Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Alisha M. Ellis Originator: Christopher G. Smith Originator: Joseph M. Vargas Originator: Cheyenne S. Everhart Publication_Date: 20230823 Title: Sedimentologic Data from Point aux Chenes Marsh and Estuary, Mississippi (18CCT09) Edition: 2.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Multimedia presentation Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Alisha M. Ellis Originator: Christopher G. Smith Originator: Joseph M. Vargas Originator: Cheyenne S. Everhart Publication_Date: 20210605 Title: Sedimentologic Data from Point aux Chenes Marsh and Estuary, Mississippi Edition: 2.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P9XYDHFZ Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XYDHFZ Description: Abstract: Sediment samples, including marsh and estuarine surface samples and marsh push and peat-auger cores, were collected from Point aux Chenes, Mississippi from October 23-26, 2018, and August 4, 2021. Marsh surface samples (top 1 centimeter (cm) of sediment; sample names appended with S), marsh push cores (core names appended with M) and peat-auger cores (core names appended with R) were collected along 50-meter (m), shore perpendicular, transects identified as sites 5, 6, 7, and 9. All samples in the dataset are referred to by alternate field activity number (FAN) 18CCT09 (FAN 2018-358-FA) and alternate FAN 21CCT02 (FAN 2021-320-FA). Estuarine PONAR grab samples (sample names appended with G), marsh surface samples, and push cores were collected and brought back for sedimentological analyses including dry bulk density, organic content, grain-size for the development of a sedimentological baseline, and gamma spectroscopy for the development of geochronologies. Peat augers were collected, described for depth to peat, and discarded in the field. Marsh and estuarine surface and core sediment samples are part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center's (SPCMSC) Estuarine-MaRsh Geology (EMRG) and Sea-level and Storms Impacts on Estuarine Environments and Shorelines (SSIEES) research projects which study how and where short- and long-term marsh and estuarine coastal process interact in order to identify and evaluate geologic and geomorphic variables influences on marshes and their resiliency under different storm and sea-level scenarios, determine marsh-upland boundary change rates, and sediment accumulation and erosion rates. Note: This data release was revised on August 2, 2021, and versioned on August 23, 2023. Please see the Suggested Citation section on the data release webpage for more details. Purpose: Dissemination of processed sediment data from sediment surface and core samples collected from Point aux Chenes marsh and estuary, Mississippi (FAN 2018-358-FA and 2021-320-FA). Supplemental_Information: To ensure that USGS SPCMSC data management protocols were followed, this survey was assigned the following USGS FAN: 2018-358-FA (Project ID/alternate FAN 18CCT09), additional survey and data details are available on the Coastal and Marine Geoscience Dasta System (CMGDS), at https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-358-FA. From October 23-26, 2018, USGS scientists collected 10 sediment push cores from 10 unique sites in the Point aux Chenes marsh in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The sample locations field setup consisted of a rover Global Positioning System (GPS) unit used to collect data at each sample site, and one base station. During field sampling, estuarine water parameter measurements were collected where applicable and are included in this report. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20181023 Ending_Date: 20181026 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.45009 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.40274 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.36769 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.32135 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:2a75bbb6-4968-4399-a722-9dfd5ebdef87 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: location Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: biota Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: rocks and deposits Theme_Keyword: unconsolidated deposits Theme_Keyword: wetland ecosystems Theme_Keyword: field sampling Theme_Keyword: push coring Theme_Keyword: augering Theme_Keyword: core analysis Theme_Keyword: grain-size analysis Theme_Keyword: porosity Theme_Keyword: bulk density Theme_Keyword: radioactivity Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: sediment Theme_Keyword: lithology Theme_Keyword: marsh core Theme_Keyword: GRADISTAT Theme_Keyword: loss on ignition Theme_Keyword: LOI Theme_Keyword: radiochemistry Theme_Keyword: gamma spectroscopy Theme_Keyword: surface sample Theme_Keyword: ponar grab Theme_Keyword: 18CCT09 Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Mississippi Place_Keyword: Gulf of Mexico Place_Keyword: Grand Bay Place_Keyword: Point aux Chenes Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be acknowledged as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Native_Data_Set_Environment: Apple OS X Mojave Version 10.14.6; Microsoft Excel for Mac Version 16.37; VDatum version 3.6; GrafNav, version 8.7; iCRco QPC XSCAN32 version 2.10; GRADISTAT version 8. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Blott, S.J. and Pye, K. Publication_Date: 20010928 Title: Gradistat: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments Edition: Version 8.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Issue_Identification: Volume 26, issue 11 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 1237-1248 Online_Linkage: http://www.kpal.co.uk/gradistat.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cutshall, N.H. and Larsen, I.L. Publication_Date: 198607 Title: Calibration of a portable intrinsic Ge gamma-ray detector using point sources and testing for field applications Series_Information: Series_Name: Health Physics Issue_Identification: Volume 51 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 53-59 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198607000-00004 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Osbourne, T.Z., and DeLaune R.D. Publication_Date: 20131018 Title: Soil and sediment sampling of inundated environments Series_Information: Series_Name: Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands Issue_Identification: Volume 10 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 21-41 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser10.c2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cutshall, N.H., Larsen, I.L., and Olsen, C.R. Publication_Date: 19830215 Title: Direct analysis of Pb-210 in sediment samples: self-absorption corrections Series_Information: Series_Name: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Issue_Identification: Volume 206, Issues 1-2 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 309-312 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5087(83)91273-5 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C. Publication_Date: 19570301 Title: Brazos River Bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Issue_Identification: Volume 27, No. 1 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 3-26 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Krumbein, W.C. Publication_Date: 19340801 Title: Size frequency distributions of sediments Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Issue_Identification: Volume 4, No. 2 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 65-77 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268EB9-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wentworth, C.K. Publication_Date: 1922 Title: A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Geology Issue_Identification: Volume 30, No. 5 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 377-392 Online_Linkage: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30063207 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dean, W.E. Publication_Date: 19740301 Title: Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sediment rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Issue_Identification: Volume 44, No. 1 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 242-248 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1306/74D729D2-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Friedman, G.M. and Saunders, J.E. Publication_Date: 1978 Title: Principles of Sedimentology Other_Citation_Details: 792 pages Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Ellis, A.M., and Smith, C.G. Publication_Date: 20210705 Title: Emerging dominance of Paratrochammina simplissima (Cushman and McCulloch) in the northern Gulf of Mexico following hydrologic and geomorphic changes Series_Information: Series_Name: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science Issue_Identification: Volume 255 Other_Citation_Details: 15 pages Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107312 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Haller, C., Smith, C.G., Hallock, P., Hine, A.C., Osterman, L.E., and McCloskey, T. Publication_Date: 20190111 Title: Distribution of modern salt-marsh foraminifera from the eastern Mississippi Sound, U.S.A. Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Foraminiferal Research Issue_Identification: Volume 24, No. 1 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 24-47 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.49.1.29 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Schönfeld, J., Alve, E., Geslin, E., Jorissen, F., Korsun, S., Spezzaferri, S., and Members of the FOBIMO group Publication_Date: 201210 Title: The FOBIMO (FOraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring) initiative—Towards a standardised protocol for soft-bottom benthic foraminiferal monitoring studies Series_Information: Series_Name: Marine Micropaleontology Issue_Identification: Volumes 94-95 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 1-13 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.06.001 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nittrouer, C.A., Sternberg, R.W., Carpenter, R., and Bennett, J.T. Publication_Date: 197905 Title: The use of Pb-210 geochronology as a sedimentological tool: application to the Washington continental shelf Series_Information: Series_Name: Marine Geology Issue_Identification: Volume 31, Issues 3-4 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 297-316 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90039-2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Poppe, L.J., Eliason, A.H., Fredericks, J.J., Rendigs, R.R., Blackwood, D., and Polloni, C.F. Publication_Date: 2000 Title: CHAPTER 1: Grain-size analysis of marine sediments: methodology and data processing Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 00-358 Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-358/text/chapter1.htm Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Galle, O.K., and Runnels, R.T. Publication_Date: 19601201 Title: Determination of CO2 in carbonate rocks by controlled loss on ignition Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Issue_Identification: Volume 30, No. 4 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 613-618 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70ABF-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Santisteban, J.I., Mediavilla, R., Lopez-Pamo, E., Dabrio, C.J., Blanca Ruiz Zapata, M., Garcia, M.J.G., Castano, S., and Martinez-Alfaro, P.E. Publication_Date: 200410 Title: Loss on ignition: a qualitative or quantitative method for organic matter and carbonate mineral content in sediments? Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Paleolimnology Issue_Identification: Volume 32 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 287-299 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000042999.30131.5b Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wang, Q., Li, Y., and Wang, Y. Publication_Date: 201103 Title: Optimizing the weight loss-on-ignition methodology to quantify organic and carbonate carbon of sediments from diverse sources Series_Information: Series_Name: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Issue_Identification: Volume 174 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 241-257 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1454-z Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., and Lemcke, G. Publication_Date: 200101 Title: Loss on Ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Paleolimnology Issue_Identification: Volume 25 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 101-110 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008119611481 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The positional accuracy of the marsh sample locations is determined by the accuracy of the raw position data recorded by the GPS antenna during data collection. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) coordinates were obtained using post-processing software packages (National Geodetic Survey On-Line Positioning User Service, OPUS, and Novatel Waypoint Product Group GrafNav). Replicate analyses of loss on ignition are reported for quality assurance. The grain-size data represent the sample averages for a subset of the statistical parameters calculated by GRADISTAT. The number of runs included in the averaged results are reported, and the standard deviation of the averaged results are reported for most parameters. The gamma spectroscopic radioisotope activities reported include the counting error for all samples. The critical level for gamma spectroscopy is reported for each core set. Logical_Consistency_Report: The grain-size sample runs in the GRADISTAT output files for which the mean Folk and Ward (1957) grain-size varied from the set average by more than 1.5 standard deviations are highlighted in yellow and were not included in final averaged results. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted on the remaining datasets. Completeness_Report: This data release (doi:10.5066/P9XYDHFZ) contains all sediment data associated with this USGS FAN and includes the geographic site location, water quality parameters, sediment physical properties, grain-size statistics, and sediment radiochemistry activities for ten cores collected at ten sites on Point aux Chenes marsh and marsh surface and estuarine grab samples, collected in October 2018. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: All static GPS base station sessions were processed through the On-Line Positioning User Service (OPUS) maintained by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The OPUS base station solutions were entered into a spreadsheet to compute a final, time-weighted positional coordinate (latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid height) for the base station: NGS Permanent Identifier [PID]DO5987, stamping 0166 B 2010 (recording site name B166) located at the boat ramp at the northern end of Bayou Heron. Base station positional error was calculated as the absolute value of the final position minus the session position value. The estimated post-processed horizontal accuracy (2-sigma) for the core locations was 0.00015 +/- 0.00007 seconds latitude and 0.00013 +/- 0.00006 seconds longitude. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: All static GPS base station sessions were processed through OPUS. The OPUS base station solutions were entered into a spreadsheet to compute a final, time-weighted positional coordinate (latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid height) for each base station. Base station positional error for each GPS session was calculated as the absolute value of the final position minus the session position value. The maximum vertical error of the base station coordinates used for post-processing the sample locations was 0.011 +/- 0.006 meters. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Surface grab samples were taken from estuarine sites (GB542G-GB563G) using a petite PONAR grab sampler, deployed according to manufacturer specifications. The sediment recovered in the grab sampler was inspected for an undisturbed (i.e., free of slumping, washout, scouring, cracking, and/or other disturbance features) sediment-water interface to ensure the bulk sample collected was representative of the surface and material was not lost. If the sediment was disturbed, the sediment was discarded, and a new grab sample was collected and assessed. If the sediment surface was intact, any overlying water and the mesh screens were slowly removed in accordance with the product manual, and the uppermost one centimeter of sediment was subsampled with a spoon or scoopula for sediment characterization as described in Osbourne and DeLaune (2013) and for consistency with related products (Ellis and Smith, 2021; Haller and others, 2019) and as is standard and recommended for recent surficial sediment and microfossil analyses (Schonfeld and others, 2012). Water quality properties at each estuarine site were measured with a YSI Pro-DSS and values were recorded. At ten sites on the Point aux Chenes marsh, push cores (GB530M-GB535M; GB538M-GB541M) were collected with 10.16-cm diameter polycarbonate barrels. Upon retrieval, similar to methods described in Osbourne and DeLaune (2013; with the exception of not adding water for extraction when not necessary due to the sediments being saturated) and calculation of compaction due to coring, the cores were visually inspected for disturbances (i.e., slumping, washout, scouring, cracking, bubbling, and/or discontinuities) to ensure the core was intact and representative of the site. If the core appeared disturbed, it was discarded, and a new core was collected and inspected. Core lengths ranged between 36 and 65 cm. The cores were transported upright, in order to avoid slumping and preserve the natural sediment orientation, to the SPCMSC laboratory for sectioning. At each marsh site, Russian peat augers were collected in agreement with the methods described in Osbourne and DeLaune (2013) and manufacturer recommendations. Visual characteristics of the peat augers were described (i.e., general color, visual organic matter texture and type such as roots, bivalves, and level of decomposition, and sediment texture such as sandy silt or clayey silt) and thickness of the upper organic-bearing unit (peat) was recorded in field logs, in centimeters. Once described and photographed horizontally with a scale bar and label, peat augers were discarded in the field. The field logs associated with those peat augers are available upon request. Sample identifiers consist of the USGS alternate FAN or project ID (18CCT09), a site-specific identifier (for example, GB542), and appended with an alphabetic identifier to differentiate the sediment collection method (S for marsh surface sample, M for marsh push core, G for estuarine grab sample, R for Russian peat auger). Estuarine site coordinates and water depth were recorded with a Garmin EchoMapPlus 63v boat GPS and depth sounder; push core locations were initially recorded at the time of collection using a Garmin GPSMAP 76S handheld GPS receiver. Marsh site coordinates were also recorded using a GPS antenna with base station set up. Site location information includes sample type, date collected, location relative to the shoreline, latitude, longitude, elevation, core lengths, and YSI measurements, which are reported in an Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx). Comma-separated values (.csv) data files containing the tabular data in plain text are included in the download files. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.xlsx Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: DGPS Acquisition: A DGPS base station was erected on a NGS benchmark located within the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, B166 (PID DO5987). At the base station, an Ashtech Z-Xtreme DGPS receiver recorded the 12-channel full-carrier-phase positioning signals (L1/L2) from satellites via a Thales choke-ring antenna. A similar instrument combination (Ashtech Z-Xtreme receiver and Ashtech geodetic antenna) was used for the rover GPS systems. The base receiver and the rover receiver record their positions concurrently at 1 second (s) recording intervals throughout the survey. A stop-and-go rapid-static survey technique was used, with static occupation durations of 30 minutes per sample site, which provide more accurate horizontal and vertical control than handheld GPS units. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.xlsx Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: GPS Post-Processing: The final, time weighted coordinates for the GPS base stations were imported into GrafNav, version 8.7 (Novatel Waypoint Product Group) and the data from the rover GPS were post-processed to the concurrent GPS session data from the nearest base station. The GPS data were acquired in the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84, (G1150)) geodetic datum, processed, and exported in the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) geocentric datum. The exported file from GrafNav was converted using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) VDatum software conversion tool version 3.6 (http://vdatum.noaa.gov/). The sample locations were transformed from the GPS acquisition datum (WGS84) horizontal and vertical, to NAD83, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16 North (16N) horizontal reference frame and the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) orthometric elevation using the NGS geoid model of 2012A (GEOID12A). The site information data files provided in the data release are in the Geographic Coordinate System (latitude, longitude, decimal degrees) NAD83. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.xlsx Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Upon return from the field, all marsh push cores were X-rayed vertically using a stand, to avoid sediment slumping, onto an iCRco 11 x 14-inch cassette using an Ecotron EPX-F2800 X-ray unit at a distance of 79 cm for a 1:1.015 ratio. The cassette was inserted into and scanned using an iCR3600+ cassette scanner and processed using iCRco QPC XSCAN32 version 2.10. Images were then exported as Tag Image File Format (.tiff) files and edited in Adobe Photoshop, using grayscale color inversion, and inserting a reference scale bar. X-ray images were used as visual aids prior to extraction and subsampling to assess peat thickness in comparison with peat augers, presence of macrofossils which may impede sectioning, and to ensure cores are intact for the length of the core. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_21CCT02_Xrays.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: U.S. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Following x-raying, all cores were vertically extruded and sectioned into 1-cm intervals using a serrated knife, pre-measured polycarbonate ring, and extruder (in accordance with methods described in Osbourne and DeLaune, 2013 and in 1-cm intervals as is standard for sediment and radiochemical analyses; Nittrouer and others, 1979) at the USGS SPCMSC sediment core laboratory. The outer circumference of each sample interval was removed to avoid use of sediment that was in contact with the polycarbonate barrel which could result in contamination by sediment from other depths due to movement within the barrel both during collection and extruding; each sediment interval was bagged in a zipped baggie, homogenized, and refrigerated (Osbourne and DeLaune, 2013). Process_Date: 2018 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: U.S. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: In the laboratory, marsh core samples were homogenized in the sample bag to ensure a representative subsample from the 1-cm interval, and the subsample for sediment parameters was extracted and processed for basic sediment characteristics: dry bulk density and porosity. Water content, porosity, and dry bulk density were calculated by determining water mass lost during drying. To calculate, known volumes of each wet subsample, usually 30-60 milliliters (mL), were packed into a graduated syringe with 0.5 cubic centimeter (cm^3) resolution. The wet sediment sample was then extruded into a pre-weighed aluminum tray/weigh boat, and the weight was recorded. The wet sediment sample and tray were placed in a drying oven for 48 hours at 60 °C (Celsius) to remove water content. A 1 mL split from the original wet sample was also taken for diatom analysis and was dried using the same procedure. Water content (θ) was determined as the mass of water (lost when dried) relative to the initial wet sediment mass. Porosity (φ) was estimated from the equation φ = θ / [θ+(1-θ)/ρs] where ρs is grain density assumed to be 2.5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3), representative of a silty quartz sand. Salt-mass contributions were removed based on the salinity measured at the time of sample collection. If salinity was not measured in the field, pore water salinity was estimated to be 25. Dry bulk density (g/cm^3) was determined by the ratio of dry sediment to the known volume of sediment packed into the syringe. Water content, porosity and dry bulk density are reported in the Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx). A comma-separated values (.csv) data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file. Some depth intervals in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.xlsx Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.csv Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: U.S. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Organic matter (OM) content was determined with a mass loss technique referred to as loss on ignition (LOI). The dry sediment subsample from the previous process step, measuring dry bulk density, was homogenized with a porcelain mortar and pestle. Approximately 2 to 6 grams (g) of the dry sediment was placed into a pre-weighed porcelain crucible. The mass of the dried sediment was recorded with a precision of 0.01 g on an analytical balance. The sample was then placed inside a laboratory muffle furnace with stabilizing temperature control. The furnace was heated to 110 °C for a minimum of 6 hours to remove hygroscopic water adsorbed onto the sediment particles. The furnace temperature was then lowered to 60 °C, at which point the sediments could be reweighed safely (modified from Dean, 1974 who heated the furnace to 100 °C for 1 hour). The dried sediment was returned to the muffle furnace and heated to 550 °C over a period of 30 minutes and kept at 550 °C (Galle and Runnels, 1960) for 6 hours (optimal exposure times for complete combustion of organic carbon are reported ranging between 1–12 hours; Dean, 1974; Wang and others, 2011; Heiri and others, 2001; Santisteban and others, 2004). In error, marsh push core GB541M was heated to 800 °C instead of 550 °C for 6 hours, which may result in an overestimate of organic matter content due to potential degradation of inorganic carbon at the higher temperature, which is considered to peak at 950 °C (Galle and Runnels, 1960). Following the 6-hour burn time for removal of organic carbon, the furnace's temperature was lowered to 60 °C, at which point the sediments could be reweighed safely while preventing the absorption of moisture, which can affect the measurement. The mass lost during the 6-hour baking period relative to the 110 °C-dried mass is used as a metric of OM content (Dean, 1974); OM content for core GB541M may be overestimated due to the increased furnace temperature. Approximately 13 percent of the field samples were run in triplicate for LOI to assess precision. Data are reported as a ratio of mass (g) of organic matter to mass (g) of dry sediment (post-110 °C drying). Replicate analyses of loss on ignition are reported for quality assurance in the Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx). A comma-separated values (.csv) data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file. Some depth intervals in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.xlsx Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.csv Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: U.S. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Particle size analysis was performed on selected 1-cm depth intervals for the 10 marsh push cores, based on dry bulk density variations down-core, and on all 23 surficial sediment samples. Prior to analyses, sediment samples were digested with 8 mL of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) overnight to remove excess organics (Poppe and others, 2000). The H2O2 was then evaporated slowly on a hot plate, and the sediment was washed and centrifuged twice with deionized water. Grain-size analyses on the sediment cores were performed using a Coulter LS 13 320 (https://www.beckmancoulter.com/) particle-size analyzer (PSA), which uses laser diffraction to measure the size distribution of sediments ranging in size from 0.4 microns to 2 millimeters (mm) (clay to very coarse-grained sand). To prevent shell fragments from damaging the Coulter instrument, particles greater than 1 mm in diameter were separated from all samples prior to analysis using a number 18 (1000 microns or 1 mm) U.S. standard sieve, which meets the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E11 standard specifications for determining particle size using woven-wire test sieves. Two subsamples from each depth interval were processed through the instrument a minimum of three runs each. The sediment slurry made from the digested sample and deionized water was sonicated with a wand sonicator for 1 minute before being introduced into the Coulter PSA to breakdown aggregated particles. The Coulter PSA measures the particle-size distribution of each sample by passing sediment suspended in solution between two narrow panes of glass in front of a laser. Light is scattered by the particles into characteristic refraction patterns measured by an array of photodetectors as intensity per unit area and recorded as relative volume for 92 size-related channels (bins). The size-classification boundaries for each bin were specified based on the ASTM E11 standard. Process_Date: 2019 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The raw grain-size data were processed with the free software program, GRADISTAT version 8, (Blott and Pye, 2001; kpal.co.uk/gradistat), which calculates the mean, median, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis of each sample geometrically in metric units and logarithmically in phi units (Φ) (Krumbein, 1934) using a modified Folk and Ward (1957) scale. GRADISTAT also calculates the fraction of sediment from each sample by size category (for example, clay, coarse silt, fine sand) based on Friedman and Saunders (1978), a modified Wentworth (1922) size scale. A macro function in Microsoft Excel, developed by the USGS SPCMSC, was applied to the data to calculate the average and standard deviation for each sample set (6-8 runs per sample), and highlight runs that varied from the set average by more than ± 1.5 standard deviations. Excessive deviations from the mean are likely the result of equipment error or extraneous organic material in the sample and are not considered representative of the sample. The highlighted runs were removed from the results, and the sample average was recalculated using the remaining runs. The averaged results for all samples, including the number of averaged runs and the standard deviation of the averaged results were summarized in an Excel workbook (.xlsx) with each core on its own tab. A comma-separated values (.csv) data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file. The individual run statistics or all sites, prior to averaging, is available upon request. Some depth intervals in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting. Process_Date: 2019 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_GrainSize.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Dried, ground sediment from the 1-cm depth intervals of the 10 push cores were analyzed for the detection of radionuclides by standard gamma-ray spectrometry (Cutshall and Larsen, 1986) at the USGS SPCMSC radioisotope lab. Intervals from the uppermost 30 cm were analyzed from each core with alternating intervals analyzed from lower depths in the cores. The sediments were sealed in airtight polypropylene containers for planar detectors or polystyrene test tubes for the well detector. Sediments placed in the test tubes were sealed with a layer of epoxy. The sample weights and counting container geometries were matched to pre-determined calibration standards. The sealed samples were stored for a minimum of 3 weeks prior to analysis to allow radium-226 (Ra-226) to come into secular equilibrium with its daughter isotopes lead-214 (Pb-214) and bismuth-214 (Bi-214). The sealed samples were then counted for 48-72 hours on a 16 x 40-millimeter well or 50-millimeter diameter planar-style, low energy, high-purity germanium, gamma-ray spectrometer. The suite of naturally-occurring and anthropogenic radioisotopes measured along with their corresponding photopeak energies in kiloelectron volts (keV) are Pb-210 (46.5 keV), thorium-234 (Th-234, 63.3 keV), Pb-214 (295.7 and 352.5 keV; proxies for Ra-226), Bi-214 (609.3 keV; proxy for Ra-226), cesium-137 (Cs-137, 661.6 keV), and potassium-40 (K-40, 1640.8 keV). Sample count rates were corrected for detector efficiency determined with International Atomic Energy Agency RGU-1 reference material, standard photopeak intensity, and self-absorption using a uranium-238 (U-238) sealed source (planar detectors only, Cutshall and others, 1983). All activities, with the exception of short-lived Pb-214 and Bi-214, were decay-corrected to the date of field collection. The radioisotopic activities reported in the Excel spreadsheet (.xlsx) include the counting error for all samples, results from each core are on its own tab. The critical level is reported for each core. A comma-separated values (.csv) data file containing the tabular data in plain text is included in the download file. Some depth intervals in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting. Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_GammaSpectroscopy.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_GammaSpectroscopy.xlsx Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Marci E. Marot Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: U.S. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mmarot@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Version 2.0: This data release was versioned on August 23, 2023, to correct an error in the 18CCT09 site information dataset. Sites 18CCT09-GB539 through GB541 were collected at site 9 rather than site 8. The site number in the "Transect Site ID" column was updated to correct this error. Also added data for an additional field activity (alternate FAN 21CCT02): sediment physical properties, site information, gamma spectroscopy, x-ray images, and field logs. Appended alternate FAN to zip filenames (18CCT09_21CCT02), and added a new metadata file, 21CCT02-GB_metadata (.txt and .xml). Please see the version_history.txt file for more information. Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.xlsx Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv, 18CCT09_SiteInformation.xlsx Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values text file and Microsoft Excel workbook (.xlsx) defining the field sampling dates, site locations, elevations, water depths, core lengths and compaction, and water quality parameters for the push cores and surficial sediment samples collected in this study (USGS FAN 2018-358-FA, project ID 18CCT09). Some values in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting, and no data values are indicated with a hyphen. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values text file defining the field sampling dates, site locations, elevations, water depths, core lengths and compaction, and water quality parameters for the push cores and surficial sediment samples collected in this study (USGS FAN 2018-358-FA, project ID 18CCT09). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Alternate FAN Attribute_Definition: Alternate field activity number assigned by the USGS to the sample collection. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 18CCT09 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Alternate FAN (FAN 2018-358-FA). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample ID Attribute_Definition: Sample identifier assigned by a USGS scientist consisting of GB to indicate Grand Bay and a three-digit number. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character string Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample Type Collected Attribute_Definition: Additional sample identifier designations appended to identify the sample type collected at a single site. For some sites, multiple sample types were collected, which is designated by a letter and space between each sample type. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: M Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Marsh push core Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: R Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Russian peat auger core Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: G Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Estuarine PONAR grab sample Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: S Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Marsh surface sample Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Transect Site ID Attribute_Definition: Marsh samples were collected along shore perpendicular transects, with each transect referred to as a site. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sample sites include Site 5, 6, 7, and 9. Sample site 9 was previously labeled as Site 8, which was corrected in version 2.0 of this data release. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Distance from Shoreline (m) Attribute_Definition: Distance, in meters, from the shoreline where the samples at that site were collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 10 Range_Domain_Maximum: 50 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Date Collected Attribute_Definition: Date identifier Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 10/23/18 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10/26/18 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: mm/dd/yy Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (NAD83) Attribute_Definition: Latitude of station location, in decimal degrees (North American Datum of 1983). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 30.32135 Range_Domain_Maximum: 30.36769 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (NAD83) Attribute_Definition: Longitude of site location, in decimal degrees (North American Datum of 1983). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -88.45009 Range_Domain_Maximum: -88.40274 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation (m, NAVD88 GEOID12A) Attribute_Definition: The elevation, in meters, of each site relative to the North American Datum of 1988 GEOID12A. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.350 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.650 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Water Depth (m) Attribute_Definition: The depth of the water recorded at each estuarine site, in meters. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Field Estimated Recovered Core Length (cm) Attribute_Definition: The approximate length of the push core collected, in centimeters, as recorded in the field. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 36.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 65.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coring Compaction (cm) Attribute_Definition: The approximate amount of compaction withstood by the push core, in centimeters, as recorded in the field. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 61.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core Diameter (cm) Attribute_Definition: The diameter of the acrylic core barrel used to collect the push cores, in centimeters. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 10.16 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.16 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Number Auger Sections (N) Attribute_Definition: The total number of 50-centimeter sections of Russian Peat Augers collected at each station. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Number of 50-centimeter sections Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Recovered Auger Length (cm) Attribute_Definition: The total length of the Russian Peat Auger collected at each site in centimeters, as recorded in the field. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 100.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 188.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Marsh Unit Thickness (cm) Attribute_Definition: The estimated vertical extent/depth of the marsh unit, in centimeters. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 52 Range_Domain_Maximum: 144 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1.0 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation of Basal Marsh Contact (m, NAVD88 GEOID12A) Attribute_Definition: The estimated elevation of the basal marsh contact, in meters, at each site relative to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 GEOID12A. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.79 Range_Domain_Maximum: -0.118 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1.000 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Temperature (C) Attribute_Definition: Water temperature in degrees Celsius at each site. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 20.9 Range_Domain_Maximum: 22.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Degrees Celsius Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Barometric Pressure (mmHg) Attribute_Definition: Barometric pressure, in millimeters of mercury, at each site. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 763.7 Range_Domain_Maximum: 765.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Millimeters of mercury Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dissolved Oxygen (%) Attribute_Definition: Percent dissolved oxygen at each core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 7.89 Range_Domain_Maximum: 107.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Percent Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Attribute_Definition: Dissolved oxygen in milligrams per liter at each core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 7.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 35.7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Milligrams per liter Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Specific Conductance (mS/cm) Attribute_Definition: Specific conductance in millisiemens per centimeter at core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 36.7 Range_Domain_Maximum: 38.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Millisiemens per centimeter Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Salinity Attribute_Definition: Salinity at each core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 22.6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 25.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Practical salinity units Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: pH Attribute_Definition: pH at each core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 7.6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 7.9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Hydrogen ion concentrations Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: pH (mV) Attribute_Definition: pH in millivolts at each core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -73.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: -56.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Millivolts Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Oxidation-Reduction Potential (mV) Attribute_Definition: Oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts at each core location. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 82.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 159.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Millivolts Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Turbidity (NTU) Attribute_Definition: Measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water, in nephelometric turbidity units. Attribute_Definition_Source: YSI Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: nephelometric turbidity units Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.csv, 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.xlsx Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values text file (.csv) and Microsoft Excel workbook (.xlsx) listing water content, porosity, bulk density and loss-on-ignition data for sediment cores and surface samples collected on and around Point aux Chenes marsh, Mississippi (USGS FAN 2018-358-FA). The results for each core are provided on its own tab. Some values in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting, and no data values are indicated with a hyphen. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample ID Attribute_Definition: Sample identifier assigned by a USGS scientist. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Identifier consists of alternate FAN (18CCT09), hyphen, sample ID (GB####), hyphen, sample type (S = marsh surface sample, G = petite ponar grab sample), hyphen, PP (physical parameters subsample). A, B, and C indicate laboratory replicates of a single sample. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core ID Attribute_Definition: Core identifier assigned by a USGS scientist. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Identifier consists of alternate FAN (18CCT09), hyphen, sample ID (GB####), hyphen, sample type (M = marsh push core), hyphen, PP (physical parameters subsample). A, B, and C indicate laboratory replicates of a single sample. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depth (cm) Attribute_Definition: Depth interval in centimeters measured below the core surface, A, B, and C indicates laboratory replicate. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0-1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 71-72 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Water Content (g-water/g-wet) Attribute_Definition: The ratio of the mass of water to the mass of wet sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.17 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.67 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Grams of water per grams of wet sediment Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dry Bulk Density (g/cm^3) Attribute_Definition: Dry bulk density of the sediment interval. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.28 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.58 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Grams per cubic centimeter Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Loss On Ignition (g-OM/g-dry) Attribute_Definition: The ratio of the mass of organic matter combusted at 550 degrees Celsius to the pre-combusted mass of dry sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.24 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Grams of organic matter per grams of dry sediment Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 18CCT09_GammaSpectroscopy.csv, 18CCT09_GammaSpectroscopy.xlsx Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values text file (.csv) and Microsoft Excel workbook (.xlsx) summarizing the total cesium-137, lead-210, radium-226, thorium-234, potassium-40, and their associated errors for each depth interval for the sediment cores collected from the Point aux Chenes marsh, Mississippi (USGS FAN 2018-358-FA). The results are provided for each core on its own tab. Some values in the .csv file display as dates due to csv formatting, no data values are indicated with a double hyphen, and values of ND indicate not detected. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core ID Attribute_Definition: Core identifier assigned by a USGS scientist. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Identifier consists of alternate FAN (18CCT09), hyphen, sample ID (GB####), hyphen, sample type (M = marsh push core). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depth (cm) Attribute_Definition: Depth interval in centimeters measured below the core surface. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0-1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 59-60 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1.0 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cs-137 (dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The total activity of cesium-137 for each centimeter interval of every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.09 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.62 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Cs-137 Error (+/- dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The counting error associated with the total activity of cesium-137 for each centimeter interval for every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.03 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.14 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Pb-210 (dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The total activity of lead-210 for each centimeter interval of every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.25 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.03 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Pb-210 Error (+/- dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The counting error associated with the total activity of lead-210 for each centimeter interval for every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.08 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.84 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ra-226 (dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The total activity of radium-226 for each centimeter interval of every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.21 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.98 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ra-226 Error (+/- dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The counting error associated with the total activity of radium-226 for each centimeter interval for every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.03 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.18 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Th-234 (dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The total activity of thorium-234 for each centimeter interval of every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.21 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.22 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Th-234 Error (+/- dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The counting error associated with the total activity of thorium-234 for each centimeter interval for every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.08 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.80 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: K-40 (dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The total activity of potassium-40 for each centimeter interval of every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 28.07 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: K-40 Error (+/- dpm/g) Attribute_Definition: The counting error associated with the total activity of potassium-40 for each centimeter interval for every core in disintegrations per minute per gram of sediment. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.28 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.61 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Disintegrations per minute per gram Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 18CCT09_GrainSize.csv, 18CCT09_GrainSize.xlsx Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values text file (.csv) and Microsoft Excel workbook (.xlsx) summarizing grain-size parameters for each surface sample and centimeter depth interval from the sediment cores collected on the Point aux Chenes marshes and the surrounding estuary (USGS FAN 2018-358-FA). The averaged results for each sample, including the number of runs used, the standard deviation of the averaged results, and graphical class-size distributions, are provided. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The detailed attribute descriptions for the grain-size workbooks are provided in the included data dictionary (18CCT09_GrainSize_DataDictionary.docx). These metadata are not complete without this file. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Data Dictionary for GRADISTAT grain-size output, in: Ellis, A.M., Smith, C.G., Vargas, J., and Everhart, C., 2021, Sedimentologic Data from Point aux Chenes Marsh and Estuary, Mississippi (ver. 2.0, August 2023), https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XYDHFZ. Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The processed x-ray images of each marsh push core are provided for non-quantitative purposes only (18CCT09_21CCT02_Xrays.zip). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Core x-radiographic images (.jpg) provided in, in: Ellis, A.M., Smith, C.G., Vargas, J., and Everhart, C., 2021, Sedimentologic Data from Point aux Chenes Marsh and Estuary, Mississippi, (ver. 2.0, August 2023), https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XYDHFZ. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Resource_Description: 18CCT09_SiteInformation.csv, 18CCT09_SiteInformation.xlsx, 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.csv, 18CCT09_SedimentPhysicalProperties.xlsx, 18CCT09_GammaSpectroscopy.csv, 18CCT09_GammaSpectroscopy.xlsx, 18CCT09_GrainSize.csv, 18CCT09_GrainSize.xlsx, 18CCT09-GB530M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB531M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB532M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB533M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB534M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB535M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB538M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB539M_xray.jpg, 18CCT09-GB540M_xray.jpg, and 18CCT09-GB541M_xray.jpg Distribution_Liability: This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Compressed (zip) archive Format_Version_Date: 2023 Format_Specification: WinZip, 7-Zip Format_Information_Content: This zip archive includes Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (.xlsx), comma-separated values text files (.csv), Microsoft Word document (.docx), Joint Photographic Experts Group files (JPEG) and accompanying metadata for sediment data from surface samples and cores collected from the Point aux Chenes marsh and surrounding Grand Bay estuary (USGS FAN 2018-358-FA). File_Decompression_Technique: Unzip Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9XYDHFZ/data/18CCT09_21CCT02_SiteInformation.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9XYDHFZ/data/18CCT09_21CCT02_SedimentPhysicalProperties.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9XYDHFZ/data/18CCT09_GrainSize.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9XYDHFZ/data/18CCT09_21CCT02_GammaSpectroscopy.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9XYDHFZ/data/18CCT09_21CCT02_FieldLogs.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9XYDHFZ/data/18CCT09_21CCT02_Xrays.zip Fees: None, if obtained online Technical_Prerequisites: The data tables for USGS FAN 2018-358-FA were created in Microsoft Excel for Mac version 16.37 and can be opened using Microsoft Excel 2007 or higher. The data tables are also provided as comma-separated values text files (.csv). The .csv data file contains the tabular data in plain text and may be viewed with a standard text editor. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20230823 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alisha M. Ellis Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aellis@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None