Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20180221 Title: Archive of Ground Penetrating Radar and Differential Global Positioning System Data Collected in April 2016 from Fire Island, New York Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: multimedia presentation Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7P84B1P Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P84B1P Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20180221 Title: Ground Penetrating Radar and Differential Global Positioning System Data Collected in April 2016 from Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 1078 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1078 Description: Abstract: Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a long-term, coastal morphologic-change study at Fire Island, New York, prior to and after Hurricane Sandy impacted the area in October 2012. The Fire Island Coastal Change project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/fire-island/) objectives include understanding the morphologic evolution of the barrier island system on a variety of time scales (months to centuries) and resolving storm-related impacts, post-storm beach response, and recovery. In April 2016, scientists from the USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center conducted geophysical and sediment sampling surveys on Fire Island to characterize and quantify spatial variability in the subaerial geology with the goal of subsequently integrating onshore geology with other surf zone and nearshore datasets. Purpose: This data release, along with the accompanying USGS Data Series (Forde and others, 2018), serves as an archive of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and post-processed differential global positioning system (DGPS) data collected from beach and back-barrier environments on Fire Island, April 6–13, 2016 (USGS Field Activity Number 2016-322-FA). These data can be used to map shallow subsurface sediments such as erosional surfaces or washover deposits and can also image deeper stratigraphic features that may aid in linking terrestrial geology to nearshore and offshore geologic features. Beach profiles (Henderson and others, 2017) and sedimentologic (push- and vibracore) data were also collected during the same survey as part of ongoing research investigating post-Hurricane Sandy beach response and recovery. For additional information regarding data acquisition and processing methods, refer to Forde and others, 2018. Supplemental_Information: Data were collected during USGS Field Activity Number 2016-322-FA. Additional survey and data details are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/2016-322-FA. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20160406 Ending_Date: 20160413 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.184494 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.925553 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.719032 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.633955 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:a26aaa65-cedf-48de-9c90-9d2f6436dec6 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: electromagnetic surveying Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme_Keyword: bathymetry and elevation Theme_Keyword: physical habitats and geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: electromagnetic conductivity measurements Theme_Keyword: effects of coastal change Theme_Keyword: topographic mapping Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Theme_Keyword: subsurface profile Theme_Keyword: Hurricane Sandy Theme_Keyword: 2016-322-FA Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: United States of America Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: Fire Island Place_Keyword: Fire Island National Seashore Place_Keyword: Wilderness Breach Place_Keyword: Robert Moses Park Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originators of the data in future products or derivative research. Users are advised to read the metadata record thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1.4959 Service Pack N/A (Build N/A) Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nicholas J. Zaremba Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Christopher G. Smith Publication_Date: 20160608 Title: Raw and processed Ground Penetrating Radar and post-processed Differential Global Positioning System data collected from Assateague Island, Maryland, October 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 989 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds989 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Visual inspection of the GPR profile images rendered from the data did not show any major anomalies. Latitude, longitude and elevation values included in the final navigation files were manually checked and verified by the processor. Doing so confirms that USGS data Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures have been followed, thus ensuring the final DGPS data quality expectations are achieved. Logical_Consistency_Report: This dataset is from one field activity with consistent instrument calibrations. Completeness_Report: A total of 90 GPR lines, representing a linear distance of approximately 21 kilometers, were acquired during field activity 2016-322-FA. During the survey, several additional lines were collected to test various acquisition settings on the GPR control unit or conduct velocity calibrations; these lines were typically duplicates of previously collected lines that were known to contain valid data. Where applicable, these test lines were marked as "DO NOT USE" in the field logbook (2016-322-FA_FACS_GPRoperations.pdf) and the data were not processed; consequently, those lines were excluded from this data release. The omitted lines are: 004, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 280, 286, 287, 289, 298, 319, 321, and 322. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Location information associated with each GPR line was determined by post-processed differential correction using a base/rover setup. Processing the full-carrier phase data allows precise positioning of the base and rover receivers. Differential processing improves the rover positions by assessing positional errors computed at the base receiver and applying those errors or differences to the rover receiver. Forward and backward time-series processing of the kinematic (rover) data provides an independent calculation of the baseline trajectory and rover position relative to the base station; the positional accuracy can be estimated by differencing the time series (position separation). For this dataset, the estimated post-processed horizontal accuracies (2-sigma) for study sites 1, 2, and 3 were 0.021 +/- 0.032 m, 0.023 +/- 0.012 m, and 0.022 +/- 0.006 m, respectively. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Location information associated with each GPR line was determined by post-processed differential correction using a base/rover setup (see full description in the horizontal accuracy report above). For this dataset, the estimated post-processed vertical accuracies (1-sigma) for study sites 1, 2, and 3 were 0.038 +/- 0.070 m, 0.039 +/- 0.036 m, and 0.032 +/- 0.012 m, respectively. Along some GPR profiles that were collected within communities with closely spaced buildings or in coastal forests, the satellite signals were obscured, and post-processed GPS positions could not be computed for every epoch. Gaps greater than about 15 m in length were filled by interpolating elevations from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) data collected in 2014. The reported vertical accuracy (RMSEz) for the lidar dataset is 0.254 m at the 95% confidence level. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Navigation data acquisition-Position and elevation data for each GPR line were recorded at the time of collection using an Ashtech DGPS receiver and geodetic antenna. DGPS data were recorded concurrently throughout the survey using a similar instrument combination (Ashtech receiver and Thales choke ring antenna) at a base station set up on the National Park Service (NPS) Robins Rest benchmark (REST). The rover unit was mounted 1.302 m above the GPR antenna and was connected to the GPR's digital control unit. Raw GPS positions were output to the GPR control unit in real time as a National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) GGA string at 1-second (s) intervals using coordinated universal time (UTC) stamps and saved as a .plt data file. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: GPR data acquisition-A total of 90 GPR lines, representing a linear distance of approximately 21 kilometers (km), were acquired during field activity 2016-322-FA from beach as well as developed and undeveloped back-barrier environments. Data were collected from three study sites that were considered representative of the western (Site 1), central (Site 2), and eastern (Site 3) Fire Island geomorphic zones. At sites 1 and 2, back-barrier data were collected along beach access roads and established roads within and connecting local communities. At site 3, which is located entirely within the Otis Pike Wilderness Area, data were collected along washover fans and along hiking trails through back-barrier scrub/shrub vegetation. The GPR data were collected with a Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. (GSSI) TerraSIRch SIR System-3000, which acquires single-channel GPR data and includes a Digital Control Unit (model DC-3000) and 200 Megahertz (MHz) antenna. A 16-inch survey wheel (GSSI model 620) was attached to the back of the antenna and calibrated prior to surveying to ensure an accurate revolution-of-wheel to distance ratio. Distance mode was used to record the raw GPR data and the raw GGA position string was recorded in real time via an Acumen SDR data logger. GPR traces were collected at a maximum rate of 64 scans per second with a vertical resolution of 1,024 samples per scan and an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter was used (Lowpass = 600 MHz, Highpass = 50 MHz) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded GPR data. Data were acquired using RADAN 7 proprietary software in TerraSIRch mode and saved in Data Zero Time (DZT) format. Acquisition settings were adjusted when necessitated by changes to the subsurface geology or surrounding topography/surface conditions and were recorded in the Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Navigation processing-Base station data were post-processed through the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) On-Line Positioning User Service (OPUS). The time-weighted position calculated from all base-station occupations did not differ significantly from the NPS control coordinates; therefore, the control coordinates were used for post-processing. The base station coordinates were imported into GrafNav, versions 8.5 and 8.7 (NovAtel Waypoint Product Group), and the data from the rover GPS were post-processed to the concurrent base-station session data. The final, differentially corrected, DGPS positions were computed at 1-s intervals for each rover GPS session and exported in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) text format as a NMEA GGA string, which replaced the uncorrected real-time rover positions recorded during acquisition. The GPS data were acquired and processed in the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) (G1150) geodetic datum. Along some GPR profiles that were collected within communities with closely spaced buildings or in coastal forests, the satellite signals were obscured, and post-processed GPS positions could not be computed for every epoch. Gaps greater than about 15 m in length were filled by interpolating elevations from NOAA lidar data collected in 2014. The final navigation files provided in Forde and others (2018) were exported to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) (2011) and North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), derived using the GEIOD12A geodetic model. Trackline files were created from the post-processed GPS data using the Points to Line tool in Esri ArcGIS version 10.3.1. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: GPR processing-Reflexw Version 7.2.2 (Sandmeier Scientific Software) geophysical near-surface processing and interpretation software was used to process the GPR data. GPR data were acquired in Radan’s DZT format and later imported into Reflexw, where they were converted into a DAT file. For archival purposes, a non-proprietary version of the raw data was created by exporting the DAT file from Reflexw and saving it in ASCII 4-column format. The data were processed in a consistent order: (1) static correction was applied; (2) the mean value was subtracted (dewowed); (3) header gain applied during acquisition was removed; (4) manual Automatic Gain Control (AGC) gain was applied; and (5) post-processed DGPS data were imported into the trace headers. Data were visually inspected after each step listed above and before elevation-corrected profiles were exported; all profiles were analyzed for errors or data gaps in the navigation and trace data to ensure data quality was maintained throughout. Hyperbola analyses were performed on selected profiles to estimate the radar-wave velocities through the sediment. Calculated velocities (N=30) ranged from 0.06 to 0.2 meters per nanosecond (m/ns) and averaged 0.094 m/ns. The processed profile data were re-imported into RADAN 7 and the surface normalization processing algorithm was applied, adjusting the profile to both the measured terrain and the site-specific, averaged radar-wave velocity. Finally, elevation- and velocity-corrected profiles were exported as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St.Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 73 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0197877137 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0227813369 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodectic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.001 m Altitude_Distance_Units: meter Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-322-FA_gpr_traces.zip Entity_Type_Definition: File containing the raw, unprocessed GPR profile exported in ASCII 4-column format. Many XYZ processing programs do not accept column header labels; therefore, they were not included in this file. The column headers are as follows: Column 1 = Horizontal distance (meters), Column 2 = Elevation (meters), Column 3 = Two-way travel time (nanoseconds), Column 4 = Amplitude (Megahertz). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Horizontal distance Attribute_Definition: This column indicates the location, in meters, from the start (0) to the end of the GPR profile and can be used to locate the position of reflections. The linear distance data were collected using a 16-inch survey wheel. Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values start with 0 (the beginning of the profile) and end with the total distance (m) covered by the profile. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation Attribute_Definition: Elevation data were not recorded directly to the GPR trace headers but were saved separately with the navigation GGA string. Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values in this column are all zero, since elevation data were not integrated into the raw data. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Two-way travel time Attribute_Definition: This column records the two-way travel time, in nanoseconds, that it takes to reach a reflection surface from the source. Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 200 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Amplitude Attribute_Definition: Amplitude of reflection, in Megahertz Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Data represents the amplitude of the reflection, which can vary widely, values can be either negative or positive. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-322-FA_dgps.zip Entity_Type_Definition: File containing the processed navigation data for the GPR profiles, which were output as GGA strings for each profile. Data are comma-separated text files and do not contain column headers; column definitions are provided in the following attributes: Entity_Type_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute: Attribute_Label: $GPGGA Attribute_Definition: Message ID; essential fix data that provides 3D location and accuracy. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Attribute is a file format identification. Attribute: Attribute_Label: UTC of position fix Attribute_Definition: Time stamp of position fix (Coordinated Universal Time) in hhmmss.00 format, where hh = hour (in 24-hour format), mm = minutes, and ss = seconds. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Value is the UTC time stamp and increases by 1 every second. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The latitude of the XYZ point (NAD83) in DDMM.MMMMM format. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values are degrees of latitude, spatial data. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Direction of latitude Attribute_Definition: Direction of latitude is in the Northern (N) Hemisphere. Attribute_Definition_Source: GravNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The attribute indicates that the degree of latitude is in the Northern Hemisphere. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The longitude of the XYZ data point (NAD83) in DDMM.MMMMM format. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values are degrees of longitude, spatial data. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Direction of longitude Attribute_Definition: Direction of longitude is in the Western (W) Hemisphere. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The attribute indicates that the degree of longitude is in the Western Hemisphere. Attribute: Attribute_Label: GPS Quality indicator 0: Fix not valid 1: GPS fix 2: Differential GPS fix, OmniSTAR VBS 4: Real-Time Kinematic, fixed integers 5: Real-Time Kinematic, float integers, OmniSTAR XP/HP or Location RTK Attribute_Definition: Defines the type and quality of the DGPS data. Occasionally, GPS quality indicator values were not recorded by the acquisition system to the raw GGA string; consequently, these fields are displayed as blank/empty attributes in the final navigation files. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Number of satellites in view Attribute_Definition: Number of satellites utilized by the program to process the data. Occasionally, values were not recorded by the acquisition system to the raw GGA string; consequently, these fields are displayed as blank/empty attributes in the final navigation files. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24 Attribute: Attribute_Label: HDOP Attribute_Definition: Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) expresses the effect of satellite positions on the precision of the reported positions. < 1 Ideal, 1-2 Excellent, 2-5 good, 5-10 moderate, 10-20 fair, > 20 poor. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 20 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Orthometric height (MSL reference) Attribute_Definition: Height of the XYZ position in reference to NAVD88, using GEIOD12A. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Elevation above GEIOD12A, in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: M Attribute_Definition: Unit of measure used for the orthometric height. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The orthometric height is reported in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Geoid separation Attribute_Definition: Height of GEIOD (mean sea level) above the ellipsoid. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Separation between GEIOD12A and the reference NAD83 ellipsoid, in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: M Attribute_Definition: Unit of measure used for the GEIOD separation. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The GEIOD separation is reported in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Age of differential GPS data record Attribute_Definition: Time in seconds since last DGPS update. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: This field is required by the GGA string; however, only null values were recorded by the acquisition system for every line collected during the survey. This attribute is displayed as blank/empty in the final navigation files. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reference station ID Attribute_Definition: Refers to the reference station used to process the DGPS data presented in this dataset. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values vary depending upon station used, a null value is utilized when any reference station ID is selected and no corrections are received. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Checksum data Attribute_Definition: The value of the checksum data used to detect errors; this field always begins with *. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The checksum is the hexadecimal representation of two hexadecimal characters of an XOR of all the bytes between [$] and [*], not including the delimiters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-322-FA_profile_images.zip Entity_Type_Definition: File contains the JPEG images of the processed GPR profiles with the elevation and radar-wave velocity corrections applied. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-322-FA_tracklines.zip Entity_Type_Definition: Geospatial data representation showing the locations of all the GPR tracklines collected during 2016-322-FA. GIS files are provided in Esri shapefile (.shp) and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) formats. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-322-FA_profile_parameters.zip Entity_Type_Definition: Table listing profile-specific data acquisition and processing parameters for each GPR profile. These attributes also apply to the trackline file described above. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: LineID Attribute_Definition: GPR trackline number Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 001 Range_Domain_Maximum: 327 Attribute: Attribute_Label: DateColl Attribute_Definition: Date the GPR trackline data were collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 06-Apr-2016 Range_Domain_Maximum: 13-Apr-2016 Attribute: Attribute_Label: DOY Attribute_Definition: Day of year, as represented on the Julian calendar, the data were collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 97 Range_Domain_Maximum: 104 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Range_ns Attribute_Definition: Range is the maximum two-way travel time in nanoseconds that is viewed during data collection. Lines 266-273 and 310-327 were collected with a range of 100; all other lines were collected with a range of 200. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 100 Range_Domain_Maximum: 200 Attribute: Attribute_Label: TowedBy Attribute_Definition: Describes whether the GPR antenna was pulled on foot or towed behind a vehicle. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: on foot Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: GSSI was pulled over terrain, on foot, by USGS staff. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: vehicle Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: GSSI was towed behind a survey vehicle, at approximately 4-5 miles per hour. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Attribute_Definition: Identifies the study site at which the GPR profile was collected. Data were collected from three study sites that were considered representative of the western (Site 1), central (Site 2), and eastern (Site 3) Fire Island geomorphic zones. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Site 1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Western Fire Island, NPS and private land Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Site2 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Central Fire Island, NPS and private land Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Site 3 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Eastern Fire Island, wilderness area Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location Attribute_Definition: Describes the geomorphic setting from which the GPR profile was collected. Data were collected from beach as well as developed and undeveloped back-barrier environments. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Beach environment Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Back-barrier Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Back-barrier environment Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Beach access Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Beach access road Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Washover fan Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Washover fan/hiking trails found in back-barrier scrub/shrub vegetation Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location2 Attribute_Definition: Identifies the local community or publicly-owned land parcel from which the GPR profile was collected. Data were collected within residential, national park, and wilderness areas on Fire Island. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Point O' Woods Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Point O' Woods, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ocean Bay Park Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Ocean Bay Park, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ocean Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Ocean Beach, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dunewood Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Dunewood, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Atlantique Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Atlantique, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Fire Island National Seashore Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Fire Island National Seashore, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Robbin's Rest Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Robbin's Rest, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Blue Point Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Blue Point Beach, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Davis Park Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Davis Park, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Watch Hill Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Davis Park, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Description Attribute_Definition: Physical description, including orientation and terrain, of the environment from which the GPR profile was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Data were collected within residential, national park, and wilderness areas on Fire Island. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SurfaceType Attribute_Definition: Qualitative description of the predominant surface material along the GPR profile. Data were collected across a variety of surfaces, including concrete, brick, or sandy roads; beach; and back-barrier washover fans and hiking trails. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sand (beach) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sand, beach area Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Road (mixed) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Road, concrete or mixed material Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Road (brick) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Road, brick Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Road (sandy shoulder) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Road, sandy shoulder Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Boardwalk Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Boardwalk, wooden Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Road (sand) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Road, sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sand, washover fans Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sand (hiking trail) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sand, hiking trail Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Length_m Attribute_Definition: Measured length of the GPR profile, in meters. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 31.57 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1069.82 Attribute: Attribute_Label: MinElev_m Attribute_Definition: Minimum elevation along the GPR profile, in meters relative to NAVD88 (GEOID12A). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.36 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.048 Attribute: Attribute_Label: MaxElev_m Attribute_Definition: Maximum elevation along the GPR profile, in meters relative to NAVD88 (GEOID12A). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.959 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.75 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Velocity_m/ns Attribute_Definition: Radar-wave velocity through the sediment, in meters per nanosecond, estimated from hyperbola analysis along selected profiles. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.06 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.2 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dielectric Attribute_Definition: The dielectric constant of the sediment, calculated from the radar-wave velocity. This is a dimensionless value. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.247001 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.9666777778 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Vel2_m/ns Attribute_Definition: Radar-wave velocity through the sediment, in meters per nanosecond, estimated from hyperbola analysis along a selected profile. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0.08 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Average radar wave velocity, in meters per nanosecond. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dial2 Attribute_Definition: The dielectric constant of the sediment, calculated from the radar-wave velocity. This is a dimensionless value. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 14.04375625 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Average dielectric constant Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-322-FA_FACS.zip Entity_Type_Definition: Portable Document Format (PDF) files of the field logs, survey overview, list of crew and equipment used during field activity 2016-322-FA. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The entity and attribute information provided here describes the tabular data associated with the dataset. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as fields/table entries of the dataset. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data were processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Compressed (zip) archive Format_Version_Date: 2017 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P84B1P/data/2016-322-FA_gpr_traces.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P84B1P/data/2016-322-FA_dgps.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P84B1P/data/2016-322-FA_profile_images.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P84B1P/data/2016-322-FA_tracklines.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P84B1P/data/2016-322-FA_profile_parameters.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P84B1P/data/2016-322-FA_FACS.zip Fees: None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the dataset. Technical_Prerequisites: The profile parameters files were created in Microsoft Excel 2010 and can be opened using Microsoft Excel 2007 or higher; these data may also be viewed using the free Microsoft Excel Viewer (http://office.microsoft.com/). The GPR profile trackline locations are provided as GIS data files in Esri shapefile (.shp) and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) formats; these files can be opened using the free ArcGIS Explorer (http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/explorer) or Google Earth (https://www.google.com/earth/) GIS viewers. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998