Sedimentary Data Collected in September 2016 From Old Tampa Bay, Florida (U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity Number 2016–350–FA)

At stations TB01 and TB02, a 6x6-inch Ekman grab sampler was used to collect the uppermost several centimeters of the sediment subsurface. Upon retrieval the sediment surface was inspected for signs of disturbance. If the sediment surface was intact, the sediment in the grab sampler was subcored with a 10.2-cm diameter polycarbonate barrel. The subcore was then immediately extruded vertically and sectioned into 1-cm intervals to a depth of five centimeters. The outer circumference of each interval was removed to avoid use of sediment that was in contact with the polycarbonate barrel. The sediment intervals were bagged and stored on ice for transport to the SPCMSC where they were refrigerated. Duplicate subcores were collected with the Ekman grab at both stations. Additional Ekman or petite ponar grabs were taken and the uppermost two centimeters of the sediment surface was carefully sampled with a spatula. The grab samples were bagged and stored on ice for transport to the SPCMSC. At station TB06, two push cores were collected with 10.2-cm diameter polycarbonate barrels. Upon retrieval, the cores were visually inspected for an undisturbed sediment-water interface, cores with disturbed sediment surfaces were discarded and resampled. The core lengths were 9.5 and 14 cm. Cores accepted for analysis were wrapped in opaque plastic to prevent light penetration. The push cores were transported upright to the laboratory for sectioning. An Ekman grab sample of the uppermost two centimeters sediment surface was also collected at station TB06. Water column profiles of temperature, conductivity, and pressure were recorded with a SonTek Castaway-CTD sensor at each site. Site coordinates were recorded on a vessel-mounted Garmin GPSMAP 1040xs Global Positioning (GPS) receiver. Site locations and CTD measurements are reported in Excel spreadsheets. Comma-separated values data files containing the tabular data in plain text are included in the download files.

Within 24 hours of collection, the push cores were vertically extruded and sectioned into 1-cm intervals at the USGS SPCMSC. The outer circumference of each interval was removed to avoid use of sediment that was in contact with the polycarbonate barrel. Each sediment interval was bagged and homogenized. Select intervals from the push cores and Ekman grab sampler cores were subsampled by scientist from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission for Pyrodinium bahamense cyst abundance (Lopez, unpublished data).

In the laboratory, a subsample of each depth interval was processed for basic sediment characteristics. Water content, porosity and dry bulk density were determined using water mass lost during drying. For each 1-cm interval, 10–60 milliliters (mL) of each wet subsample was packed into a graduated syringe with 0.5 mL resolution. The wet sediment was then extracted into a pre-weighed aluminum tray and the weight of the wet sediment and the volume was recorded. The wet sediment and tray were placed in a drying oven for a minimum of 48 hours at 60 degrees Celsius (°C). Water content (?) was determined as the mass of water (mass lost when dried) relative to the initial wet sediment mass. Dry bulk density was determined by ratio of dry sediment to the known volume of sediment packed into the syringe. Porosity was calculated from the equation ? = ? / [?+(1-?)/?s] where ?s is grain density assumed to be 2.5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3). Salt-mass contributions were removed based on the salinity measured at the time of sample collection. Water content, porosity and dry bulk density are reported in the Excel spreadsheet. A comma-separated values data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file.

Organic matter content was determined with a mass loss technique, referred to as loss on ignition (LOI). The dry sediment from the previous process was homogenized with a porcelain mortar and pestle. The dried sediment (4-5 grams) was placed into a pre-weighed porcelain crucible. The mass of the dried sediment was recorded. The sample was then placed inside a laboratory muffle furnace with stabilizing temperature control. The furnace was heated to 110°C for a minimum of 6 hours to remove hygroscopic water absorbed onto the sediment particles. The furnace temperature was then lowered to 60 °C, at which point the sediments could be reweighed. The dried sediment was returned to the muffle furnace. The furnace was heated to 550 °C over 30 minutes and kept at 550 °C for 6 hours. The furnace temperature was then lowered to 60 °C, and held at this temperature until the sediments could be reweighed. The latter step prevents the absorption of moisture, which can affect the measurement. The mass lost during the 6 hour baking period relative to the 110 °C-dried mass is used as a metric of organic matter content. Data are reported as a ratio of mass (g) of organic matter to mass (g) of dry sediment (post-110 °C drying). Replicate analyses of loss on ignition are reported for quality assurance in the Excel spreadsheet. A comma-separated values data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file.

Prior to particle size analysis, organic material was chemically removed for the samples using 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Wet sediment was dissolved in H2O2 overnight. The H2O2 was then evaporated and the sediment washed and centrifuged twice with deionized water. Grain size analyses were completed on all sediment intervals from the surface to a maximum depth of 10 cm, or the maximum depth interval for the core is less than 10 cm. Grain size analyses on the sediment cores were performed using a Coulter LS13 320 (https://www.beckmancoulter.com/) particle-size analyzer, which uses laser diffraction to measure the size distribution of sediments ranging in size from 0.4 microns to 2 millimeters (mm) (clay to very coarse-grained sand). To prevent shell fragments from damaging the Coulter instrument, particles greater than 1 mm in diameter were separated from all samples prior to analysis using a number 18 (1000 microns or 1 mm) U.S. standard sieve, which meets the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E11 standard specifications for determining particle size using woven-wire test sieves. Two subsamples from each depth interval were processed through the instrument a minimum of four runs each. The sediment slurry was sonicated with a wand sonicator for 1 minute before being introduced into the Coulter LS13 320 to breakdown aggregated particles. The LS13 320 measures the particle-size distribution of each sample by passing sediment suspended in solution between two narrow panes of glass in front of a laser. Light is scattered by the particles into characteristic refraction patterns measured by an array of photodetectors as intensity per unit area and recorded as relative volume for 92 size-related channels (bins). The size-classification boundaries for each bin were specified based on the ASTM E11 standard.

The raw grain size data were then run through the free software program GRADISTAT (Blott and Pye, 2001; http://www.kpal.co.uk/gradistat), which calculates the mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis of each sample geometrically in metric units and logarithmically in phi units method. GRADISTAT also calculates the fraction of sediment from each sample by size category (for example, clay, coarse silt, fine sand). A macro function in Microsoft Excel, developed by the USGS SPCMSC, was applied to the data to calculate average and standard deviation for each sample set (8 runs per sample), and highlight runs that varied from the set average by more than ±1.5 standard deviations. Excessive deviations from the mean are likely the result of equipment error or extraneous organic material in the sample and are not considered representative of the sample. The highlighted runs were removed from the results and the sample average was recalculated using the remaining runs. The averaged results for all samples, including the number of averaged runs and the standard deviation of the averaged results were summarized in an of Excel workbook with each core on its own tab. A comma-separated values data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file.

Dried ground sediment from the uppermost five 1-cm intervals of each core and the five grab samples were used for the detection of radionuclides by standard gamma-ray spectrometry (Cutshall and Larsen, 1986) at the USGS St. Petersburg radioisotope lab. The sediments (5-50 g) were sealed in airtight polypropylene containers. The sample weights and counting container geometries were matched to pre-determined calibration standards. The sealed samples sat for a minimum of 3 weeks to allow Ra-226 to come into secular equilibrium with its daughter isotopes Pb-214 and Bi-214. The sealed samples were then counted for 24-48 hours on a planar-style, low energy, high-purity germanium, gamma-ray spectrometer. The suite of naturally-occurring and anthropogenic radioisotopes measured along with their corresponding photopeak energies in kiloelectron volts (keV) are Pb-210 (46.5 keV), Th-234 (63.3 keV), Pb-214 (295.7 and 352.5 keV; proxies for Ra-226), Be-7 (477.6 keV), Bi-214 (609.3 keV; proxy for Ra-226), Cs-137 (661.6 keV), and K-40 (1640.8 keV). Sample count rates were corrected for detector efficiency determined with International Atomic Energy Agency RGU-1 reference material, standard photopeak intensity, and self-absorption using a U-238 sealed source (Cutshall and others, 1983). All activities were decay-corrected to the date of field collection. The radioisotopic activities reported in the Excel spreadsheet include the counting error for all samples. The critical level is reported for the sample set. A comma-separated values data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file.

Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword.