Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Joshua B. Logan Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi Publication_Date: 20220321 Title: Refraction-corrected bathymetric digital surface model (DSM) from the UAS survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, 24 June 2018 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: point cloud digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9XZT1FK Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XZT1FK Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61b2a50fd34e3bd218621302 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Joshua B. Logan Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Aerial imagery and structure-from-motion-derived shallow water bathymetry from a UAS survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, June 2018 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9XZT1FK Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XZT1FK Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61943c39d34eb622f68f530c Description: Abstract: This portion of the data release presents a bathymetric digital surface model (DSM) from an unoccupied aerial system (UAS) survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, on 24 June 2018. The DSM has a horizontal resolution of 10 centimeters per pixel and has been corrected for the effects of refraction using the techniques described in Dietrich (2017a). The DSM was created from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected using a UAS with a Ricoh GR II digital camera fitted with a circular polarizing filter. During the survey, a pressure sensor was deployed in the survey area to derive an accurate measurement of the mean water surface elevation (WSE). After a preliminary dense point cloud was derived from SfM processing, the WSE was used to calculate apparent water depths. These apparent depths along with the estimated camera positions and orientations were used as inputs for the multi-view refraction correction python script (py_sfm_depth.py) described in Dietrich (2017b). The resulting point cloud was then rasterized to create the DSM. The refraction-corrected DSM showed a substantial improvement in accuracy over a DSM created using the uncorrected point cloud. When compared to the 2013 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Topobathy Lidar for the area in the central portion of the data set the vertical RMSE for the refraction-corrected DSM was 0.233 meters with a mean residual of -0.013 meters, whereas the vertical RMSE for the uncorrected DSM was 0.428 meters with a mean residual of -0.340 meters (see the Vertical Positional Accuracy Report in the metadata for a complete description of the accuracy analysis). The refraction-corrected bathymetric DSM is presented in a cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format with internal overviews and masks to facilitate cloud-based queries and display. References Cited: Deitrich, J.R., 2017a, Bathymetric Structure-from-Motion: extracting shallow stream bathymetry from multi-view stereo photogrammetry: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4060. Deitrich, J.R., 2017b, py_sfm_depth: Github online repository, https://github.com/geojames/py_sfm_depth. Purpose: These data were collected to characterize the morphology and rugosity of the shallow fringing coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, as part of a larger USGS study of nearshore circulation and hydrodynamic properties of coral reefs. The point cloud can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) software or other three-dimensional analysis software for research purposes. Supplemental_Information: Additional information about the field activity from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-617-FA Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20180624 Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.15679 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.15388 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.09352 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.08451 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry and Elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: topography Theme_Keyword: topographic maps Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: geomorphology Theme_Keyword: aerial photography Theme_Keyword: image mosaics Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: structure from motion Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: photography Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: aerial and satellite photography Theme_Keyword: altimetry Theme_Keyword: orthophotography Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: reef Theme_Keyword: fringing reef Theme_Keyword: coral reefs Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CHMRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Theme_Keyword: UAS Theme_Keyword: Unmanned aerial system Theme_Keyword: Structure-from-motion Theme_Keyword: SfM Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:61b2a50fd34e3bd218621302 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: State of Hawaii Place_Keyword: Molokai Place_Keyword: Maui County Place_Keyword: Waiakane Place_Keyword: Kalohi Channel Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/61b2a50fd34e3bd218621302?name=Waiakane_2018-06-24_refraction_corrected_DSM_10cm_browse.jpg&allowOpen=true Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Color-shaded relief image of the bathymetric digital surface model (DSM) from the UAS survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, 24 June 2018, with error distribution plot showing the vertical differences between the USACE Topobathy Lidar and the DSM derived from the uncorrected point cloud (purple) and refraction-corrected point cloud (orange). Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 10, Agisoft PhotoScan version 1.4 through Agisoft Metashape 1.6, ESRI ArcGIS 10.6 through 10.7, Exiftool, QGIS 3.04 through 3.16, and GDAL 3.1.4. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy was estimated by using 7 submerged ground control points (GCPs) as check points. During acquisition, both submerged and sub-aerial GCPs were deployed near one another. Sub-aerial GCPs were deployed on vertical stakes to provide sufficient elevation to maintain the GCP above the water surface elevation. Submerged GCPs were deployed nearby on the seafloor in water generally less than 1 meter deep. The sub-aerial GCPs were used in the SfM processing and the submerged GCPs were withheld to serve as check points to evaluate the accuracy of the SfM products. The horizontal RMSE for the SfM derived positions of the submerged GCPs relative to their PPK GPS-measured positions was 0.133 meters. The addition of the estimated horizontal GPS accuracy (0.050 meters) in quadrature results in a total horizontal accuracy estimate of 0.142 meters for the point cloud. It should be noted that this error estimate is for areas near where GCPs were placed and in similar water depths. The effects of refraction at the air-water interface are likely to have caused significant displacement of the apparent position of objects relative to their true position, especially in deep water, or near the edges of the point cloud where the position of objects was likely derived from off-nadir sectors of the raw imagery. Additional sources of error such as poor image-to-image point matching due poor water clarity (such as on the shallow reef flat neat the shoreline), uniform substrate texture (such as mud and sand near the shoreline), or greater water depths resulting in poor surface reconstruction likely caused additional localized errors in some portions of the point cloud which exceed this estimate. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Vertical accuracy was estimated by comparing the central portion of the DSM (between UTM easting 691605 and 691720, and UTM northing 2332805 and 2333245) to individual points in the 2013 USACE NCMP Topobathy Lidar data set. For this area, the vertical accuracy analysis was performed by performing bilinear interpolation of the DSM values at each point in the 2013 USACE NCMP Topobathy Lidar data set. The vertical residual between each lidar point and the DSM were tabulated, and statistical measures of precision were calculated. The resulting vertical RMSE for from this analysis was found to be 0.233 meters (MAE 0.149 meters) with a mean residual of -0.013 meters. The refraction-corrected DSM showed a significant improvement over the uncorrected DSM: the same analysis for the uncorrected DSM showed an RMSE of 0.428 meters (MAE 0.346 meters) with a mean residual of -0.340 meters. To estimate total accuracy of the DSM, the estimated vertical accuracy of the NCMP lidar (approximately 0.250 meters, calculated based on depth relative to a WSE of 16.327) was added to the RMSE in quadrature resulting in a total vertical accuracy estimate of 0.342 meters for the DSM. It should be noted that this error estimate is for the defined central portion of the DSM only. The effects of refraction at the air-water interface are likely to have caused significant vertical errors of the apparent position of objects relative to their true position, especially in deep water, or near the edges of the DSM where the position of objects was likely derived from off-nadir sectors of the raw imagery. Additional sources of error such as poor image-to-image point matching due poor water clarity (such as on the shallow reef flat neat the shoreline), uniform substrate texture (such as mud and sand near the shoreline), or greater water depths resulting in poor surface reconstruction likely caused additional localized errors in some portions of the DSM which exceed this estimate. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Dietrich, J.T. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Bathymetric Structure-from-Motion: extracting shallow stream bathymetry from multi-view stereo photogrammetry Publication_Information: Publication_Place: journal article Publisher: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4060 Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2017 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Dietrich (2017a) Source_Contribution: Journal article describing technique to correct structure from motion data for the effects of refraction in shallow water. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Dietrich, J.T. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: py_sfm_depth Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online software repository Publisher: GitHub Online_Linkage: https://github.com/geojames/py_sfm_depth Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2017 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: py_sfm_depth (Dietrich, 2017b) Source_Contribution: Online software repository with python script to correct structure from motion point clouds for the effects of refraction in shallow water. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) Publication_Date: 2016 Title: 2013 USACE NCMP Topobathy Lidar: Molokai (HI) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: lidar point data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Digital Coast Data Access Viewer, NOAA Office for Coastal Management Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20131009 Ending_Date: 20131115 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2013 USACE NCMP Topobathy Lidar Source_Contribution: Topobathy lidar used for validation of SfM data. Process_Step: Process_Description: Aerial imagery was collected using a Department of Interior-owned 3DR Solo quadcopter fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines which were oriented roughly shore-normal and were spaced to provide approximately 75 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines, at an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL). The camera was triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. Before each flight, the camera’s digital ISO, aperture, and shutter speed were adjusted for ambient light conditions. A total of five flights were conducted for the survey between 16:40 and 17:45 UTC (06:40 and 07:45 HST). Flight F01 was a reconnaissance flight, and no mapping imagery was collected during the flight. Flights F02 and F03 were conducted at an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in complete coverage of the mapping area with a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of approximately 2.5 centimeters per pixel. Flights F04 and F05 were conducted using the same flight lines and altitudes of F02 and F03, but the camera was fitted with a circular polarizing filter to reduced reflections and provide improved imaging of the seafloor through the water surface. Only the images collected with the polarizing filter (F04 and F05) were used for the creation of the point cloud presented in this data release. Process_Date: 20180624 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Joshua Logan Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Survey control was established using twenty temporary ground control points (GCPs) distributed throughout the survey area. The GCPs were placed using a combination of kayaking, wading, and snorkeling. The GCPs consisted of: nine submerged targets consisting of small (80 centimeter X 80 centimeter) square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns anchored to the shallow (less than 1.5 meters deep) seafloor using 2 pound fishing weights; nine sub-aerial targets consisting of orange plastic five-gallon bucket lids (32 centimeter diameter) painted with a black “X” pattern and affixed in a horizontal orientation to vertical rebar stakes placed in areas of reef rubble to provide the targets with sufficient elevation to remain above the water surface during the survey; and two sub-aerial ground targets consisting of small (80 centimeter X 80 centimeter) square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns placed in the sand at the shoreline. Two of the submerged targets were disturbed by waves or currents during the survey and were not used for SfM processing. All GCP positions were measured using post-processed kinematic (PPK) GPS, using corrections from a GPS base station on a temporary benchmark (MK02) located approximately 1 kilometer away from the study area. Reference coordinates for MK02 were established using the mean position derived from four static GPS occupations with durations greater than 4 hours submitted to the National Geodetic Survey Online Positioning User Service (NGS OPUS). Process_Date: 20180624 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Joshua Logan Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: To measure approximate water surface elevations during the survey, a pressure sensor was temporarily deployed at a central location within the mapping area approximately 450 meters offshore. Water depths were recorded at 1 Hz and were adjusted to compensate for atmospheric pressure using an atmospheric pressure sensor concurrently deployed nearby. The elevation of the pressure sensor port was measured using the same PPK GPS used for the GCPs. The water surface elevation (WSE) was calculated using the sum of the measured ellipsoidal height of the sensor and the mean water depth measured during the duration of the UAS flights. To correct for potential low-frequency water level fluctuations during the survey (such as those caused by tidal fluctuation, or wind and wave setup), separate WSE were calculated for flights F02 and F03 (unfiltered, “non-polarized” imagery) and for F04 and F05 (imagery collected with a circular polarizing filter). Wave action was minimal during both time periods: depths varied by 0.138 meters with a standard deviation of 0.021 meters, and 0.170 meters with a standard deviation of 0.020 meters during the acquisition of the non-polarized and polarized imagery, respectively. Longer-frequency water level changes were also found to be minimal during the time period. Despite the different time periods, the resulting final mean WSE of the time periods for F02 and F03, and F04 and F05 differed by less than 0.001 meters. The final resulting mean WSE for both time periods was calculated as 16.327 meters above the NAD83 GRS80 ellipsoid. Process_Date: 20180624 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Joshua Logan Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The image files were renamed using a custom python script. The file names were formed using the following pattern Fx-YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ_Ryz.*, where: - Fx = Flight number - YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ = date and time in the ISO 8601 standard, where 'T' separates the date from the time, and 'Z' denotes UTC ('Zulu') time. - Ry = RA or RB to distinguish camera 'RicohA' from 'RicohB' - z = original image name assigned by camera during acquisition - * = file extension (JPG or DNG) The approximate image acquisition coordinates were added to the image metadata (EXIF) ('geotagged') using the image timestamp and the telemetry logs from the UAS onboard single-frequency 1-Hz autonomous GPS. The geotagging process was done using the GeoSetter software package. To improve timestamp accuracy, the image acquisition times were adjusted to true ('corrected') UTC time by comparing the image timestamps with several images taken of a smartphone app ('Emerald Time') showing accurate time from Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. For this survey, + 00:00:02 (2 seconds) were added to the image timestamp to synchronize with UTC time. The positions stored in the EXIF are in geographic coordinates referenced to the WGS84(G1150) coordinate reference system (EPSG:7660), with elevation in meters relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid. Additional information was added to the EXIF using the command-line 'exiftool' software with the following command: exiftool ^ -P ^ -Copyright="Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey." ^ -CopyrightNotice="Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey." ^ -ImageDescription="Low-altitude aerial image of the shallow coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, HI, USA, from USGS Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -Caption-Abstract="Coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, HI, USA, from USGS survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -Caption="Aerial image of the shallow coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, HI, USA, from USGS Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -sep ", " ^ -keywords="coral reef, Molokai, Maui County, Hawaii, Waiakane, 2018-617-FA, Unmanned Aircraft System, UAS, drone, aerial imagery, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" ^ -comment="Low-altitude aerial image from USGS Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" ^ -Contact="pcmsc_data@usgs.gov" ^ -Artist="U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" Process_Date: 2018 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Joshua Logan Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Structure-from-motion (SfM) processing techniques were used to create the point clouds in the Agisoft Photoscan/Metashape software package using the following workflow with the JPG images from F04 and F05 (images collected with a polarizing filter): 1. Preliminary image alignment and sparse point cloud error reduction was performed using shoreline imagery to develop an a priori camera lens model. The lens model was then fixed for the subsequent SfM processing steps. 2. Additional image alignment for all the images was performed with the following parameters - Accuracy: 'high'; Pair selection: 'reference', 'generic'; Key point limit: 0 (unlimited); Tie point limit: 0 (unlimited). 3. Sparse point cloud error reduction was performed using an iterative gradual selection and camera optimization process in which all sparse points exceeding a Reconstruction Uncertainty of 10 were removed from the sparse point cloud. Additional sparse points obviously above or below the true surface were manually deleted after the last error reduction iteration, and a final camera optimization was performed. 4. Ground control points (GCPs) were manually marked for all GCPs. All submerged GCPs were disabled in subsequent processing steps to serve as validation check points. 5. A final camera optimization was performed, and a dense point cloud was created using the 'high' accuracy setting, with 'aggressive' depth filtering. 6. Some manual editing was performed to delete obvious high and low noise from the point cloud. Classification was run on the point cloud to identify 'low noise' and 'ground' points. 7. The estimate camera positions were exported for use in further processing. 8. The point cloud was exported to an LAZ file for further processing. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Joshua Logan Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Post-processing of the point cloud was performed to reduce the effect of refraction at the air-water interface using the multi-view refraction correction python script (py_sfm_depth.py) described in Dietrich (2017a). The script was used as part of the following workflow: 1. The point cloud was thinned to 5 cm point spacing using the LAStools 'lasthin' utility using the 'lowest' operator, keeping only points that were classified as 'ground'. 2. The thinned point cloud was exported to a csv text file using the LAStools 'las2txt' utility. 3. The water surface elevation of 16.327 meters relative to the GRS80 ellipsoid, was added as a field in the point cloud text file. 4. Multi-view refraction correction was performed on the point cloud text file using the 'py_sfm_depth' script (Dietrich, 2017b), with the estimated camera positions from the SfM processing steps, above. 5. The resulting refraction-corrected point cloud was converted to LAZ format using the LAStools 'txt2las' utility. 6. The point cloud was rasterized to create a DSM using the LAStools 'lasgrid' utility using the 'average' operator. 7. The DSM was clipped using a manually digitized vector file in QGIS to remove vegetated areas on the shoreline. 8. The DSM was converted to a cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format using the GDAL 'gdal_translate' utility. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Joshua Logan Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 11878 Column_Count: 4310 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 4 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -159.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.100 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.100 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System PA11) (EPSG:6322) Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 (EPSG:7019) Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: GRS 1980 Ellipsoid (EPSG:7019) Altitude_Resolution: 0.001 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: GeoTIFF Entity_Type_Definition: GeoTIFF containing elevation values. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: N/A Attribute_Definition: Elevation relative to the GRS 1980 Ellipsoid (EPSG:7019) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 10.230 Range_Domain_Maximum: 19.970 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The DSM is available as cloud-optimized GeoTIFF file (Waiakane_2018-06-24_refraction_corrected_DSM_10cm.tif). Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Number: GDAL 3.1.4 Format_Information_Content: cloud-optimized GeoTIFF contains a Digital Surface Model (DSM) with single-precision floating-point values compressed using the LZW lossless compression method. No data value is -9999. File_Decompression_Technique: none Transfer_Size: 33.78 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/61b2a50fd34e3bd218621302?name=Waiakane_2018-06-24_refraction_corrected_DSM_10cm.tif Network_Resource_Name: https://prod-is-usgs-sb-prod-publish.s3.amazonaws.com/61b2a50fd34e3bd218621302/Waiakane_2018-06-24_refraction_corrected_DSM_10cm.tif Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61b2a50fd34e3bd218621302 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TO24SR Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first link is a direct link to download the 10-centimeter DSM in cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format. The second link is for accessing the DSM on cloud-based storage and can be used for cloud-based queries or viewing. The third link points to a landing page with the DSM, metadata, and a browse image. The fourth link points to the landing page for the entire data release, including links to pages of the various data files. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with GIS software or other software capable of displaying geospatial raster data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20231114 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998