Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Cheyenne S. Everhart Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Originator: Nancy T. DeWitt Publication_Date: 20230502 Title: Core descriptions and sedimentologic data from vibracores and sand augers collected in 2021 and 2022 from Fire Island, New York Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Cheyenne S. Everhart Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Originator: Nancy T. DeWitt Publication_Date: 20230502 Title: Sediment Data from Vibracores and Sand Augers Collected in 2021 and 2022 From Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P91P1T88 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P91P1T88 Description: Abstract: In 2021 and 2022, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) and the USGS New York Water Science Center (NYWSC), on behalf of SPCMSC, conducted sediment sampling and ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys at Point O' Woods and Ho-Hum Beach (NYWSC, 2021) and Watch Hill, Long Cove, and Smith Point (SPCMSC, 2022), Fire Island, New York. These data complement previous SPCMSC GPR and sediment sampling surveys conducted at Fire Island in 2016 (Buster and others, 2018; Forde and others, 2018). Purpose: The data release (Bernier and others, 2023) associated with this metadata record serves as an archive of vibracore and sand-auger sediment cores collected from back-barrier environments on Fire Island from March 29–April 3, 2021 and April 19–22, 2022 (USGS Field Activity Number [FAN] 2021-312-FA). GPR data collected during the same survey are available as a separate data release (Forde and others, 2023). Sedimentologic data from these cores, including descriptive core logs, grain-size data, and the results of radiocarbon (14C) analyses, are provided to characterize and date shallow subsurface stratigraphic units such beach, dune, or washover deposits and support analyses presented by Ciarletta and others (2022). Data acquisition and processing methods are modified from Bernier and others (2017) and Buster and others (2018). Supplemental_Information: Data were collected during USGS FAN 2021-312-FA. Additional survey and data details are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-312-FA. Support analyses for this data are presented in Ciarletta and others (2023). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20210329 Ending_Date: 20220422 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.13055 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.86852 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.65065 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.73381 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:60af5833-a8ba-4a94-a85f-3bca6b652834 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: location Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: sedimentology Theme_Keyword: unconsolidated deposits Theme_Keyword: field sampling Theme_Keyword: drilling and coring Theme_Keyword: grain-size analysis Theme_Keyword: carbon-14 analysis Theme_Keyword: luminescence dating Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: effects of coastal change Theme_Keyword: stratigraphic characterization and correlation Theme_Keyword: sediment analysis Theme_Keyword: geologic dating Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: vibracore Theme_Keyword: sand auger Theme_Keyword: GRADISTAT Theme_Keyword: mean Theme_Keyword: sorting Theme_Keyword: skewness Theme_Keyword: kurtosis Theme_Keyword: Folk and Ward Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: SPCMSC Theme_Keyword: 2021-312-FA Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common Geographic Areas (CGA) Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: Long Island Place_Keyword: Fire Island National Seashore Place_Keyword: Fire Island Wilderness Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originators of the data in future products or derivative research. Users are advised to read the metadata record thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Funding and (or) support for this study were provided by the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. The authors thank Michael Noll, Chris Schubert, Anthony Chu, William Capruso, and Ron Busciolano of the USGS NYWSC, as well as Michael Bilecki, Jordan Raphael, and Jason Demers of the National Park Service Fire Island National Seashore, for their assistance in survey coordination and data collection. This document was improved by scientific and metadata reviews by Noreen Buster and Breanna Williams (SPCMSC). Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of Metadata Creation: macOS Big Sur Version 11.6.8; Microsoft Excel for Mac version 16.65 (22091101); Microsoft Windows 10 version 6.2 (Build 9200); National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) ; Esri ArcMap 10.8.1.14362; Google Earth Pro version 7.3.4.8642; Rockware LogPlot 8 version 2021.6.2; GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) version 2.10; The Panorama Factory version 4.5; ImageJ version 1.53k; Adobe Illustrator 2022 version 26; Matlab version R2021A; Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.44). Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Noreen A. Buster Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Owen T. Brenner Originator: Kyle W. Kelso Originator: Thomas M. Tuten Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Sediment data from vibracores collected in 2016 from Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 1100 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1100 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20180221 Title: Ground penetrating radar and differential global positioning system data collected in April 2016 from Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 1078 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1078 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Publication_Date: 20230502 Title: Ground penetrating radar and global positioning system data collected in 2021 from Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P97YW2UL Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P97YW2UL Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Arnell S. Forde Publication_Date: In prep Title: Implications for the Resilience of Modern Coastal Systems Derived from Mesoscale Barrier Dynamics at Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: Unknown Issue_Identification: Unknown Online_Linkage: Unknown Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Kyle W. Kelso Originator: Thomas M. Tuten Originator: Chelsea A. Stalk Originator: James G. Flocks Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Sediment data collected in 2014 and 2015 from around Breton and Gosier Islands, Breton National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 1037 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1037 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Beckman Coulter Publication_Date: 201110 Title: LS 13 320 laser diffraction particle size analyzer Online_Linkage: https://www.beckmancoulter.com/wsrportal/techdocs?docname=B05577AB.pdf Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Simon J. Blott Originator: Kenneth Pye Publication_Date: 20010928 Title: GRADISTAT: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments Edition: Version 8.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Issue_Identification: Volume 26, Issue 11 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 1237-1248 Online_Linkage: http://www.kpal.co.uk/gradistat.html Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Robert L. Folk Originator: William C. Ward Publication_Date: 19570301 Title: Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Issue_Identification: Volume 27, No. 1 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 3-26 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: William C. Krumbein Publication_Date: 19340801 Title: Size frequency distributions of sediments Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Issue_Identification: Volume 4, No. 2 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 65-77 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268EB9-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Chester K. Wentworth Publication_Date: 1922 Title: A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Geology Issue_Identification: Volume 30, No. 5 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 377-392 Online_Linkage: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30063207 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Robert L. Folk Publication_Date: 195407 Title: The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Geology Issue_Identification: Volume 62, No. 4 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 344-359 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1086/626171 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Christopher Bronk Ramsey Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates Series_Information: Series_Name: Radiocarbon Issue_Identification: Volume 51, Issue 1 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 337-360 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033865 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Paula J. Reimer Originator: and others Publication_Date: 20200812 Title: The IntCal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP) Series_Information: Series_Name: Radiocarbon Issue_Identification: Volume 62, Issue 4 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 725-757 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Core locations were obtained by either (a) Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Real Time Kinetic (RTK) corrections during data collection (core sites C1-C4) or (b) processing the raw position data during data collection (core sites C5-C9) through NGS OPUS software (https://geodesy.noaa.gov/OPUS/). Due to the assumption of grain sphericity of the Fraunhofer optical model used by the Coulter LS13 320 particle-size analyzer (PSA) for grain-size analysis, angular particles are measured by their longest axis (Beckman Coulter, 2011). When enough thin, angular material is present, the LS13 320 output files often report a percentage of the grain size distribution within the 1-2 millimeter (mm) fraction, despite all samples being sieved at 1 mm before analysis. The grain-size data represent the sample averages for a subset of the statistical parameters calculated by GRADISTAT (Blott and Pye, 2001). The number of runs included in the averaged results are reported, and the standard deviation of the averaged results are reported for most parameters. A secondary data review determined that all grain-size data reported met the laboratory’s quality control requirements. Beckman Coulter control standards G15 (15 microns [µm]) and GB500 (500 µm) were analyzed on the Coulter LS13 320 particle-size analyzer before all sediment samples were analyzed to validate instrument performance (Beckman Coulter, 2011). In addition to processing the samples submitted for radiocarbon dating, Beta Analytic, Inc. also analyzes known-value reference materials. All quality assurance measurements passed the internal acceptance tests. Logical_Consistency_Report: Position and elevation data at each core site were recorded with a Trimble R10 (core sites C1-C4) or Spectra Precision SP80 (core sites C5-C9) DGPS receiver and geodetic antenna. Grain-size sample runs in the GRADISTAT output files for which the mean Folk and Ward (1957) grain-size varied from the set average by more than 1.5 standard deviations were not included in final averaged results. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Data release doi:10.5066/P91P1T88 associated with this metadata record includes the geographic locations, site elevations, core descriptions, core photos, core x-rays, grain-size data (71 samples), and radiocarbon ages (7 samples) from 4 vibracores and 9 sand-auger sections collected from Fire Island, New York March 29-April 3, 2021 and April 19-22, 2022 (USGS FAN 2021-312-FA). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Position and elevation associated with each core site was determined by either (a) DGPS RTK corrections during data collection (core sites C1-C4) or (b) processing the raw position data during data collection through OPUS (core sites C5-C9). For vibracore locations, the manufacturer's specified network RTK horizontal accuracy of the Trimble R10 is 0.008 meters (m) +/- 0.5 parts-per-million (ppm); for sand-auger locations, the OPUS-derived estimated horizontal accuracy (2-sigma) was 0.006 +/- 0.004 m. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Position and elevation associated with each core site was determined by either (a) DGPS RTK corrections during data collection (core sites C1-C4) or (b) processing the raw position data during data collection through OPUS (core sites C5-C9). For vibracore locations, the manufacturer's specified network RTK vertical accuracy of the Trimble R10 is 0.015 m +/- 0.5 ppm and the difference between published and RTK elevations measured at two local benchmarks was 0.047 and 0.053 m; for sand-auger locations, the OPUS-derive estimated vertical accuracy (2-sigma) was 0.027 +/- 0.009 m for sand-auger locations. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Vibracore acquisition- Vibracores (core sites C1-C4) were collected using an 8-horsepower Briggs and Stratton motor connected via an 8.5-meter-long (27.9-foot-long) shaft to a Dreyer 2 1/8-inch (5.4 centimeter [cm]) concrete vibrator head. The vibrator was attached to a 7.6-cm (3-inch) diameter aluminum core barrel using a clamp, and the core barrel was vibrated into the subsurface until refusal. Measurements were taken on the inside and outside of the core barrel prior to extraction to determine the amount of compaction, which is the difference between the recovered core length and the total depth the core barrel penetrated below the sediment surface. After extraction, each core was capped, sealed, and labeled with the core number and orientation. All cores were transported to the SPCMSC sediment laboratory for processing and analysis. Position and elevation data at each vibracore site were recorded using a Trimble R10 DGPS receiver and geodetic antenna receiving RTK corrections from the NYSNet (New York State Spatial Reference Network) real-time network. Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CoreSites.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Sand auger acquisition- Sand augers (core sites C5-C9) were collected using an AMS sand/loose sediment soil probe, which can accommodate a 2.54-cm (1 inch) diameter by approximately 96 cm (3 feet) plastic or stainless sleeve. At each core site, multiple core sections were collected: an initial core section was collected from the ground surface; then, a trench was dug to just above the depth of sediment recovery. Two additional core sections were collected from the bottom of this trench, with one core section collected using a stainless-steel core sleeve to prevent exposure to light for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. At core site C5, a fourth core section was collected from the trench to achieve deeper penetration than the original attempt; at core sites C7 and C9, no trench was dug and the OSL section was collected from the ground surface. After extraction, each core was capped, sealed, and labeled with the core number, depth interval, and orientation. All cores were transported to the SPCMSC sediment laboratory for processing and analysis. Position and elevation data at each sand auger site were recorded using a Spectra Precision SP80 DGPS receiver and geodetic antenna. Raw data were recorded for a minimum of 30 minutes and were subsequently processed through OPUS. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CoreSites.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Vibracore processing- At the SPCMSC sediment laboratory, each vibracore was split lengthwise, photographed, described macroscopically using standard sediment-logging methods, and subsampled for grain-size analysis and age control. Because samples were collected for OSL dating, care was taken not to expose the sediment to light, and core splitting and sampling was conducted in the dark with only a photographer's red lamp and the sample half of each core was wrapped in lightproof material for storage. The split vibracores were photographed in approximately 20- to 25-cm, overlapping segments with a Nikon D80 digital camera with a 70 mm zoom lens using consistent (manually programmed) settings with autofocus from a fixed height. The raw images were white-balanced using GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) version 2.10 software, cropped to the same extent (to remove areas outside of the core barrel), and "stitched" together using The Panorama Factory version 4.5 software, providing seamless high-resolution whole-core images. Textural descriptions for the core logs are based on macroscopic observations. Sediment color is based on the Munsell soil color system (https://munsell.com/color-products/color-communications-products/environmental-color-communication/munsell-soil-color-charts/). Descriptive core logs were compiled using Rockware LogPlot 8 2021.6.2 software and exported as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPG) images. Grain-size and age-control samples consisted of 2-cm sections sampled at varying intervals down-core depending on the number and thickness of the observed sedimentologic units. Samples collected for OSL dating were placed in lightproof film canisters, labeled, and sent to the USGS Luminescence Dating Laboratory (Denver, Colorado) for analysis. Samples collected for radiocarbon dating were sealed, labeled, and stored in a refrigerator prior to shipping to Beta Analytic, Inc. (Miami, Florida) for analysis. Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CorePhotos.zip Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CoreLogs.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Sand auger processing- At the SPCMSC sediment laboratory, each sand auger section in a plastic sleeve was split lengthwise, photographed, x-rayed, described macroscopically using standard sediment-logging methods, and subsampled for grain-size analysis and age control. The split sand augers were photographed in approximately 15- to 20-cm, overlapping segments with a Nikon D80 digital camera with a 70 mm zoom lens using consistent (manually programmed) settings with autofocus from a fixed height. The raw images were white-balanced using GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) version 2.10 software, cropped to the same extent (to remove areas outside of the core barrel), and "stitched" together using The Panorama Factory version 4.5 software, providing seamless high-resolution whole-core images. Core x-rays were acquired using an Ecotron EPX-2800 x-ray unit at 90 kilovolts for 20 milliampere-seconds from a height of 79 cm. The x-radiograph was captured on an 11 × 14-inch phosphor cassette, which was scanned on an iCRco, Inc., iCR3600+ scanner at 254 pixels per inch and exported as a 16-bit Tagged Image File Format (TIF) image. The raw x-radiographs show a slight anode heel effect, which is a variation in x-ray intensity along the anode-cathode axis that results in non-uniform pixel intensity across the image. This effect was corrected by subtracting a background pixel intensity template from each raw image. The images were cropped (to the same extent and to remove areas outside of the cassette), background image subtracted, and grayscale color inversion was applied using ImageJ version 1.53k. Because the sand augers did not fit onto the phosphor cassette, the core sections were x-rayed in "top" and "bottom" segments and then merged in Adobe Illustrator 2022 version 26. Textural descriptions for the core logs are based on macroscopic observations. Sediment color is based on the Munsell soil color system (https://munsell.com/color-products/color-communications-products/environmental-color-communication/munsell-soil-color-charts/). Descriptive core logs were compiled using Rockware LogPlot 8 2021.6.2 software. Samples consisted of 4- to 5-cm sections sampled at varying intervals down-core depending on the number and thickness of the observed sedimentologic units. Sediment for OSL dating was sectioned from the stainless core sleeves using a pipe cutter. Sampling was conducted in the dark with only a photographer's red lamp to not to expose the sediment to light. Samples collected for OSL dating were sealed in the sectioned core sleeves, labeled, and sent to the USGS Luminescence Dating Laboratory for analysis. Samples collected for radiocarbon dating were sealed, labeled, and stored in a refrigerator prior to shipping to Beta Analytic, Inc. for analysis. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CorePhotos.zip Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CoreXRays.zip Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_CoreLogs.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Grain-size PSA analysis- At the SPCMSC sediment laboratory, grain-size analyses were performed using a Coulter LS13 320 (https://www.beckmancoulter.com/) PSA. The LS13 320 uses laser diffraction to measure the size distribution of sediments from 0.4 µm to 2 mm, encompassing clay to very coarse-grained sand. To prevent large shell fragments from damaging the instrument, particles greater than 1 mm in diameter (coarse sand) were separated from all samples prior to analysis using a number 18 (1 mm) U.S. standard sieve, which meets the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E11 standard specifications for determining particle size using woven-wire test sieves. Two subsamples from each sample were processed through the instrument a minimum of four runs each. Once introduced into the LS13 320, the sediment in the sample well was sonicated with a sonicator wand for 30 seconds to separate any aggregates before starting the first run for both subsamples. The LS13 320 measures the particle-size distribution of each sample by passing sediment suspended in solution between two narrow panes of glass in front of a laser. Light is scattered by the particles into characteristic refraction patterns measured by an array of photodetectors as intensity per unit area and recorded as relative volume for 92 size-related channels (bins). Process_Date: 2022 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Cheyenne S. Everhart Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ceverhart@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Grain-size processing- The raw grain-size data was run through the free software GRADISTAT version 9, (Blott and Pye, 2001; kpal.co.uk/gradistat), which calculates the mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis of each sample geometrically, in metric units, and logarithmically, in phi (Φ) units (Krumbein, 1934), using the Folk and Ward (1957) scale. The raw (run) LS13 320 output files for all samples were compiled by GRADISTAT during import; those raw data are included in this data release for advanced users in the file 2021-312-FA_GrainSizeData.zip. GRADISTAT also reports the descriptive sediment texture after Folk (1954) and calculates the fraction of sediment from each sample by size category (for example, clay, coarse silt, fine sand) based on a modified Wentworth (1922) size scale. A macro function in Microsoft Excel, developed by the USGS SPCMSC, was applied to the data to calculate average and standard deviation for each sample set (8 runs per sample), and highlight runs that varied from the set average by more than ±1.5 standard deviations. Excessive deviations from the mean are likely the result of equipment error or extraneous organic material in the sample and are not considered representative of the sample. The highlighted runs were removed from the results and the sample average was recalculated using the remaining runs. The averaged results for all samples for the number of averaged runs are included in an Excel workbook (XLSX) and a comma-separated values (CSV) data file (2021-312-FA_GrainSize_RunData). The results for the sum statistics are included in a CSV file, 2021-312-FA_GrainSize_SumStats.csv. The results for both the sum and sieve statistics are also included in an Excel workbook (2021-312-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx), separated by tabs. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSize_RunData.xlsx Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSize_RunData.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSize_SumStats.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Cheyenne S. Everhart Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ceverhart@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Grain-size sieve analysis- To evaluate the contribution of particles larger than 1 mm in diameter (coarse sand), a subsample of each sediment sample was also analyzed by sieving. The sediment was passed through a stack of sieves with progressively smaller openings using the assistance of a mechanical sieve shaker to determine grain-size distribution. U.S. standard sieves numbers 230 (63 µm), 120 (125 µm), 60 (250 µm), 35 (500 µm), 18 (1 mm), and 10 (2 mm) were used, which meet the ASTM E11 standard specifications for determining particle size using woven-wire test sieves. All dry sieve data was reported as a percent fraction of the total bulk dry weight of each sample subset. The results for all samples are included in a CSV data file (2021-312-FA_GrainSize_SieveStats.csv). The results for both the sum and sieve statistics are also included in an Excel workbook (2021-312-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx), separated by tabs. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSize_SieveStats.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Cheyenne S. Everhart Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ceverhart@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Grain-size plots- The results of the sieve analyses (very coarse sand and gravel classes) were merged with the LS13 320 averaged results (coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and mud classes) for each sample in Microsoft Excel and re-normalized to 100%. The down-core grain-size distributions were plotted in Matlab version R2021A and exported as a JPG image. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GrainSizeDistributions.jpg Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Radiocarbon dating- Both the organic sediment fraction and plant material from selected organic-rich or peat sediment samples were analyzed using accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) dating at Beta Analytic, Inc. (Miami, Florida). For each sample, the conventional 14C radiocarbon age as well as calibrated age ranges are reported. Calibrated ages are based on terrestrial calibration curves from INTCAL20 (Reimer and others, 2020) using the High Probability Density (HPD) Range Method (Bronk Ramsey, 2009). For additional information on understanding calibrated radiocarbon ages, refer to the Beta Analytic, Inc. (https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm) or University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/calibration.html, https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/explanation.php) websites. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_14C.xlsx Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_14C.csv Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Beta Analytic, Inc. Contact_Organization: Beta Analytic, Inc. Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4985 SW 74th Court City: Miami State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33155 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (305) 667-5167 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lab@radiocarbon.com Process_Step: Process_Description: Populating image headers: Credit, contact information, copyright, usage terms, image descriptions, attribution url, metadata link, and georeferencing information were added to the exchangeable image file format (EXIF) header of each image using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.44). The images were grouped by image type (core logs, photographs, and x-rays) into separate folders: 2021-312-FA_CoreLogs (16 images), 2021-312-FA_CorePhotos (13 images), 2021-312-FA_CoreXRays (9 images). All information in the scripts were the same among all images, aside from the EXIF:ImageDescription, EXIF:DateTimeOriginal, EXIF:GPSLatitude and EXIF:GPSLongtitude information, as that information varies for each core. A separate script containing that header information was run on each image individually to populate those headers (see the third script). The core logs and photographs are published as JPGs, whereas the core x-rays are published as TIFs. Therefore, all mentions of the file extension in the example scripts below used ".TIF" rather than ".JPG" for the x-ray images. Image header information was also populated for 2021-312-FA_GrainSizeDistributions.jpg in 2021-312-FA_GrainSizeData.zip. However, since this image details grain-size distributions for all collected cores, the third script was not used, along with removing EXIF:GPSMapDatum and EXIF:GPSAreaInformation in the second script. First, the following command was run on all images in a folder to preserve filenames: exiftool -P "-XMP:PreservedFileName