Dataset is considered complete for the information presented as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the metadata record carefully for additional details.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Tolman, H. L.
Publication_Date: 1997
Title:
User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH-III version 1.15
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: NOAA / NWS / NCEP / OMB
Online_Linkage: https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/mmab/papers/tn151/OMB_151.pdf
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1997
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Source_Contribution:
WaveWatchIII wave climate parameters were used as input on the hybrid downscaling approach.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Tolman, H. L.,
Publication_Date: 1999
Title:
User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH-III version 1.18.
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: NOAA / NWS / NCEP / OMB
Online_Linkage: https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/mmab/papers/tn166/OMB_166.pdf
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1999
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Source_Contribution:
WaveWatchIII wave climate parameters were used as input on the hybrid downscaling approach.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Tolman, H. L.,
Publication_Date: 2009
Title:
User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 3.14
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: NOAA / NWS / NCEP / OMB
Online_Linkage: https://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/mmab/papers/tn276/MMAB_276.pdf
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2009
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: WaveWatchIII
Source_Contribution:
WaveWatchIII wave climate parameters were used as input on the hybrid downscaling approach.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Muis, S.
Originator: Verlaan, M.
Originator: Winsemius, H.C.
Originator: Aerts, J.
Originator: Ward, P.J.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: A global reanalysis of storm surge and extreme sea levels.
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Nature Communications
Online_Linkage: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11969
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2016
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Source_Contribution:
The nearest GTSM output point was fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD), selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method. The latter was done to calculate the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for each location.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Muis, S.
Originator: Apecechea, M.I.
Originator: Dullaart, J.
Originator: de Lima Rego, J.
Originator: Madsen, K.S.
Originator: Su, J.
Originator: Yan, K.
Originator: Verlaan, M.
Publication_Date: 2020
Title:
A high-resolution global dataset of extreme sea levels, tides, and storm surges, including future projections.
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetDCF
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Frontiers in Marine Science
Online_Linkage:
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2020
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Source_Contribution:
The nearest GTSM output point was fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD), selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method. The latter was done to calculate the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for each location.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Muis, S.
Originator: Apecechea, M.
Originator: Álvarez, J.
Originator: Verlaan, M.
Originator: Yan, K.
Originator: Dullaart, J.
Originator: Aerts, J.
Originator: Duong, T.
Originator: Ranasinghe, R.
Originator: Erikson, L.
Originator: O'Neill, A.
Originator: Duong, T.
Originator: le Bars, D.
Originator: Haarsma, R.
Originator: Roberts, M.
Publication_Date: 2022
Title:
Global water level change indicators from 1950 to 2050 derived from HighRes CMIP6 climate projections
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: NetCDF
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store
Online_Linkage:
Type_of_Source_Media: digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2022
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Source_Contribution:
Source_Contribution: The nearest GTSM output point was fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD), selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method. The latter was done to calculate the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for each location.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
All processes and methods are outlined in Storlazzi and others (2023); please refer to that for more information beyond the summary in this document
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Storlazzi and others 2023
Process_Date: 2023
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Hindcasted and forecasted deep-water wave data from WaveWatchIII (Tolman 1997, 1999, 2009) simulations forced from four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC;
https://www.ipcc.ch/) Couple Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6;
https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6) global climate models (GCMs) were produced for 31 years (2020-2050) by Erikson and others (2022) for the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands.
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Hindcasted and forecasted tide and storm surge data from GTSM (Verlaan and others, 2015; Muis and others, 2016, 2020) simulations were forced using the same four GCMs for the same 31 years (2020-2050) by Muis and others (2022) for the Hawaiian, Mariana, and American Samoan Islands.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Process_Date: 20210401
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Following the methodology of Camus and others (2011) the offshore wave climate data were synthesized into 999 combinations of sea states (wave height, wave periods, and wave directions) that best represented the range of conditions from the Erikson and others (2022) database.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GTSM
Process_Date: 20210501
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The 999 selected sea states were propagated to the coast using the physics-based Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) spectral wave model (Booij and others, 1999; Ris and others, 1999; SWAN, 2016), which simulates wave transformations nearshore by solving the spectral action balance equation.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SWAN
Process_Date: 20210515
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The propagated 999 shallow-water wave conditions were extracted at 100-m intervals along the coastline, at a water depth of 30 m, and then reconstructed into hourly time series using multidimensional interpolation techniques (Camus and others, 2011).
Process_Date: 20210715
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Benthic habitat maps defining coral reef spatial extent and percent coral cover were used to delineate the location of nearshore coral reefs and their relative coral abundance along the reef-lined shorelines.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS
Process_Date: 20210301
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The nearshore wave time series (hourly data from 2020 to 2050) were fit to a General Pareto Distribution (GPD) selecting the maxima using the peak exceedances over a threshold method, to obtain the significant wave heights associated with the annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return periods. Given the differences between GCMs, the GPDs for each GCM were adjusted using a common, unique threshold, which was obtained as the minimum threshold obtained for each extreme value model estimated for each GCM individually. The results correspond to the ensemble, as the mean value for each return period. The corresponding annual (1-year), 20-year, and 100-year storm return period extreme water levels for the location were calculated similarly, from the nearest GTSM output point.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GCM, GTSM
Process_Date: 20211001
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Borja Reguero
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Associate Research Professor
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Breguero@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The return value significant wave heights and associated peak periods, estimated through a linear regression on the wave time series from SWAN, were then propagated over the coral reefs with corresponding return value sea levels from GTSM along the 100-m spaced shore-normal transects using the numerical model XBeach (Roelvink and others, 2009; XBeach, 2016). XBeach generated forcing wave time series for each modeled storm return period, which were reused as inputs for modeling six sea-level rise scenarios (+0.25 m, +0.50 m, +1.00 m, +1.50 m, +2.00 m, and +3.00 m sea-level rise) under the same return period.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SWAN, XBeach
Process_Date: 20220401
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Camila Gaido
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Coastal Modeler
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cgaido@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
XBeach outputs, extracted at the 0.5 m depth, were used to calculate water level and infragravity waves time series used to force SFINCS. SFINCS is a super-fast flooding model that dynamically calculates two-dimensional compound flooding maps in coastal areas (Leijnse and others, 2021). In this project, SFINCS was coupled with XBeach to compute two-dimensional flood maps for all the islands, storm return periods, and sea-level rise scenarios.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: SFINCS
Process_Date: 20220801
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Camila Gaido
Contact_Organization: UCSC
Contact_Position: Coastal Modeler
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 115 McAllister Way
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-459-1459
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cgaido@ucsc.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
All originating rasters for each data layer were imported into ArcMap and converted from netCDF (.nc) to raster (.tif) files. These outputs were clipped to fit the land area of each island. The geoTIFFs were exported as shapefiles from ArcMap for all combinations of seven sea-level rise scenarios (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 m), 3 storms (1-year, 20-year, and 100-year return period coastal events) for a total of 21 scenarios. Final shapefiles were separated by island (Projections_FloodExtents_*Island*.zip) for file-size considerations. Shapefiles are further organized by storm scenario return period ('RP').
Process_Date: 20230103
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Minor edits were made to metadata to correct spelling and add clarification. No data were changed. (mau@usgs.gov)
Process_Date: 20240820
