Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Publication_Date: 20250420 Title: Elwha PlaneCam – Aerial imagery and derivatives from periodic and event-response surveys of the Elwha River, Olympic Mountains, and Washington Coast Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Series_Information: Series_Name: data service Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9M3NYWI Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Ritchie, A.C., Winter, B.D., and Warrick, J.A., 2025, Elwha PlaneCam – Aerial imagery and derivatives from periodic and event-response surveys of the Elwha River, Olympic Mountains, and Washington Coast, in Remote Sensing Coastal Change Simple Data Distribution Service: U.S. Geological Survey data service, accessed [MMMM d, YYYY], at https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Peter J. Triezenberg Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Gerald A. Hatcher Originator: Daniel D. Buscombe Publication_Date: 20230221 Title: RSCC Simple Data Distribution Service Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Series_Information: Series_Name: data service Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9M3NYWI Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Ritchie, A.C., Triezenberg, P.J., Warrick, J.A., Hatcher, G.A., and Buscombe, D.D., 2023, Remote Sensing Coastal Change Simple Data Distribution Service: U.S. Geological Survey data service, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Description: Abstract: This is a collection of aerial oblique and near-nadir images, ancillary data, and derivatives, from aerial surveys of coastal and near-coastal environments with a crewed light aircraft using the "Elwha PlaneCam" system which consists of one or two cameras mounted in the wing inspection plate(s) of a Cessna 172 flown by Rite Bros. Aviation on flights coordinated through the Department of the Interior's (DOI) Office of Aviation Services (OAS), Olympic National Park, and/or USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center. Cameras were programmed to take pictures at a set interval. Camera hardware has no GPS capability, and cameras changed through time due to equipment failures and technological progress. Data are collected and produced primarily for monitoring the Elwha River and shoreline response to dam removal using structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry, although a few collections were performed in other areas as opportunities/needs arose. The purpose of this system is to capture ephemeral responses to environmental perturbation at a frequency that improves our understanding of the processes driving both short- and long-term changes in response to one of the largest dam removals in history. These data are being published consistent with U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Fundamental Science Practices (FSP) in the spirit of producing timely best science. Data products from the Elwha PlaneCam are published in a directory structure with one folder per survey, and within that folder, one folder per product. A process step or steps in metadata for each product describe naming conventions and methodology for each product. A detailed description of methods and naming conventions can be found in the Entity and Attribute Overview and Process Steps of this metadata record. Purpose: These data are provided in an effort to record ground conditions at a high temporal and spatial resolution, and after high-magnitude disturbance events, to improve our understanding of earth surface processes (natural hazards) affecting coastal resources. This platform was developed during the Elwha Restoration Project and has primarily focused on collecting imagery of the Elwha River in response to dam removals. Supplemental_Information: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20120319 Ending_Date: Present Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Planned Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -124.8157 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.3545 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 48.4292 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.2179 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:b603ace6-2531-4363-8288-5b8a47b3e536 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: environment Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Distributions Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: habitat Theme_Keyword: infrastructure Theme_Keyword: structures Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: image analysis Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: aerial photography Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: visible light imaging Theme_Keyword: datasets Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme_Keyword: geography Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: ecology Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: geologic processes Theme_Keyword: slope processes Theme_Keyword: coastal ecosystems Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: aerial and satellite photography Theme_Keyword: agents of coastal change Theme_Keyword: anthropogenic agents of coastal change Theme_Keyword: coastal development Theme_Keyword: coastal erosion Theme_Keyword: coastal landslides Theme_Keyword: Global Positioning System (GPS) observations Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: United States and Territories Access_Constraints: No access constraints Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95062 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427 -4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: This data collection was initially started while the author was working as the Project Hydrologist for the Elwha River Restoration Project and continued with the support of the USGS Remote Sensing Coastal Change Project after FY 2016. The collection would not have been possible without the ingenuity and efforts of Jeff Wells of Rite Bros. Aviation, and the financial support of the Elwha River Restoration Project, Olympic National Park, and the Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jin-Si R. Over Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Christine J. Kranenburg Originator: Jenna A. Brown Originator: Daniel D. Buscombe Originator: Tom Noble Originator: Christopher R. Sherwood Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Phillipe A. Wernette Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6—Structure from motion workflow documentation Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Gabrielle Adelman Originator: Kenneth Adelman Originator: Patrick W. Limber Publication_Date: 20170101 Title: New Techniques to Measure Cliff Change from Historical Oblique Aerial Photographs and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: vol. 33, issue 1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: n/a Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation Other_Citation_Details: pp. 39-55 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00095.1 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: D. Buscombe Originator: E.B. Goldstein Originator: C.R. Sherwood Originator: C. Bodine Originator: J.A. Brown Originator: J. Favela Originator: S. Fitzpatrick Originator: C.J. Kranenburg Originator: J.R. Over Originator: A.C. Ritchie Originator: J.A. Warrick Originator: P. Wernette Publication_Date: 20220304 Title: Human‐in‐the‐Loop Segmentation of Earth Surface Imagery Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth and Space Science Issue_Identification: vol. 9, issue 3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: n/a Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU) Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002085 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No accuracy calculations are performed on raw data. Camera EXIF position data, when present, are derived from SfM calculations or interpolation. Accuracy will vary from roughly cm (SfM) to hundreds of meters (interpolation). Dates and times for images are accurate to mostly within 15 minutes, and likely better. In a few cases, camera are accurate to within a few minutes. Camera clock (date and dime) was reconciled with Aircraft Use Reports (AURs) and aircraft logs and adjusted to be approximately centered to the log time where times differed by >1h by adjusting the image datetime stamps. This was done for <10 percent of the flights. In general, the clock was checked and set before each flight. Some images are over-exposed, some images are under-exposed, and no effort is made to optimize exposure through post-processing, nor to eliminate imagery with acquisition errors. These data represent raw imagery as-collected and subsequently used in Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetric processing workflows. Accuracy reports and derivation methods for any positions will be published with metadata and position tables within each flight directory. Logical_Consistency_Report: Because cameras begin recording immediately when powered up, many images of installation into the wing and the aircraft at rest up to takeoff/after landing were culled from the dataset. In most cases, the camera record for each flight begins at the end of the runway when the aircraft was airborne and ends when the runway comes into view. In some cases due to battery failures or equipment malfunction, the data collection stops before the aircraft leaves the ground. A few ground images were retained for some flights when they were relevant to capturing elements of the historical dataset such as pictures of the aircraft, airport, and in a few cases, takeoff, landing, and install or removal sequences. RGB values are 8-bit, generally not saturated or underexposed. In a few cases of high or low light conditions, some imagery may be under- or over-exposed. Completeness_Report: Data are considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the metadata record carefully for additional details, and to examine EXIF data for individual flights and images if required to determine camera settings such as exposure mode and shutter speed. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Original imagery has no horizontal position data and any position data that exist in the EXIF are added in post-processing. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. If GNSS positions exist in EXIF data they are derived from external sources and will be referenced in position files with metadata found in a subfolder for the relevant flight. The method of position derivation, if present, can be found in the GPSAreaInformation EXIF Tag (Tag ID 0x001c). Interpolated positions will be generated starting and ending at the aircraft departure location (Usually William Fairchild International Airport in Port Angeles, WA) or in the case of aircraft turns, between positions derived with photogrammetric methods. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Original imagery has no vertical position data and any position data that exist in the EXIF are added in post-processing. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. If GNSS positions exist in EXIF data they are derived from external sources and will be referenced in position files with metadata found in a subfolder for the relevant flight. The method of position derivation, if present, can be found in the GPSAreaInformation EXIF Tag (Tag ID 0x001c). Interpolated positions will be generated starting and ending at the aircraft departure location (Usually William Fairchild International Airport in Port Angeles, WA) or in the case of aircraft turns, between positions derived with photogrammetric methods. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Acquisition -- Each image is acquired in Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG or JPG) format. Cameras are triggered by an internal intervalometer, either implemented through firmware modifications or using the camera's original software. Camera models are recorded in the EXIF data. Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: raw imagery Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: raw GNSS data Process_Step: Process_Description: Image renaming -- Raw Images are renamed using Phil Harvey's EXIFTOOL (https://exiftool.org) with the following two commands: #first save original filename exiftool -r -P -overwrite_original "-XMP:PreservedFileName> magick_log.txt 2>>magic_err_log.txt If corrupted images are found, they are replaced from backup sources created when downloading imagery if possible. If corrupted images are not recoverable (for example, original imagery is corrupt) the images are deleted. Note that images of water and sky captured on turns are typically retained in this dataset. Process_Date: Not complete Process_Step: Process_Description: Position data processing -- because source data are not georeferenced, position data are only derived through ground control (GCPs), or 4D SfM when imagery is coaligned with imagery containing GNSS coordinates (Such as the PCMSC PlaneCam). When collected, GNSS data are post-processed to derive the precise position of ground control points, check points, and/or the GNSS antenna at the time of image acquisition. If necessary for rapid processing, approximate (PROVISIONAL) positions are produced from rapid ephemeris data. After precise ephemerides are available, GNSS data are post-processed to calculate GNSS trajectory, and precise positions are derived from station occupations or event marks recorded with precision timing, placed along the GNSS trajectory. Processing workflows, accuracy estimates, software and version are detailed in GNSS metadata. Camera and ground control positions are post-processed together with images, camera lever arm data and photogrammetric software to derive accurate camera position and pose. Process_Date: Not complete Process_Step: Process_Description: Imagery EXIF coordinates reconciliation -- Note that EXIF camera positions are not intended to be suitable accuracy for precise photogrammetric surveys, but they are used to populate the EXIF metadata field and locate the image in space relative to other images for reference purposes. GNSS/SfM position data published separately from images should be used for SfM reconstruction if available. CAMERA POSITIONS ARE NOT NECESSARILY PRESENT OR ACCURATE IN EXIF DATA. For this platform, no positions are recorded initially, and if added, the positions may not be the definitive set. Depending on availability of position data, coordinates for image EXIF position data are recorded as follows, with the appropriate indicator written to the EXIF:GPSAreaInformation tag: 1) If no position data are calculated, the EXIF:GPSAreaInformation tag will be blank/absent 2) If image positions have been calculated using 4D_sfm- or GCP-derived photogrammetry, EXIF:GPSAreaInformation=<"structure-from-motion"> 3) If a sequence of images are unaligned from photogrammetry, but can be interpolated (for example, on a turn between lines), EXIF:GPSAreaInformation=<"interpolated"> 4) If a sequence of images are unaligned from photogrammetry at the beginning or end of a flight, they will be extrapolated to the estimated takeoff location, EXIF:GPSAreaInformation=<"interpolated"> Process_Date: Not complete Process_Step: Process_Description: Photogrammetric Processing -- 3D or 4D structure-from-motion (SfM) processing, as described in Over and others (2021) and Warrick and others (2017), is used to derive camera positions for surveys missing position data, and to produce camera models, camera orientation information, point clouds, surface models, depth maps, and orthocorrected imagery. SfM products are released with metadata detailing processing steps and workflows. Process_Date: Not complete Process_Step: Process_Description: Machine Learning -- Machine learning techniques as described in Buscombe and others (2022) and Buscombe and Goldstein (2022) are used to build, train and evaluate models, and generate labeled data. Labeled and segmented data products are released with metadata detailing process steps and workflow. Process_Date: Not complete Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This metadata record describes characteristics of an aerial data collection platform (DCP), and the organization and processing steps for data collected from that platform. Data are organized by directory with each directory (folder) corresponding to a single collection effort. Product types (raw imagery, derivatives, and any ancillary products) for each collection effort are organized in subfolders with associated metadata and are populated as data are processed. In some cases, multiple versions or formats of a product may be released, including emergency and provisional data subject to change. Process steps in metadata for each product describe naming conventions, methods, and disclaimers. Directory structure for each survey uses the following naming convention: {YYYYMMDD}_{SurveyDescriptor}[_{SurveyDescriptor}[_{SurveyDescriptor}], where {YYYYMMDD} is the abbreviation for the date the survey occurred and {SurveyDescriptor} is a unique name or names for the survey type (for example “coastal”, or “Elwha_River”) (for example 20130804_Elwha_River_aborted would be the abbreviation for a survey on August 4th, 2020 of the Elwha River which was aborted). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Downloadable data in JPEG format are available in subfolders. Each JPG file corresponds to a single 3-band 24-bit RGB image with EXIF data locating the image in space and time and describing acquisition parameters including but not limited to camera model, camera settings, lens information, image conversion parameters, and environmental conditions. Derivatives and ancillary products may be contained in additional subfolders. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20250420 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998