U.S. Geological Survey
20170213
The Fire Island Wilderness Breach Bathymetric Data collected with
Personal Watercraft and Backpack in Fire Island, New York (2014)
as a GeoTIFF
Raster digital data
U.S. Geological Survey Data Series
DS 1034
St. Petersburg, FL
St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1034/ds1034_data.html
Timothy R. Nelson
Jennifer L. Miselis
Cheryl J. Hapke
Owen T. Brenner
Rachel E. Henderson
Billy J. Reynolds
Kathleen E. Wilson
20170213
Bathymetry Data Collected in October 2014 From Fire Island, New York: The Wilderness Breach, Shoreface, and Bay
U.S. Geological Survey Data Series
DS 1034
St. Petersburg, FL
St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1034
Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal
and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, Florida, conducted a
bathymetric survey of Fire Island, New York, from October 5 to 10,
2014. The U.S. Geological Survey is involved in a post-Hurricane
Sandy effort to map and monitor the morphologic evolution of the
wilderness breach, which formed in October 2012 during Hurricane
Sandy, as part of the Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Project GS2-2B.
During this study, bathymetry data were collected, using single-beam
echo sounders and global positioning systems mounted to personal
watercraft, along the Fire Island shoreface and within the
wilderness breach, Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, and Great South
Bay east of Nicoll Bay. Additional bathymetry and elevation data
were collected using backpack and wheel-mounted global positioning
systems along the subaerial beach (foreshore and backshore), and
flood shoals and shallow channels within the wilderness breach and
adjacent shoreface.
To determine the change Hurricane Sandy caused in the shoreface
morphology and breach evolution at Fire Island, New York, USA,
scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg
Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) conducted a bathymetric
survey of Fire Island from October 5 to 10, 2014. The objectives of the
data collection effort were to map the morphology of the wilderness
breach and adjacent shoreface, Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, and
Great South Bay east of Nicoll Bay the shoreface as part of the USGS
Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Project GS2-2B. This dataset,
Wilderness_Breach_DEM.zip, consists of single-beam elevation and
ground-based data collected with personal watercraft (PWC) and
backpack GPS within the wilderness breach.
20141005
20141010
ground condition
None planned
-72.9148957777
-72.8826594271
40.7407541088
40.7143308706
USGS Metadata Identifier
USGS:256d2fce-4f14-4f50-bd79-a2f8de32fc85
ISO 19115 Topic Category
elevation
oceans
geoscientificInformation
imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
USGS Thesaurus
geomorphology
marine geology
geophysics
sea-floor characteristics
bathymetry
single-beam echo sounder
digital elevation models
image mosaics
GPS measurement
geospatial datasets
None
mapping
backpack GPS
single-beam
shoals
barrier island
U.S. Geological Survey
USGS
Coastal and Marine Geology Program
CMGP
St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
SPCMSC
Hurricane Sandy Supplemental: Fire Island
Hurricane Sandy
2014-325-FA
Geographic Names Information System
United States of America
New York
Fire Island
Fire Island National Seashore
Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness
Bellport Bay
Fire Island Inlet
Great South Bay
Narrow Bay
Atlantic Ocean
None
Wilderness Breach
None
2014
The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be referenced as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data.
These data should not be used for navigational purposes.
Timothy R. Nelson
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg
FL
33701-4846
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Timothy R. Nelson
Jennifer L. Miselis
Cheryl J. Hapke
Kathleen E. Wilson
Rachel E. Henderson
Owen T. Brenner
Billy J. Reynolds
Mark E. Hansen
20160707
Coastal Bathymetry Data Collected in June 2014 from Fire Island, New York: the Wilderness Breach and Shoreface
U.S. Geological Survey Data Series
DS 1007
St. Petersburg, FL
St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1007
The accuracy of the data is determined during data collection. This
dataset is derived from a single field survey using identical
equipment, setup procedures, and staff; therefore, the dataset is internally
consistent. Methods are employed to maintain data collection
consistency. During setup, each piece of equipment is isolated to
obtain internal and external offset measurements with respect to the
survey platform and mount. All the critical measurements are
recorded manually and digitally entered into their respective
programs. For single-beam soundings, distance between the transducer
and GPS antenna were measured for each personal watercraft and
accounted for during post-processing. For backpack collected
elevations, the antenna height relative to the ground was measured
for the surveyor in a walking stride position and accounted for
during post-processing. For the wheel-mount collected elevations,
the antenna height relative to the ground was 2 meters and accounted
for during post-processing.
The U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science
Center collected shallow water bathymetric data in the wilderness
breach, Bellport Bay, Narrow Bay, Great South Bay east of Nicoll Bay,
Fire Island Inlet, and the ocean shoreface within approximately 2.5
kilometers (km) of the wilderness breach. Single-beam soundings were
collected in the wilderness breach (and associated flood and ebb tidal
shoals), Fire Island Inlet, Narrow Bay, and the eastern end of Great
South Bay. Backpack-collected GPS was collected over subaerial and
shallow flood shoals. Wheel-mounted global positioning system (GPS) was collected on the subaerial
beach. This zip archive contains a digital elevation model (DEM)
acquired during a single field survey, in October 2014.
This is a complete, DEM derived from post-processed x,y,z bathymetric
data points acquired with an acoustic single-beam transducer,
backpack, and wheel-mounted GPS systems within the Fire Island
wilderness breach.
The raster uncertainty was determined by withholding 10% of the
x,y,z bathymetric data points used to create the raster. The
raster was then sampled at the withheld positions and a root mean
square (RMS) error was calculated from the differences between
sample and interpolated bathymetry. The horizontal error is
assumed to be half the vertical error.
0.156 m
Raster uncertainty was determined using ArcGIS and Matlab.
The raster uncertainty was determined by withholding 10% of the x,y,z bathymetric data points used to create the raster. The raster was then sampled at the withheld positions and a root mean square (RMS) error was calculated from the differences between sample and interpolated bathymetry.
0.311 m
Raster uncertainty was determined using ArcGIS and Matlab.
GPS Acquisition: Horizontal and vertical positioning of each
vessel and backpack was were collected determined using a
base-rover configuration. Data were recorded at 10 Hertz (Hz)
using Ashtech ProFlex™ 500 Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) receivers with Thales choke ring antennas. Three stationary
base stations (REST, VC, and U374) were occupied during the
surveys. The stationary base at published NGS benchmark U374
(Permanent Identification number (PID#) KU0206) was equipped with
an Inmarsat Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) satellite uplink
system for remote monitoring of the base station. U374
consisted of an Ashtech Proflex 500 GNSS receiver and an Ashtech
choke ring antenna with a vertical offset of 1.24 meters (m). GPS
data acquired by the PWCs, backpack, wheel-mount, and the REST and
VC base stations were downloaded at the end of each survey day. A
small segment of the U374 data was downloaded via the BGAN network
nightly to ensure the system was operating properly. Reference
station coordinates were verified with Continuously Operating
Reference Stations (CORS) stations using OPUS,
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS/). OPUS computed reference positions
had a vertical error of 0.007 m and horizontal errors of 0.8 cm
and 0.6 cm for East-West and North-South, respectively.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Billy J. Reynolds
Engineering Technician
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8067
727-502-8181
breynolds@usgs.gov
Single-Beam Sounding Acquisition: The single-beam bathymetric data
were collected on two Yamaha (2010 and 2013) VX Deluxe personal
watercraft (PWC). HYPACK version 2013 was used for positioning and
navigation during the survey. Depth soundings were recorded at 10
hertz (Hz) using an Odom Ecotrac CV-100 Digital Hydrographic Echo Sounder
system with 200 kHz transducers with 4-degree (vessel 1) and
9-degree (vessel 2) transducers. Soundings were merged into a raw
data file (.raw) and a sounding file (.bin) in HYPACK. Each file
was named according to transect number and coordinated universal
time (UTC). Water column sound velocity measurements were
collected periodically throughout the survey, using a SonTek
CastAway conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensor. Data
were processed using SonTek CastAway CTD software version 1.5.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Backpack GPS Acquisition: Elevation data were collected from
shallow flood shoals and channels, using a SECO GPS backpack
containing an Ashtech Z-Xtreme receiver with Ashtech Marine
antennas attached to a pole extending above the head of the
surveyor. Positions were recorded at 10 Hz. The elevation of the
antenna relative to the ground was measured for the surveyor in a
walking stride position (2.112 m). The surveyors did not follow a
pre-defined path but collected data over as much of the subaerial
and shallow shoals as possible during low-tide.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Owen T. Brenner
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8085
727-502-8182
obrenner@usgs.gov
Wheel-Mounted GPS Acquisition: A wheel-mounted GPS system
containing an Ashtech Z-Xtreme receiver with Ashtech Marine
antennas was used to record elevations and positions at 10 Hz. The
elevation of the antenna relative to the ground was fixed at 2
meters. The system collected data along the approximate mean high
water line, along pre-defined transects, and additional data on
the subaerial beach.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Owen T. Brenner
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8085
727-502-8182
obrenner@usgs.gov
Single-Beam Differentially Corrected Navigation Processing:
Positions and elevations associated with each sounding were
post-processed using differential corrections derived from the
base/rover setup. Applying the base station coordinates, GPS
data acquired from the rover were processed to the concurrent GPS
session data at the base station- using GrafNav version 8.5
software (Waypoint Product Group). The horizontal and vertical
coordinates were recorded in the World Geodetic System of 1984
(WGS84) reference frame and exported as an ASCII file for each
vessel and each survey day.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Billy J. Reynolds
Engineering Technician
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8067
727-502-8181
breynolds@usgs.gov
Ground-Based Differentially Corrected Navigation Processing: GPS
data points were post-processed using a differential correction
derived from the base/rover setup. The base station coordinates
were imported into GrafNav version 8.5 (Waypoint Product Group)
and the GPS data from the backpack and wheel-mounted systems were
processed to the concurrent GPS session data at the base stations.
The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the ground-based data
were saved in NAD83 and NAVD88 and exported as ASCII files.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Billy J. Reynolds
Engineering Technician
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8067
727-502-8181
breynolds@usgs.gov
Ground-Based GPS Processing: Using ArcGIS, position and elevation
of the ground based data were analyzed for instances when the
surveyor was either sitting, removing the backpack, being
transported between shoals on a personal watercraft, or tilted the
wheel horizontally. Once all extraneous data points were removed,
the remaining data were saved as an ASCII file.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Owen T. Brenner
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8085
727-502-8182
obrenner@usgs.gov
Single-Beam Processing: Soundings were merged with processed DGPS
data and sound velocity profiles using Matlab to visually analyze
single-beam soundings and correct for errors such as elevation
outliers and dropouts associated with wave breaking in the surf
zone. When this is suspected, a corrected seafloor elevation was
manually digitized by analyzing the complete waveform signal
recorded by the Odom within the .bin data file. The soundings were
then corrected for the speed of sound associated with the mean
water temperature and salinity. A moving average filter was then
applied to the soundings in order to reduce instrument noise and
noise associated with the pitch and roll of the PWC. The soundings
were referenced to the height of the GPS antenna and subsequently
to the WGS84 ellipsoid.
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Single-Beam Datum transformation: NOAA’s VDatum v3.3 was used to
transform single beam data points (x, y, and z data) from their
acquisition datum (WGS84) to the North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83) reference frame and the North American Vertical Datum of
1988 (NAVD88) elevation using the National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
geoid model of 2012A (GEOID12A). For conversion from the WGS84
ellipsoid to NAVD88 there is a total of 5.4 cm of uncertainty in
the transformation
(http://vdatum.noaa.gov/docs/est_uncertainties.html).
2014
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Single-Beam Error Analysis: The accuracy of the single-beam
soundings was evaluated by identifying locations where survey
track lines either crossed or were within a horizontal distance of
0.25 m of each other. Any track line associated with a crossing
that had an elevation differing by greater than 0.6 m, compared to
crossing lines, was removed. Evaluation of the remaining track
line crossings indicated there was an overall mean difference of
3.8 cm (based on 210 crossings) and (root mean square) RMS error
of 16.5 cm (based on 696 crossings). Applying the square root of
the sum of the datum conversion uncertainty (5.4 cm) and the
sounding uncertainty (16.5 cm) results in a combined vertical
error of 17.4 cm. Horizontal uncertainty is assumed to be at most
half of the vertical uncertainty (8.7 cm).
2015
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Ground-Based Uncertainty Calculation: Backpack and wheel GPS
elevation errors were calculated by computing the vertical
differences at crossings occurring at least 1 minute apart. Using
Matlab, the calculated RMS error was 12.5 cm. Elevation
differences between the ground-based data points and single-beam
data points indicate the backpack elevations were 5 cm higher than
elevations recorded using PWCs. Given the high degree of
uncertainty arising from the backpack surveyor striding over a
subaqueous shoal surface and the tilting of the wheel-mount, the
ground-based data were adjusted to the PWC elevation at the
crossings. The adjusted positions, elevation, and date of sampling
were saved as an ASCII file.
2015
201410_Ground_Based_XYZ.csv
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Export Transects: Using Matlab, partial lines (the result of
restarting the line in the middle of a transect) were subsequently
merged with similar segments to create one seamless line. When
repeats were present, only a single line was retained. Vessel 1
elevations were adjusted to those of vessel 2 for consistency (3.8
cm). The data were then combined into a single ASCII file
consisting of position, elevation, line number, vessel number, and
time of sampling.
2015
201410_PWC_XYZ.csv
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Extract Single-Beam Wilderness Breach XYZ: The adjusted
single-beam data points were imported into ArcGIS using the
”Create Feature Class from XY Table” tool in ArcCatalog. A
polygon was then created surrounding data points within the Fire
Island wilderness breach in ArcGIS. The polygon vertices were
converted to points using the “Feature Vertices to Points”
tool, “Add XY Coordinates” tool, and exported as an ASCII file
using the “Export Feature Attribute to ASCII” tool. This
polygon ASCII file was subsequently imported into Matlab. PWC data
points within or on this polygon were then extracted and saved as
an ASCII file.
2015
201410_Single_Beam_XYZ_Wilderness_Breach.csv
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Extract Ground-Based Wilderness Breach XYZ: The adjusted
ground-based data points were imported into ArcGIS using the
“create feature class from xy yable” tool in ArcCatalog. A
polygon was then created surrounding data points within the Fire
Island wilderness breach. The polygon vertices were converted to
points using the “feature vertices to points” tool, “add xy
coordinates” tool, and exported as an ASCII file using the
“export feature attribute to ASCII” tool. This polygon ASCII
file was subsequently imported into Matlab. Ground-based data
points within or on this polygon were then extracted and saved as
an ASCII file.
2015
201410_Ground-Based_XYZ_Wilderness_Breach.csv
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Create Raster: The Fire Island wilderness breach single-beam and
ground-based x, y, and z data points were imported into ArcGIS
using the “Create Feature Class From XY Table” tool in
ArcCatalog. The dataset was then subsampled using the “Subset
Features” and 10% of each data was removed to provide an
estimate of the bathymetry uncertainty. The remaining 90% of each
dataset was used to create a triangulated irregular network (TIN)
using the “Create TIN” tool. The TIN was subsequently
converted into a Raster file using the “TIN to Raster” tool
with a cell size of 50 meters. The Raster was exported as an ASCII
file using the “ASCII to Raster” tool.
2015
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Remove Extrapolated Cells: The Raster ASCII file was imported into
Matlab and any interpolated grid cells more than 2 cell sizes (100
m) away from a Fire Island wilderness breach data point was set to
"not a number" (NaN) in Matlab. The raster data were then exported as an ArcGIS
ASCII file from Matlab and imported using the "ASCII to Raster"
tool.
2015
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Evaluate Raster Uncertainty: The raster was sampled at the
positions of the 10% removed data using the "Extract Values to
Points" and a .csv file was saved from each data table for the
single-beam and ground-based data points. Using Matlab, the
sampled data were compared to the subset data and the root mean
square differences were calculated. The vertical RMS error was
found to be 31.1 cm.
2015
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Convert Raster Format: In ArcCatalog, a raster dataset was created
using the “Create Raster Dataset” tool with a .tif image
format, 64 bit pixel type. The Fire Island wilderness breach
raster was then imported into this dataset using the “Mosaic”
tool.
2015
201410_Wilderness_Breach_DEM.csv
U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th St. S
Saint Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Keywords section of metadata optimized by correcting variations of theme keyword thesauri and updating/adding keywords.
20180529
U.S. Geological Survey
Arnell S. Forde
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg
FL
33701
727-502-8000
aforde@usgs.gov
Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword.
20201013
U.S. Geological Survey
VeeAnn A. Cross
Marine Geologist
Mailing and Physical
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
508-548-8700 x2251
508-457-2310
vatnipp@usgs.gov
Raster
Grid Cell
37
41
1
Universal Transverse Mercator
18
0.9996
-75
0.0
500000
0.0
row and column
1.000000
1.000000
meters
North American Datum of 1983
Geodetic Reference System 80
6378137
298.257
North American Vertical Datum 1988
0.01 m
meter
Attribute values
U.S. Geological Survey, St Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL
Timothy R. Nelson
mailing and physical address
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
201410_Wilderness_Breach_DEM.tif
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
GeoTIFF
ZIP
0.0116
https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1034/downloads/201410_Wilderness_Breach_DEM.zip
None
20210922
20170106
U.S. Geological Survey
Timothy R. Nelson
Geologist
mailing and physical address
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg
FL
33701
USA
727-502-8098
727-502-8182
trnelson@usgs.gov
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998