Breanna N. Williams Daniel J. Ciarletta 20260422 Daniel J. Ciarletta Blake F. Smullen Breanna N. Williams Emily L. Johnson Nancy T. DeWitt 20260422 U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P1CQ6QRR St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.5066/P1CQ6QRR In June 2025, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) conducted sediment core sampling at Midnight Pass, an inlet between Siesta Key and Casey Key, Florida. This inlet was closed by mechanical action in 1983 and reopened by the passage of hurricanes Helene and Milton in 2024, reconnecting Little Sarasota Bay to the Gulf of America (Gulf of Mexico). A total of seven cores were collected, with approximate recovery lengths between 0.54 meters (m) and 1.05 m. The cores were collected using a mechanical post driver and 3-inch (7.62 centimeters [cm]) diameter aluminum barrels. The data release associated with this metadata record serves as an archive of sediment cores collected in June 2025 from Midnight Pass (as part of USGS field activity number [FAN] 2024-330-FA). Sedimentologic data published in this data release includes descriptive core site information, core logs, composite core photographs, and grain size data which can be utilized to study the geomorphic evolution of Midnight Pass. Data acquisition and processing methods used are similar to those described in Bernier and others (2024). Core data were collected as part of USGS FAN 2024-330-FA. This field activity began in December 2024 with an initial data collection along the Florida Gulf coast after the passage of hurricanes Helene and Milton. Since then, additional surveys have been completed, including the coring event at Midnight Pass in June 2025, detailed in this data release. Future surveys under this field activity are planned, with continued acquisition of subsurface geology from washovers associated with these hurricanes. Additional survey and data details are available from the USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2024-330-FA. 20250625 ground condition Complete None planned -82.51233233 -82.5111425 27.20944337 27.20742305 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:cd72480c-1dc9-48b6-a150-955ed04d59ee ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation location USGS Thesaurus geology sedimentology unconsolidated deposits field sampling drilling and coring grain-size analysis core analysis photography None mechanical post driver coring U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center SPCMSC 2024-330-FA Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Florida Sarasota County Siesta Key Casey Key Gulf of America Little Sarasota Bay Midnight Pass (historical) None Palmer Point Park Midnight Pass Gulf of Mexico No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Daniel J. Ciarletta Research Physical Scientist Mailing and Physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 727-502-8000 dciarletta@usgs.gov Funding and (or) support for this study were provided by the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft® Windows® 11 Enterprise (version 23H2); GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) version 2.10 software; Panorama Factory version 4.5 software; RockWare® LogPlot 8 software; Adobe Illustrator® 2025; GRADISTAT version 9; Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.30); Microsoft® Excel® for Microsoft 365 MSO (Version 2509). Julie C. Bernier Cheyenne S. Everhart Daniel J. Ciarletta Nancy T. DeWitt Jennifer L. Miselis 20240708 U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P14L5SVG St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.5066/P14L5SVG Simon J. Blott Kenneth Pye 20010928 Version 8.0 Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Volume 26, Issue 11 Pages 1237-1248 http://www.kpal.co.uk/gradistat.html https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261 Robert L. Folk William C. Ward 19570301 Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Volume 27, No. 1 Pages 3-26 https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D William C. Krumbein 19340801 Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Volume 4, No. 2 Pages 65-77 https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268EB9-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D Chester K. Wentworth 1922 Journal of Geology Volume 30, No. 5 Pages 377-392 https://www.jstor.org/stable/30063207 Robert L. Folk 195407 Journal of Geology Volume 62, No. 4 Pages 344-359 https://doi.org/10.1086/626171 Phil Harvey 20210814 12.30 https://exiftool.org/ No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Position and elevation associated with each core site was determined by Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Real-time Kinematic (RTK) corrections using Trimble© SPS986 and Leica© Viva GS16 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. Horizontal and vertical accuracies were in the sub-centimeter range. Horizontal positions are referenced to the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) coordinate system. Position and elevation associated with each core site was determined by DGPS RTK corrections using Trimble© SPS986 and Leica© Viva GS16 GNSS receivers. Horizontal and vertical accuracies were in the sub-centimeter range. Vertical positions (elevation) are referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) coordinate system, using the GEOID18 model. Cores were collected using a Skidril© G2XD-4 mechanical post driver. The aluminum core barrel was fitted to the post driver using an 8.25 cm adapter, and the core barrel was driven into the subsurface until refusal, or full penetration of barrel. Measurements were taken on the inside and outside of the core barrel prior to extraction to determine the amount of compaction, which is the difference between the recovered core length and the total depth the core barrel penetrated below the sediment surface. After extraction, each core was capped, sealed, and labeled with the core number and orientation. All cores were transported to the SPCMSC sediment laboratory for processing and analysis. Core collection information was compiled into a comma-separated values file (.csv), and is included in the data download zip file, 2024-330-FA_MP_CoreSites.zip of this data release. 20250625 2024-330-FA_MP_CoreSites.csv Daniel J. Ciarletta U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 (727) 502-8000 dciarletta@usgs.gov Core processing and photographing: At the SPCMSC sediment laboratory, the cores were split lengthwise and photographed. The split cores were photographed in approximately 20- to 25-cm, overlapping segments with a Nikon© D80 digital camera with a 70-millimeter (mm) zoom lens using consistent (manually programmed) settings with autofocus from a fixed height. The raw images were white-balanced using GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) version 2.10 software, cropped to the same extent (to remove areas outside of the core barrel), and "stitched" together using The Panorama Factory version 4.5 software, providing seamless high-resolution whole-core Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG, .jpg) images. Lithologic descriptions for the core logs are based on macroscopic observations. Sediment color is based on the Munsell soil color system (https://munsell.com/color-products/color-communications-products/environmental-color-communication/munsell-soil-color-charts/). Descriptive core logs for the seven cores were compiled using RockWare® LogPlot 8 software, edited in Adobe Illustrator, and exported as JPEG images. The filenames for each core photo are as follows: survey location name ('MP', for Midnight Pass), followed by a number for the transect (2 or 3, where 2 is north of the inlet and 3 is south), a dash, and then letter for the core site (B, D, E, F, or G). Example: MP2-D.jpg. The core logs follow the same naming convention as the core photos, with the addition of the FAN and a dash at the beginning (example: 2024-330-FA-MP2-D.jpg). These images are available in their respective data download zip file, 2024-330-FA_MP_CorePhotos.zip and 2024-330-FA_MP_CoreLogs.zip. 2025 MP2-D.jpg MP2-E.jpg MP2-F.jpg MP2-G.jpg MP3-B.jpg MP3-D.jpg MP3-E.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-D.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-E.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-F.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-G.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP3-B.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP3-D.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP3-E.jpg Daniel J. Ciarletta U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 (727) 502-8000 dciarletta@usgs.gov Grain-size processing: The raw grain-size data was run through the free software GRADISTAT version 9, (Blott and Pye, 2001), which calculates the mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis of each sample geometrically, in metric units, and logarithmically, in phi (Φ) units (Krumbein, 1934), using the Folk and Ward (1957) scale. GRADISTAT also reports the descriptive sediment texture after Folk (1954) and calculates the fraction of sediment from each sample by size category (for example, mud, coarse sand, fine gravel) based on a modified Wentworth (1922) size scale. The results for all samples, including multiple samples derived from selected intervals for quality control purposes, are included as a tab in a Microsoft Excel workbook (2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeStats.xlsx) and as a comma-separated values (2024-330-FA_MP_SieveStats.csv) data file. 2026 2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeStats.xlsx 2024-330-FA_MP_SieveStats.csv Daniel J. Ciarletta U.S. Geological Survey Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 (727) 502-8068 dciarletta@usgs.gov Grain-size sieve analysis: Sediment samples were analyzed by dry sieving. The sediment was passed through a stack of sieves with progressively smaller openings using the assistance of a mechanical sieve shaker to determine grain-size distribution. U.S. standard sieves numbers 230 (63 micrometers [µm]), 120 (125 µm), 60 (250 µm), 35 (500 µm), 18 (1 millimeters [mm]), 10 (2 mm), 5 (4 mm), and 5/16" (8 mm) were used, which meet the ASTM E11 standard specifications for determining particle size using woven-wire test sieves. All dry-sieve data was reported as a percent fraction of the total bulk dry weight of each sample subset. The results for all samples are included as a tab in an Excel workbook (2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeStats.xlsx) and as a comma-separated values (2024-330-FA_MP_SieveStats.csv) data file. 2026 2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeStats.xlsx 2024-330-FA_MP_SieveStats.csv Daniel J. Ciarletta U.S. Geological Survey Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 (727) 502-8068 dciarletta@usgs.gov Populating image headers: Additional metadata were added to the exchangeable image file format (EXIF) header of each image using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool version 12.30 (Harvey, 2021). The image headers were populated individually for each of the seven core photos and seven core logs. The information in the scripts were the same among all images, aside from the EXIF:ImageDescription, EXIF:GPSLatitude, and EXIF:GPSLongtitude information, as that information varied for each core. The EXIF:ImageDescription and IPTC:Keywords information varies between the core photos and core logs as well. An example script for core photo MP3-E.jpg is provided below. First, the following command was run on all images in a folder to preserve filenames: exiftool -P "-XMP:PreservedFileName<Filename" *.JPG. Second, the following command was run for core photo MP3-E.jpg: exiftool -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2024-330-FA; Photograph of core MP3-E collected at Midnight Pass, between Siesta Key and Casey Key, Florida, from USGS field activity 2024-330-FA." -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P1CQ6QRR" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="Trimble SPS986 and Leica GS16 RTK (Real-time Kinematic), cm-accuracy" -XMP:ExternalMetadataLink="https://www1.usgs.gov/pir/api/identifiers/USGS:cd72480c-1dc9-48b6-a150-955ed04d59ee" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4326 (WGS 84)" -EXIF:Artist="Daniel Ciarletta (USGS) & Blake Smullen (Contractor to the USGS)" -EXIF:Make="Nikon" -EXIF:Model="D80" -EXIF:GPSLatitude="27.20765771" -EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef="N" -EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef="W" -EXIF:GPSLongitude="-82.5111425" -sep ";" -IPTC:Keywords="drilling and coring, unconsolidated deposits, field sampling" -overwrite_original -P MP3-E.jpg Third, the following command run on all images in a folder to copy information into duplicate tags: exiftool -P "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" "-XMP-exif:all" "-XMP-photoshop:DateCreated<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" -overwrite_original *.JPG To extract the information from the image headers using ExifTool, run the following command after connecting to the unzipped folder containing the images: exiftool -n -csv *.jpg > allheaders.csv 20260206 MP2-D.jpg MP2-E.jpg MP2-F.jpg MP2-G.jpg MP3-B.jpg MP3-D.jpg MP3-E.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-D.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-E.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-F.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP2-G.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP3-B.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP3-D.jpg 2024-330-FA-MP3-E.jpg Breanna N. Williams U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Geographer mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8000 bnwilliams@usgs.gov Point Entity Point 7 0.0197864699 0.0228595953 Decimal degrees D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 North American Vertical Datum 1988 0.001 meter Attribute values 2024-330-FA_MP_CoreSites.csv Comma-separated values (.csv) file of the site locations and core collection information for the seven cores collected at Midnight Pass, on June 25, 2025. USGS Core ID Identifier generated for the core. USGS Alphanumeric string containing the FAN (2024-330-FA), followed by a dash, and the alternate core identifier. Example: 2024-330-FA-MP2-D. Field Activity Number USGS field activity number generated for the survey. USGS 2024-330-FA The USGS field activity number for the data collection is 2024-330-FA. USGS Alternate Core ID Alternate identifier generated for the core. USGS Alphanumeric string containing the survey location name ('MP', for Midnight Pass), followed by a number for the transect (2 or 3, where 2 is north of the inlet and 3 is south), a dash, and then letter for the core site (B, D, E, F, or G). Example: MP2-D.jpg. Date Collected Date the core was collected, written as M/DD/YYYY (Month, Day, Year). USGS 6/25/2025 6/25/2025 Latitude (DD) Latitude of core collection, in decimal degrees, relative to WGS84. USGS 27.20742305 27.20944337 Decimal degrees Longitude (DD) Longitude of core collection, in decimal degrees, relative to WGS84. USGS -82.51233233 -82.5111425 Decimal degrees Sampling Device Type of core sampling device used to collect the sediment material at Midnight Pass. USGS Mechanical Post Driver The core was collected using a mechanical post driver made by Skidril Industries, LLC©. USGS Elevation (m NAVD88) The elevation of each site recorded in meters (m) relative to NAVD88. USGS 0.505 1.507 meters Penetration (cm) Penetration made by the coring device at Midnight Pass, in centimeters (cm). USGS 94 130.5 centimeters Loss (cm) Sediment lost from the core barrel during recovery, used in calculating compaction of the sediment remaining in the barrel (cm). USGS 6 49.5 centimeters Field Estimated Core Length (cm) Core length estimated in the field, in centimeters (cm). USGS 53.5 106 centimeters Actual Length (cm) Actual measured length of the core, in centimeters (cm). USGS 54 105.5 centimeters Coring Compaction (cm) Calculated compaction of sediment remaining in barrel, in centimeters (cm), from coring compaction multiplied by actual core length. USGS 4.77 15.58 centimeters Coring Compaction (%) Percentage of compaction of actual core (One minus the core loss plus actual length [cm] divided by penetration [cm], then multiplied by 100). USGS 5.84% 23.72% percent Core Diameter (cm) Diameter of coring device used, in centimeters (cm). USGS 7.62 7.62 centimeters 2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeData.zip: Summary grain-size data for core samples. Files are provided in Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) and comma-separated values (.csv) formats (2024-330-FA_MP_SieveStats.csv, 2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeStats.xlsx). For full entity and attribute details, please refer to the accompanying data dictionary, 2024-330-FA_GrainSize_DataDictionary.docx. The 2024-330-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx file contains a copy of the data dictionary as well as the summary grain-size data, separated by tabs. These metadata are not complete without the data dictionary file. 2024-330-FA_MP_CorePhotos.zip and 2024-330-FA_CoreLogs.zip JPEG images containing high-resolution photos and descriptive logs for each core. Additional metadata were added to the EXIF and other imagery headers of each core photo and core log image using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool. Please view the imagery headers within each file for more information. The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center USGS SPCMSC Data Management mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8000 gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov 2024-330_FA_MP_CoreSites.csv, MP2-D.jpg, MP2-E.jpg, MP2-F.jpg, MP2-G.jpg, MP3-B.jpg, MP3-D.jpg, MP3-E.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP2-D.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP2-E.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP2-F.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP2-G.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP3-B.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP3-D.jpg, 2024-330-FA-MP3-E.jpg, 2024-330-FA_MP_SieveStats.csv, 2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeStats.xlsx, 2024-330-FA_GrainSize_DataDictionary.docx Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. comma-delimited text, Microsoft Excel format, JPEG, Microsoft Word format https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1CQ6QRR/data/2024-330-FA_MP_CoreSites.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1CQ6QRR/data/2024-330-FA_MP_CorePhotos.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1CQ6QRR/data/2024-330-FA_MP_CoreLogs.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1CQ6QRR/data/2024-330-FA_MP_GrainSizeData.zip None 20260422 U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center USGS SPCMSC Data Management mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

Saint Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8000 gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998