U.S. Geological Survey 20170213 Tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey Data Series DS 1034 St. Petersburg, FL St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1034/ds1034_data.html Timothy R. Nelson Jennifer L. Miselis Cheryl J. Hapke Owen T. Brenner Rachel E. Henderson Billy J. Reynolds Kathleen E. Wilson 20160801 U.S. Geological Survey Data Series DS 1034 St. Petersburg, FL St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1034 Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, Florida, conducted a bathymetric survey of Fire Island, New York, from October 5 to 10, 2014. The U.S. Geological Survey is involved in a post-Hurricane Sandy effort to map and monitor the morphologic evolution of the wilderness breach, which formed in October 2012 during Hurricane Sandy, as part of the Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Project GS2-2B. During this study, bathymetry data were collected, using single-beam echo sounders and global positioning systems mounted to personal watercraft, along the Fire Island shoreface and within the wilderness breach, Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, and Great South Bay east of Nicoll Bay. Additional bathymetry and elevation data were collected using backpack and wheel-mounted global positioning systems along the subaerial beach (foreshore and backshore), and flood shoals and shallow channels within the wilderness breach and adjacent shoreface. To determine the change Hurricane Sandy caused in the shoreface morphology and breach evolution at Fire Island, New York, USA, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) conducted a bathymetric survey of Fire Island from October 5 to 10, 2014. The objectives of the data collection effort were to map the morphology of the wilderness breach and adjacent shoreface, Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, and Great South Bay east of Nicoll Bay the shoreface as part of the USGS Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Project GS2-2B. This dataset, 201410_Single_Beam_XYZ.zip, consists of single-beam elevation and global positioning system (GPS) data collected with personal watercraft (PWC). 20141005 20141010 ground condition Complete None planned -73.3249283000001 -72.8428362000009 40.7659820000066 40.6248195000067 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:24cd41c3-cece-464f-86f2-55986c1d04a3 ISO 19115 Topic Category elevation oceans geoscientificInformation imageryBaseMapsEarthCover USGS Thesaurus geomorphology marine geology geophysics sea-floor characteristics bathymetry single-beam echo sounder GPS measurement geospatial datasets None mapping single-beam shoals barrier island U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program CMGP St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center SPCMSC Hurricane Sandy Supplemental: Fire Island Hurricane Sandy 2014-325-FA Geographic Names Information System United States of America New York Fire Island Fire Island National Seashore Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness Bellport Bay Fire Island Inlet Great South Bay Narrow Bay Atlantic Ocean None Wilderness Breach None 2014 The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be referenced as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. These data should not be used for navigational purposes. Timothy R. Nelson U.S. Geological Survey mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701-4846 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Timothy R. Nelson Jennifer L. Miselis Cheryl J. Hapke Kathleen E. Wilson Rachel E. Henderson Owen T. Brenner Billy J. Reynolds Mark E. Hansen 20160707 U.S. Geological Survey Data Series DS 1007 St. Petersburg, FL St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1007 The accuracy of the data is determined during data collection. This dataset is derived from a single field survey using identical equipment, setup procedures, and staff; therefore, the dataset is internally consistent. Methods are employed to maintain data collection consistency. During setup, each piece of equipment is isolated to obtain internal and external offset measurements with respect to the survey platform. All the critical measurements are recorded manually and digitally entered into their respective programs. For single-beam soundings, distance between the transducer and GPS antenna was measured for each personal watercraft and accounted for during post-processing. The U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center collected shallow water bathymetric data in the wilderness breach, Bellport Bay, Narrow Bay, Great South Bay east of Nicoll Bay, Fire Island Inlet, and the ocean shoreface within approximately 2.5 kilometers (km) of the wilderness breach. Single-beam soundings were collected in the wilderness breach (and associated flood and ebb tidal shoals), Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, and the eastern end of Great South Bay. This zip archive contains the post-processed single-beam bathymetric data (x, y, z) acquired during a single field survey, in October 2014. This is a complete, post-processed x,y,z bathymetric data point file acquired with personal watercrafts offshore Fire Island, NY. These areas include: the shoreface, the wilderness breach, Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, Bellport Bay and the eastern end of Great South Bay. The GPS antenna and receiver acquisition configuration used at the base station was duplicated on the survey vessel (rover). The base receiver and the rover receiver recorded their positions concurrently at 10 Hz recording intervals throughout the survey. All processed measurements were referenced to the base station coordinates. All static base station GPS sessions were submitted for processing to the Online Positioning User Service (OPUS), which was created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Geodetic Survey (NOAA/NGS). OPUS results provided an error measurement for each daily solution with a horizontal accuracy estimated as 0.007 m root mean squared (RMS). The combined horizontal error is assumed to be at most half of the vertical offset. 0.087 m Static GPS data were processed using NOAA/NGS OPUS software and kinematic GPS data were processed with GrafNav v8.50 software by Novatel and Matlab. The GPS antenna and receiver acquisition configuration used at the base station was duplicated on the survey vessel (rover). The base receiver and the rover receiver recorded their positions concurrently at 10 hertz (Hz) recording intervals throughout the survey. All processed measurements are referenced to the base station coordinates. OPUS results provided an error measurement for each daily solution. Applying these error measurements, the vertical accuracy of the base station was estimated to be 0.007 m root mean squared (RMS). The kinematic (rover) trajectories were processed using GrafNav v8.50 software by Novatel and Matlab. Occurrences where a personal watercraft trackline crosses itself were used to determine vertical error. The calculated RMS error was 0.165 m. The combined vertical error from base station coordinate solutions, rover trajectories, and datum transformations was 0.174 m. 0.174 m Static GPS data were processed using NOAA/NGS OPUS software and kinematic GPS data were processed with GrafNav v8.50 software by Novatel and Matlab. GPS Acquisition: Horizontal and vertical positioning of each vessel and backpack was were collected determined using a base-rover configuration. Data were recorded at 10 Hertz (Hz) using Ashtech ProFlex™ 500 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with Thales choke ring antennas. Three stationary base stations (REST, VC, and U374) were occupied during the surveys. The stationary base at published NGS benchmark U374 (Permanent Identification number (PID#) KU0206) was equipped with an Inmarsat Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) satellite uplink system for remote monitoring of the base station. U374 consisted of an Ashtech Proflex 500 GNSS receiver and an Ashtech choke ring antenna with a vertical offset of 1.24 meters (m). GPS data acquired by the PWCs, backpack, wheel-mount, and the REST and VC base stations were downloaded at the end of each survey day. A small segment of the U374 data was downloaded via the BGAN network nightly to ensure the system was operating properly. Reference station coordinates were verified with Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) stations using OPUS, (http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS/). OPUS computed reference positions had a vertical error of 0.007 m and horizontal errors of 0.8 cm and 0.6 cm for East-West and North-South, respectively. 2014 U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Billy J. Reynolds Engineering Technician mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8067 727-502-8181 breynolds@usgs.gov Single-Beam Sounding Acquisition: The single-beam bathymetric data were collected on two Yamaha (2010 and 2013) VX Deluxe personal watercraft. HYPACK version 2013 was used for positioning and navigation during the survey. Depth soundings were recorded at 10 Hz using an Odom Ecotrac CV-100 Digital Hydrographic Echo Sounder system with 200 kHz transducers with 4-degree (vessel 1) and 9-degree (vessel 2) transducers. Soundings were merged into a raw data file (.raw) and a sounding file (.bin) in HYPACK. Each file was named according to transect number and coordinated universal time (UTC). Water column sound velocity measurements were collected periodically throughout the survey, using a SonTek CastAway conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensor. Data were processed using SonTek CastAway CTD software version 1.5. 2014 U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Timothy R. Nelson Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Single-Beam Differentially Corrected Navigation Processing: Positions and elevations associated with each sounding were post-processed using differential corrections derived from the base/rover setup. Applying the reference station coordinates, GPS data acquired from the rover were processed to the concurrent GPS session data at the base station- using GrafNav version 8.5 software (Waypoint Product Group). The horizontal and vertical coordinates were recorded in the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) reference frame and exported as an ASCII file for each vessel and each survey day. 2014 U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Billy J. Reynolds Engineering Technician mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8067 727-502-8181 breynolds@usgs.gov Single-Beam Processing: Soundings were merged with processed DGPS data and sound velocity profiles using Matlab to visually analyze single-beam soundings and correct for errors such as elevation outliers and dropouts associated with wave breaking in the surf zone. When this is suspected, a corrected seafloor elevation was manually digitized by analyzing the complete waveform signal recorded by the Odom within the .bin data file. The soundings were then corrected for the speed of sound associated with the mean water temperature and salinity. A moving average filter was then applied to the soundings in order to reduce instrument noise and noise associated with the pitch and roll of the PWC. The soundings were referenced to the height of the GPS antenna and subsequently to the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) ellipsoid. 2014 U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Timothy R. Nelson Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Single-Beam Datum Transformation: NOAA’s VDatum v3.3 was used to transform single beam data points (x, y, and z data) from their acquisition datum (WGS84) to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) reference frame and the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) elevation using the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) geoid model of 2012A (GEOID12A). For conversion from the WGS84 ellipsoid to NAVD88 there is a total of 5.4 cm of uncertainty in the transformation (http://vdatum.noaa.gov/docs/est_uncertainties.html). 2014 U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Timothy R. Nelson Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Single-Beam Error Analysis: The accuracy of the single-beam soundings was evaluated by identifying locations where survey track lines either crossed or were within a horizontal distance of 0.25 m of each other. Any track line associated with a crossing that had an elevation differing by greater than 0.6 m, compared to crossing lines, was removed. Evaluation of the remaining track line crossings indicated there was an overall mean difference of 3.8 cm (based on 210 crossings) and (root mean square) RMS error of 16.5 cm (based on 696 crossings). Applying the square root of the sum of the datum conversion uncertainty (5.4 cm) and the sounding uncertainty (16.5 cm) results in a combined vertical error of 17.4 cm. Horizontal uncertainty is assumed to be at most half of the vertical uncertainty (8.7 cm). 2015 U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Timothy R. Nelson Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Export Transects: Using Matlab, partial lines (the result of restarting the line in the middle of a transect) were subsequently merged with similar segments to create one seamless line. When repeats were present, only a single line was retained. Vessel 1 elevations were adjusted to those of vessel 2 for consistency (3.8 cm). The data were then combined into a single ASCII file consisting of position, elevation, line number, vessel number, and time of sampling. 2015 201410_PWC_XYZ.csv U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Timothy R. Nelson Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th St. S

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Keywords section of metadata optimized by correcting variations of theme keyword thesauri and updating/adding keywords. 20180529 U.S. Geological Survey Arnell S. Forde Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 727-502-8000 aforde@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20201013 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Point Point 1,844,194 Universal Transverse Mercator 18 0.9996 -75 0.0 500000 0.0 row and column 1.000000 1.000000 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 North American Vertical Datum 1988 0.01 m meter Attribute values 201410_Single_Beam_XYZ.csv Comma delimited xyz file U.S. Geological Survey Easting_m NAD83 UTM x-axis coordinate (Zone 18N) U.S. Geological Survey 641659 682122 Meter Northing_m NAD83 UTM y-axis coordinate (Zone 18N) U.S. Geological Survey 4498470 4514916 Meter Elev_NAVD88_m z-value (elevation) in NAVD88 U.S. Geological Survey -20.24 -0.16 Meter Line_Num Transect Line Number U.S. Geological Survey 1 89 Vessel Vessel ID Number U.S. Geological Survey 1 2 Date Date and Time of Sample U.S. Geological Survey 5 October 2014 15:31:29 10 October 2014 18:28:06 Comma delimited xyz file containing UTM X, UTM Y locations and corresponding Z elevation value, all in meters. Single-beam bathymetric point data for Fire Island, NY, created from data collected between October 5, 2014 and October 10, 2014. U.S. Geological Survey, St Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Timothy R. Nelson mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov 201410_Single_Beam_XYZ.csv Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. ASCII ZIP 25.5 https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1034/downloads/201410_Single_Beam_XYZ.zip None 20210922 20160411 U.S. Geological Survey Timothy R. Nelson Geologist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727-502-8098 727-502-8182 trnelson@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998