N.
Publication_Date: 1999
Title:

A third-generation wave model for coastal regions- 2. Verification

Other_Citation_Details:

Ris, R.C., Holthuijsen, L.H., and Booij, N., 1999, A third-generation wave model for coastal regions - 2. Verification, J. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 104(C4): 7667–7681. Cross_Reference:

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Roelvink, J.A.
Originator: Reniers A.
Originator: van Dongeren, A.R.
Originator: van Thiel de Vries, J.
Originator: McCall, R.
Originator: Lescinski, J.
Publication_Date: 2009
Title: Modelling storm impacts on beaches, dunes and barrier islands
Other_Citation_Details:

Roelvink, J.A., Reniers A., van Dongeren, A.R., van Thiel de Vries, J., McCall, R. and Lescinski, J., 2009, Modelling storm impacts on beaches, dunes and barrier islands, Coastal Engineering, 56(11-12): 1133–1152.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN)
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: SWAN website
Other_Citation_Details: SWAN, 2016. SWAN website. access date: Dec 19, 2016
Online_Linkage: https://swanmodel.sourceforge.io/

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Verlaan, M.
Originator: De Kleermaeker, S.
Originator: Buckman, L
Publication_Date: 2015
Title: GLOSSIS: Global storm surge forecasting and information system
Other_Citation_Details:

Verlaan, M., De Kleermaeker, S., Buckman, L., 2015, GLOSSIS: Global storm surge forecasting and information system. In: Australasian Coasts & Ports Conference, p. 22.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: XBeach
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: XBeach Open Source Community website
Other_Citation_Details:

XBeach, 2016. XBeach Open-Source Community website. http://oss.deltares.nl/web/xbeach/ [access date: Dec 19, 2016]

Online_Linkage: http://oss.deltares.nl/web/xbeach/

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

Attribute values are model-derived extents of flood projections due to plausible sea-level rise and future storm conditions and therefore cannot be validated against observations.

Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards.
Completeness_Report:

Dataset is considered complete for the information presented as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the metadata record carefully for additional details.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Data are concurrent with topobathymetric digital elevation model (DEM) locations.

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Model-derived data are accurate within the flood potential layers, indicative of total uncertainty from elevation data sources, model processes and contributing data, and vertical land motion. This value is spatially variable and dependent on scenario.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Tolman, H. L.
Publication_Date: 1997
Title:

User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH-III version 1.15

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: NOAA / NWS / NCEP / OMB

Online_Linkage: https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/mmab/papers/tn151/OMB_151.pdf

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1997

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Source_Contribution:

WaveWatchIII wave climate parameters were used as input on the hybrid downscaling approach.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Tolman, H. L.,
Publication_Date: 1999
Title:

User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH-III version 1.18

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: NOAA / NWS / NCEP / OMB

Online_Linkage: https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/mmab/papers/tn166/OMB_166.pdf

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1999

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Source_Contribution:

WaveWatchIII wave climate parameters were used as input on the hybrid downscaling approach.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Tolman, H. L.,
Publication_Date: 2009
Title:

User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 3.14

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: NOAA / NWS / NCEP / OMB

Online_Linkage: https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/mmab/papers/tn276/MMAB_276.pdf

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2009

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Source_Contribution:

WaveWatchIII wave climate parameters were used as input on the hybrid downscaling approach.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Nature Communications

Online_Linkage: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11969

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2016

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Source_Contribution:

The nearest GTSM output point was fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD), selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method. The latter was done to calculate the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for each location.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

A high-resolution global dataset of extreme sea levels, tides, and storm surges, including future projections

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetDCF
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Frontiers in Marine Science

Online_Linkage:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00263/full

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2020

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Source_Contribution:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Muis, S.
Originator: Apecechea, M.
Originator: Álvarez, J.
Originator: Verlaan, M.
Originator: Yan, K.
Originator: Dullaart, J.
Originator: Aerts, J.
Originator: Duong, T.
Originator: Ranasinghe, R.
Originator: Erikson, L.
Originator: O'Neill, A.
Originator: Duong, T.
Originator: le Bars, D.
Originator: Haarsma, R.
Originator: Roberts, M.
Publication_Date: 2022
Title:

Global water level change indicators from 1950 to 2050 derived from HighRes CMIP6 climate projections

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store

Online_Linkage:

https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-water-level-change-indicators-cmip6?tab=overview

Type_of_Source_Media: digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2022

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Source_Contribution:

Source_Contribution: The nearest GTSM output point was fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD), selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method. The latter was done to calculate the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for each location.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Hindcasted and forecasted deep-water wave data from WaveWatchIII (Tolman 1997, 1999, 2009) simulations forced from four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; https://www.ipcc.ch/) Couple Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6; https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6) global climate models (GCMs) were produced for 31 years (2020-2050) by Erikson and others (2022) for the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Process_Date: 20211001
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Hindcasted and forecasted tide and storm surge data from GTSM (Verlaan and others, 2015; Muis and others, 2016, 2020) simulations were forced using the same four GCMs for the same 31 years (2020-2050) by Muis and others (2022) for the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Process_Date: 20210401
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Following the methodology of Camus and others (2011) the offshore wave climate data were synthesized into 999 combinations of sea states (wave height, wave periods, and wave directions) that best represented the range of conditions from the Erikson and others (2022) database.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Process_Date: 20210501
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

The 999 selected sea states were propagated to the coast using the physics-based Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) spectral wave model (Booij and others, 1999; Ris and others, 1999; SWAN, 2016), which simulates wave transformations nearshore by solving the spectral action balance equation.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SWAN
Process_Date: 20210515
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

The propagated 999 shallow-water wave conditions were extracted at 100-m intervals along the coastline, at a water depth of 30 m, and then reconstructed into hourly time series using multidimensional interpolation techniques (Camus and others, 2011).

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Camus and others
Process_Date: 20210715
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Benthic habitat maps defining coral reef spatial extent and percent coral cover were used to delineate the location of nearshore coral reefs and their relative coral abundance along the reef-lined shorelines.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS
Process_Date: 20210301
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

The nearshore wave time series (hourly data from 2020 to 2050) were fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD) selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method, to obtain the significant wave heights associated with the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return periods. Given the differences between GCMs, the GPDs for each GCM were adjusted using a common, unique threshold, which was obtained as the minimum threshold obtained for each extreme value model estimated for each GCM individually. The results correspond to the ensemble, as the mean value for each return period. The corresponding annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for the location were calculated similarly, from the nearest GTSM output point.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GCM, GTSM
Process_Date: 20211001
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

The return value significant wave heights and associated peak periods, estimated through a linear regression on the wave time series from SWAN, were then propagated over the coral reefs with corresponding return value sea levels from GTSM along the 100-m spaced shore-normal transects using the numerical model XBeach (Roelvink and others, 2009; XBeach, 2016). XBeach generated forcing wave time series for each modeled storm return period, which were reused as inputs for modeling six sea-level rise scenarios (+0.25 m, +0.50 m, +1.00 m, +1.50 m, +2.00 m, and +3.00 m sea-level rise) under the same return period.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SWAN, XBeach
Process_Date: 20220401
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Camila Gaido
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Coastal Modeler
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cgaido@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

XBeach outputs, extracted at the 0.5 m depth, were used to calculate water level and infragravity waves time series used to force SFINCS. SFINCS is a super-fast flooding model that dynamically calculates two-dimensional compound flooding maps in coastal areas (Leijnse and others, 2021). In this project, SFINCS was coupled with XBeach to compute two-dimensional flood maps for all the islands, storm return periods, and sea-level rise scenarios.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SFINCS
Process_Date: 20220801
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Camila Gaido
Contact_Organization: UCSC

Contact_Position: Coastal Modeler
Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cgaido@ucsc.edu

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

All originating rasters for each data layer were imported into ArcMap and converted from netCDF (.nc) to raster (.tif) files. These outputs were clipped to fit the land area of each island. The geoTIFFs were exported as shapefiles from ArcMap for all combinations of seven sea-level rise scenarios (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 m), 3 storms (1-year, 20-year, and 100-year return period coastal events) for a total of 21 scenarios. Final shapefiles were separated by island (Projections_FloodDepths_*Island*.zip) for file-size considerations. GeoTIFFs are further organized by storm scenario return period (’RP’).

Process_Date: 20230303

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Minor edits were made to metadata to correct spelling and add clarification. A missing underscore was added to a file name in the Tutuila data folder. No data were changed. (mau@usgs.gov)

Process_Date: 20240820

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:

Raster_Object_Type: Pixel

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Geographic:

Latitude_Resolution: 0.000000001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.000000001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal Degrees

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563

Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Altitude_System_Definition:

Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Altitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Altitude_Encoding_Method: Implicit coordinate

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: Projections_flooddepths_[Island].
Entity_Type_Definition:

GeoTIFFs consisting of the flood depths for the SLR and storm return period scenario for each island.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Value
Attribute_Definition: water depth
Attribute_Definition_Source: producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1
Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.9
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.000001

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

GeoTIFFs contained in this part of the data release include projected flood extents in the following format [Island]_wd_[sea-level rise scenario]_[RP]_F.tif, where [sea-level rise scenario] = one of the 7 sea-level rise scenarios modeled (000cm, 025cm, 050cm, 100cm, 150cm, 200cm, 300cm), and [RP] = one of the following storm return periods (001, 020, 100) Storm scenario return periods cover once-a-year on average storms (001), every 20 years on average (020) and every 100 years on average (100) storms. Files are grouped by island, containing all SLR, RP and output files. For example, Projections_Flooddepths_Tutuila.zip, contains all outputs for Tutuila, within which Tutuila_wd_SLR300_100_f.tif illustrates the flood depths for a sea-level rise of 300 cm (3 m) during a 100-year storm.

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
City: Denver
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80225

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov

Resource_Description:

These data are available as GeoTIFFs by island for which [Projections_Flooddepth_*ISLAND*.zip] is the filename, where *ISLAND* could be Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, or Tau.

Distribution_Liability:

Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: GeoTIFF
Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 10.8.1
Format_Specification:

Features are GeoTIFF format and are projected in UTM Zone 2S coordinates, with horizontal datum WGS84

Format_Information_Content:

.zip contains the flood depth rasters for Tutuila, Ofu-Olesega, and Tau in American Samoa.

File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip
Transfer_Size: 7.46971

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name:

https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/64821e9cd34eac007b580e16

Network_Resource_Name:

https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64821e9cd34eac007b580e16

Network_Resource_Name:

https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64821e8ad34eac007b580e14

Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RIQ7S7

Access_Instructions:

Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the zipped file of data and metadata for Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, and Tau in American Samoa. The second link points to a landing page with links to the metadata and flood-depth data for Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, and Tau. The third link points to the landing page for the flood depth and flood extent data for Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, and Tau. The fourth link points to the landing page for the entire data release.

Fees: None.

Technical_Prerequisites:

These data can be viewed with ArcGIS or other spatial analysis software.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20240910
Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_P9RIQ7S7/Projections_FloodDepths_AmericanSamoa_metadata.html>