Seafloor character--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title: Seafloor character--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California
Abstract:
This part of DS 781 presents data for the seafloor-character map of the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area, California. The raster data file is included in "SeafloorCharacter_OffshoreSantaBarbara.zip," which is accessible from https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSantaBarbara/data_catalog_OffshoreSantaBarbara.html. These data accompany the pamphlet and map sheets of Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Phillips, E.L., Ritchie, A.C., Greene, H.G., Krigsman, L.M., Kvitek, R.G., Dieter, B.E., Endris, C.A., Seitz, G.G., Sliter, R.W., Erdey, M.E., Gutierrez, C.I., Wong, F.L., Yoklavich, M.M., Draut, A.E., Hart, P.E., and Conrad, J.E. (S.Y. Johnson and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2013, California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3281, 45 p., 11 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3281.
This raster-format seafloor-character map shows six substrate classes of the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area. The six substrate classes mapped in this area have been colored to indicate which of the following California Marine Life Protection Act depth zones and slope classes they belong: Depth Zone 2 (intertidal to 30 m), Depth Zone 3 (30 to 100 m), and Slope Class 1, 0 degrees to 5 degrees (flat). Depth Zone 1 (intertidal), Depth Zones 4 and 5 (greater than 100 m), and Slope Classes 2 to 4, greater than 5 degrees (sloping to vertical) are not present in this map area. The map is created using a supervised classification method described by Cochrane (2008).
References Cited:
California Department of Fish and Game, 2008, California Marine Life Protection Act master plan for marine protected areas--Revised draft: California Department of Fish and Game, accessed April 5 2011, at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/masterplan.asp.
Cochrane, G.R., 2008, Video-supervised classification of sonar data for mapping seafloor habitat, in Reynolds, J.R., and Greene, H.G., eds., Marine habitat mapping technology for Alaska: Fairbanks, University of Alaska, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, p. 185-194, accessed April 5, 2011, at http://doc.nprb.org/web/research/research%20pubs/615_habitat_mapping_workshop/Individual%20Chapters%20High-Res/Ch13%20Cochrane.pdf.
Sappington, J.M., Longshore, K.M., and Thompson, D.B., 2007, Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis--A case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 71, p. 1,419-1,426.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the USGS field activities from which some of these data were derived is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=Z206SC https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=S105SC https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=S1C08SC
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Phillips, Eleyne L., Erdey, Mercedes D., and Cochrane, Guy R., 2013, Seafloor character--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: Data Series DS 781, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Golden, Nadine E., 2013, California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog: Data Series DS 781, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -119.813888
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -119.616336
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.426539
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.322792
  3. What does it look like?
    https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSantaBarbara/images/SeafloorCharacterMap_OffshoreSantaBarbara.jpg (JPEG)
    Seafloor character in the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area.
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 2005
    Ending_Date: 2010
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GeoTiff
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Raster data set. It contains the following raster data types:
      • Dimensions 5519 x 8944 x 1, type Pixel
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      The map projection used is WGS 1984 UTM Zone 11N.
      Projection parameters:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -117.0
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
      False_Easting: 500000.0
      False_Northing: 0.0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 2.0
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 2.0
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meter
      The horizontal datum used is D WGS 1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS 1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    SeafloorCharacter_OffshoreCarpinteria.tif.vat
    The shapefile attributes include VALUE - code for the seafloor character classes, COUNT - number of pixels, SLOPE - slope classes, DEPTH_ZONE - depth zones, SUBSTRATE - substrate classes, SUBST_DESC - short description of substrate classes, and FULL_DESC - detailed description of substrate classes. The shapefile can be added to any ESRI ArcMap project. (Source: ESRI)
    Rowid
    Internal feature number. (Source: ESRI) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
    VALUE
    This seafloor-character class was produced using video-supervised maximum-likelihood classification of the bathymetry and backscatter (intensity of return) signals from sonar systems. Derivative roughness (rugosity) and backscatter intensity were used as variants in the classification. The resulting six substrate classes (1-6) were divided into the Depth Zones (see Attribute: DEPTH_ZONE) by adding to the original grid value in increments of 10. Depth Zone 2, add 0 to grid value; Depth Zone 3, add 10 to grid value; Depth Zone 4, add 20 to grid value; and Depth Zone 5, add 30 to grid value. The resulting grid was further classified into Slope Classes (see Attribute: SLOPE) by adding to the classified raster values (including depth zones) in increments of 50. Slope Class 1, add 0 to grid value; Slope Class 2, add 50 to grid value; Slope Class 3, add 100 to grid value; and Slope Class 4, add 150 to grid value. (Source: ESRI)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:15
    Units:Integers 1 - 15 on the basis of classification method described in chapter 4 and on sheet 5 of SIM 3281 ("California State Waters Map Series--Offshore of Santa Barbara"), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3281/.
    COUNT
    The number of pixels (2 m x 2 m size grid cell) represented in each seafloor class (see Attribute: VALUE). (Source: ESRI)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1538
    Maximum:21418620
    Units:Integers 1538 - 21418620 pixel count.
    SLOPE
    The slope zones for the final seafloor-character map grid were identified on the basis of the smoothed bathymetry grid. The smoothing was done by applying focal statistics to the original bathymetry grid. The tool uses a moving window and calculates the mean value of the central pixel within a circular neighborhood of 20 m radius along the whole raster map. The resulting raster map represents a smoothed value highlighting overall trends and eliminates local varieties in the terrain (such as higher slopes along rock outcrops). Slope class values are: 1 (flat; 0 degrees to 5 degrees), 2 (sloping; 5 degrees to 30 degrees), 3 (steeply sloping; 30 degrees to 60 degrees), or 4 (vertical; 60 degrees to 90 degrees), or 5 (overhang; greater than 90 degrees). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:1
    Units:Integer value 1 representing slope class of <5 degrees as described above.
    DEPTH_ZONE
    The depth zones for the final seafloor-character map grid were identified on the basis of the smoothed bathymetry grid. The smoothing was done by applying focal statistics to the original bathymetry grid. The tool uses a moving window and calculates the mean value of the central pixel within a circular neighborhood of 20 m radius along the whole raster map. The resulting raster map represents a smoothed value highlighting overall trends and eliminates local varieties in the terrain (such as varying depths along rock outcrops). Depth Zone values are: Depth Zone 1, intertidal; Depth Zone 2, intertidal to 30 m; Depth Zone 3, 30 to 100 m; Depth Zone 4, 100 to 200 m; and Depth Zone 5, deeper than 200 m (California Department of Fish and Game, 2008). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2
    Maximum:3
    Units:Integer values 2-3 representing slope classes as described above.
    SUBSTRATE
    Coded values of the substrate classes. Class 1, Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment; Class 2, Mixed smooth sediment and rock; Class 3, Rock and boulder, rugose; Class 4, Rugged anthropogenic feature; Class 5, Smooth, hard anthropogenic feature; Class 6, Medium- to coarse-grained sediment (Scour Depression) (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:6
    Units:Integer values 1-6 representing substrate classes as described above.
    SUBST_DESC
    Summary description of the six substrate classes coded by the attribute SUBSTRATE. Class 1, Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment; Class 2, Mixed smooth sediment and rock; Class 3, Rock and boulder, rugose; Class 4, Rugged anthropogenic feature; Class 5, Smooth, hard anthropogenic feature; Class 6, Medium- to coarse-grained sediment (Scour Depression) (Source: USGS) Names are in text form, maximum length: 50
    FULL_DESC
    Detailed description of the four substrate classes coded by the attribute SUBSTRATE. Class 1, Low backscatter, low rugosity, typically mud to medium-grained sand, often rippled and (or) burrowed; Class 2, Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity, typically coarse-grained sand, gravel, cobbles, and bedrock; Class 3, High backscatter, high rugosity, typically boulders and rugose bedrock; Class 4, High backscatter, high rugosity, related to development by humans; Class 5, High backscatter, low rugosity, related to development by humans; Class 6, Very high backscatter, low rugosity, typically medium- to coarse-grained sediment, with varying amounts of shell hash, in scour depressions (Source: USGS) Names are in text form, maximum length: 250

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Eleyne L. Phillips
    • Mercedes D. Erdey
    • Guy R. Cochrane
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA
    US

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

To expand geologic mapping to the seafloor within the California's State Waters, to update coastal geologic mapping, and to contribute to a uniform regional geologic database, which can be used geographic information systems. Additionally, to provide a geologic map for the public and geoscience community to aid in assessments and mitigation of geologic hazards in the Santa Barbara coastal region and to provide sufficient geologic information for land-use and land-management decisions both onshore and offshore. These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software. This information is not intended for navigational purposes.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    bathymetry (source 1 of 4)
    Kvitek, Rikk, Dartnell, Peter, Phillips, Eleyne, and Cochrane, Guy, 2013, Bathymetry--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: Data Series DS 781, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    See metadata ("Bathymetry_OffshoreSantaBarbara_metadata.txt") for source data and postprocessing/reprocessing information.
    Type_of_Source_Media: digital file of gridded bathymetry data (ArcInfo GRID)
    Source_Contribution: Gridded bathymetry data (2-meter resolution).
    backscatter (source 2 of 4)
    Dartnell, Peter, Kvitek, Rikk, Phillips, Eleyne, and Cochrane, Guy, 2013, Backscatter--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: Data Series DS 781, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    See metadata "BackscatterA_CSUMB_OffshoreSantaBarbara_metadata.txt" and "BackscatterB_USGS_OffshoreSantaBarbara_metadata.txt"for amplitude source data and postprocessing/reprocessing information.
    Type_of_Source_Media: digital file of gridded amplitude data (ArcInfo GRID)
    Source_Contribution: Gridded amplitude data (2-meter resolution).
    s1c08sc (source 3 of 4)
    Phillips, Eleyne, Cochrane, Guy R., Dartnell, Peter, Krigsman, Lisa, and Golden, Nadine, 2008, S1C08SC_video_observations: Data Series DS 781, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    See metadata for s1c08sc video observations ("s1c08sc_video_observations_metadata.txt") in DS 781 for source data and postprocessing/reprocessing information.
    Type_of_Source_Media: vector digital data
    Source_Contribution:
    seafloor interpretations from underwater video and sediment samples
    z206sc (source 4 of 4)
    Phillips, Eleyne, Cochrane, Guy R., Dartnell, Peter, Krigsman, Lisa, and Golden, Nadine, 2008, Z2068SC_video_observations: Data Series DS 781, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    See metadata for z206sc video observations ("z206sc_video_observations_metadata.txt") in DS 781 for source data and postprocessing/reprocessing information.
    Type_of_Source_Media: vector digital data
    Source_Contribution:
    seafloor interpretations from underwater video and sediment samples
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: Jun-2012 (process 1 of 7)
    The seafloor-character map was produced using video-supervised maximum likelihood classification of the bathymetry and intensity of return from sonar systems. The classification was supervised using signatures defined by hand-drawn polygons located through sediment samples and video-observation ground truth surveying, applying methodology described in Cochrane (2008). The two variants used in this classification were backscatter intensity and derivative rugosity. Rugosity measures terrain ruggedness as the variation in three-dimensional orientation of grid cells within a neighborhood. Vector analysis is used to calculate the dispersion of vectors normal (orthogonal) to grid cells within the specified neighborhood. This method effectively captures variability in slope and aspect into a single measure. Ruggedness values in the output raster map can range from 0 (no terrain variation) to 1 (complete terrain variation). The calculation was performed using the Terrain Ruggedness (VRM) tool (for details, see Sappington and others, 2007).
    Classes I, II, and III were delineated using multivariate analysis. Class IV (rugged anthropogenic material) values are a subclass of seafloor Class III, and Class V (smooth, hard anthropogenic material) values are a subclass of Class II; these pixels were depicted on the basis of visual characteristics and known location of man-made features. Class VI was assigned using a separate query describing a subclass of mobile sedimentary features (scour depressions), as defined by observations of megaripples (ripples that have wavelengths greater than 1 m) and moderate relief (Cacchione and others, 1984; Phillips, 2007). Class VI also includes areas that display some morphologic characteristics of scour depressions, but not all; some of these areas may fall under the class of sorted bedforms (Murray and Theiler, 2004; Trembanis and Hume, 2011). The resulting map (gridded at 2 m) was cleaned by hand to remove data-collection artifacts (for example, trackline nadir). Editing was performed in Photoshop, with which individual pixels were selected and values adjusted to remove noise. Selection occurred without antialiasing, and the resulting grid was identical but for the edited pixels. The six seafloor classes mapped in this area were then colored to indicate which of the following California Marine Life Protection Act depth zones and slope classes they belong: Depth Zone 2 (intertidal to 30 m), Depth Zone 3 (30 to 100 m), and Slope Class 1, 0 degrees to 5 degrees (flat). Depth Zone 1 (intertidal), Depth Zones 4 and 5 (greater than 100 m), and Slope Classes 2 to 4, greater than 5 degrees (sloping to vertical) are not present in this map area.
    Additional References Cited:
    Cacchione, D.A., Drake, D.E., Grant, W.D., and Tate, G.B., 1984, Rippled scour depressions of the inner continental shelf off central California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 54, p. 1,280–1,291.
    Murray, B., and Thieler, E.R., 2004, A new hypothesis and exploratory model for the formation of largescale inner-shelf sediment sorting and “rippled scour depressions”: Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 3, p. 295–315.
    Phillips, E., 2007, Exploring rippled scour depressions offshore Huntington Beach, CA: Santa Cruz, University of California, M.S. thesis, 58 p.
    Trembanis, A.C., and Hume, T.M., 2011, Sorted bedforms on the inner shelf off northeastern New Zealand—Spatiotemporal relationships and potential paleo-environmental implications: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 31, p. 203–214.
    Date: 05-Oct-2017 (process 2 of 7)
    Added Distribution_Information section to metadata to facilitate data download. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Alan O. Allwardt
    Contractor -- Information Specialist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7551 (voice)
    831-427-4748 (FAX)
    aallwardt@usgs.gov
    Date: 05-Oct-2017 (process 3 of 7)
    Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Alan O. Allwardt
    Contractor -- Information Specialist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7551 (voice)
    831-427-4748 (FAX)
    aallwardt@usgs.gov
    Date: 26-Apr-2018 (process 4 of 7)
    Added keywords from Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to metadata. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Alan O. Allwardt
    Contractor -- Information Specialist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7551 (voice)
    831-427-4748 (FAX)
    aallwardt@usgs.gov
    Date: 19-Oct-2020 (process 5 of 7)
    Edited metadata to add keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. No data were changed. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross
    Marine Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    vatnipp@usgs.gov
    Date: 14-Oct-2021 (process 6 of 7)
    Performed minor edits to the metadata to correct typos. No data were changed Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Susan A. Cochran
    Geologist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7545 (voice)
    scochran@usgs.gov
    Date: 17-Mar-2023 (process 7 of 7)
    Metadata was modified to bring up to current USGS PCMSC standards. USGS Thesaurus and keywords were added, information for accompanying Open-File Report added to Abstract and Cross Reference sections, Point of Contact and Metadata Contact information was updated, and Process Steps were refined. Information about the data available for download and different Network Resource Name links and details were given in the Standard Order Process section. Minor typos were corrected. No data information was changed. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Users are advised to compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent. Person who carried out this activity:
    Susan A Cochran
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Geologist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA
    USA

    (831) 460-7545 (voice)
    scochran@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Johnson, Samuel Y., Dartnell, Peter, Cochrane, Guy R., Golden, Nadine E., Phillips, Eleyne L., Ritchie, Andrew C., Greene, H. Gary, Krigsman, Lisa M., Kvitek, Rikk G., Dieter, Bryan E., Endris, Charles A., Seitz, Gordon G., Sliter, Ray W., Erdey, Mercedes D., Gutierrez, Carlos I., Wong, Florence L., Yoklavich, Mary M., Draut, Amy E., Hart, Patrick E., and Conrad, James E., 2013, California State Waters Map Series--Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: Scientific Investigations Map SIM 3281, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Pixel resolution 2 m.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Positional information reflects the position of the camera and was collected using a still photo camera, WAAS-enabled GSP unit, recording at between 1 to 2 nm. DGPS (WAAS) accuracy for position is less than 3 meters. (From Garmin GPSMAP 76C/76CS Specifications, M01-10108-00, Rev0304, https://buy.garmin.com/shop/store/assets/pdfs/specs/gpsmap76c_76cs_spec.pdf).
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Total coverage for the survey area is 100%. Survey area is defined by coverage of both the multibeam bathymetry and backscatter datasets.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Classification was done on the basis of training samples delineated by interpreter. The classification was performed using mathematical algorithms then hand-edited by the interpreter to remove noise.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), California State University, Monterey Bay, Seafloor Mapping Lab (CSUMB), and BOEM as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey
    345 Middlefield Rd
    Menlo Park, CA
    USA

    (650) 329-4309 (voice)
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? The .zip file (https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSantaBarbara/data/SeafloorCharacter_OffshoreSantaBarbara.zip) includes the .tfw, .tif, .tif.aux.xml, and .tif.ovr, files, as well as FGDC-compliant metadata for the seafloor character data layer in the Offshore of Santa Barbara map area of California.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 17-Mar-2023
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA
US

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/SeriesReports/DS_DDS/DS_781/SantaBarbara/SeafloorCharacter_OffshoreSantaBarbara_metadata.faq.html>
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