Kimberly K. Yates David G. Zawada Stephanie R. Arsenault 20190624 Multimedia presentation St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AZVU1E Kimberly K. Yates David G. Zawada Nathan A. Smiley Ginger Tiling-Range 20170420 Publication Munich, Germany Biogeosciences https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1739-2017 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center conducted research to quantify the combined effect of all constructive and destructive processes on modern coral reef ecosystems by projecting future regional-scale changes in seafloor elevation along the Florida Reef Tract, Florida (FL). USGS staff used historical bathymetric point data from the 1930's (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Coast Survey, see Yates and others, 2017) and light detection and ranging (lidar)-derived data acquired in 2002 (Brock and others, 2006, 2007) to calculate historical seafloor elevation changes in the Upper Florida Keys (UFK) (Yates and others, 2017). Using those changes in seafloor elevation, annual rates of elevation change were calculated for 13 habitat types found in the UFK reef tract. The annual rate of mean elevation change for each habitat type was applied to a digital elevation model (DEM) extending from Port St. Lucie to Marquesas Key, FL that was modified from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) U.S. Coastal Relief Model coastal DEM (NOAA, 2001) to project future seafloor elevation (from 2001) along the Florida Reef Tract. Grid resolution for the DEM is 3-arc seconds (approximately 90 meters). These data were used to determine 75-year future seafloor elevation changes (from 2001) along the Florida Reef Tract, based on mean elevation change. USGS lidar elevation measurements (used in Yates and others, 2017, 2018) were collected over the Upper Florida Keys using the first-generation National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL), a pulsed laser ranging system mounted on board an aircraft to measure ground elevation, vegetation canopy, and coastal topography. The system uses high-frequency laser beams directed at the Earth's surface through an opening in the bottom of the aircraft's fuselage. The laser system records the time difference between emission of the laser beam and the reception of the reflected laser signal in the aircraft. Data were collected under Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary permit FKNMS-2016-068. 2019 ground condition Complete None planned -82.1804166667 -79.9820833342 27.2645833333 24.4279166678 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:a25afa95-a85e-4008-8f91-887544e44419 ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation elevation oceans USGS Thesaurus marine geology sea-floor characteristics sea-level change reef ecosystems coelenterates lidar digital elevation models None seafloor elevation sea level rise seafloor accretion seafloor erosion elevation change altimetry submerged topography Global Change Master Science Directory OCEAN > BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY > WATER DEPTH OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > COASTAL ELEVATION OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > CORAL REEFS OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > EROSION OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > SEA LEVEL RISE DOI/USGS/CMG > COASTAL AND MARINE GEOLOGY, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GCMD Instrument LIDAR > LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Port Saint Lucie Miami Marquesas Keys Florida Keys Florida None Florida Reef Tract None submerged seafloor None 2001-2076 None Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Kimberly K. Yates Southeast Region: ST. PETE COASTAL & MARINE SCIENCE CENTER Research Oceanographer mailing and physical

600 4Th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8059 kyates@usgs.gov John C. Brock C. Wayne Wright Matt Patterson Amar Nayegandhi Judd Patterson Melanie S. Harris Lance Mosher 2006 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1118 St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1118/ John C. Brock C. Wayne Wright Amar Nayegandhi Matt Patterson Iris Wilson Laurenda J. Travers 2007 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1432 St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071432 Datasets were visually compared (with other overlapping datasets, satellite images, and maps) by USGS staff in Esri ArcGIS for identification of anomalous elevations or data inconsistencies. Where elevation inconsistencies occurred, the most recent and/or highest resolution dataset was selected for use in that region. Data cover the area specified for this project, without any known issues. This dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract section. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record and Yates and others (2017) carefully for additional details. Due to the cell size of the gridded National Ocean Service (NOS) data (NOAA, 2001), assume a horizontal accuracy no better than 3 arc-seconds (or roughly 90 m). The vertical datum for the source bathymetric data was generally mean lower low water (MLLW). Source topographic data were in NAVD 88. The differences between these datums are less than the vertical accuracy of the Coastal Relief Model (CRM), so you can assign Mean Sea Level to the CRM if you like, just recognize that the elevation values may not be as accurate as you might like or need. Assume a vertical accuracy no better than 1 meter for any elevation values in the CRM. Because of its relatively large cell size (3 arc-seconds or roughly 90 m), no effort was made to establish a common vertical datum as the uncertainty in the elevation value of each cell exceeds the differences between vertical datums (typically sub-meter). National Centers for Environmental Information, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce 20010101 NetCDF File Boulder, Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:307 Digital Elevation Model 19990101 20180101 ground condition U.S. Coastal Relief Model The DEM was used as the starting elevation data to calculate future elevation based on data from the Upper Florida Keys per habitat. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 20170113 Shapefile St. Petersburg, FL Fish and Wildlife Research Institute http://ocean.floridamarine.org/IntegratedReefMap/UnifiedReefTract.htm Vector digital data 19910101 20130101 ground condition Habitat file This shapefile was used to divide the DEM by habitat types using Unified Classification (UC) Class Level 2. Kimberly K. Yates., David G. Zawada., Stephanie R. Arsenault 2018 Tabular digital data St. Petersburg, FL U.S Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CI9LNH CSV 19300101 20020101 ground condition Upper Florida Keys Seafloor Elevation Rate of Change This data release contains the UFK projected seafloor elevation change for 13 habitat types that were applied to the Florida Reef Tract DEM. Step 1: The original U.S. Coastal Relief Model Vol.3 - Florida and East Gulf of Mexico DEM was downloaded from https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:307. The network common data format (netCDF) DEM file was converted to a tagged image file format (TIF) using Blue Marble Global Mapper version 19.1.0. All remaining steps were completed with Esri ArcGIS Desktop Advanced version 10.6. Using the original TIFF, a footprint of the DEM was created with the "Reclassify (Spatial Analyst)" tool in ArcToolbox by replacing all old data values with 1 and the "No Data" value with 0 to create a raster file. Then, the "Raster to Polygon (Conversion)" tool was used to create a footprint of the original Florida Reef Tract DEM by converting the raster file to a polygon shapefile (SHP). 2018 Step 2: The original Unified Florida Reef Tract Map version 2.0 polygon SHP file was downloaded from http://ocean.floridamarine.org/IntegratedReefMap/UnifiedReefTract.htm. Using Esri ArcGIS, the Artificial, Land, and Mangrove areas (ClassLv2) were removed from the habitat SHP file using the "Select by Attribute" tool to select the three habitat types, and then the Editor Toolbox to delete them. 2018 Step 3: The original Florida Reef Tract DEM TIFF (from Step 1), was clipped to the extent of the modified habitat SHP file (from Step 2) using the "Clip (Data Management)" tool in Esri ArcGIS by specifying the Florida Reef Tract DEM TIFF as the 'Input Raster' and the modified habitat SHP file as the 'Output Extent'. The clipped TIFF was used to extract two shoreline contours with the "Contour List (Spatial Analyst)" tool by adding 'Contour values' for 0-meter (m), 0.05 m and -0.4 m contours. The shoreline contour SHP file was manually connected across inlets and gaps using the "Straight Segment" tool in the Editor Toolbox to draw straight lines between the seaward most points of channels or other breaks along the coastline. The backshore was removed from the contour SHP file by using the "Buffer (Analysis)" tool with a 'Distance Linear unit' of 1000 m. Then, the shoreline contour was smoothed with the "Smooth Line (Cartography)" tool using the Polynomial Approximation with Exponential Kernel (PAEK) smoothing algorithm and a 50-m smoothing tolerance. Using the extended contour SHP file, a polygon SHP file was created using the "Feature to Polygon (Data Management)" tool by specifying the contour SHP file as the 'Input Features', to create the Coastal Clip SHP file. The clipped DEM TIFF was modified further using the "Clip (Data Management)" tool to remove coastal land areas by adding the DEM TIFF as the 'Input Raster' and the Coastal Clip SHP file as the 'Output Extent', creating the FloridaReefTract_ElevationSurface_OriginalClip TIFF. 2018 Step 4: The clipped habitat SHP file (from Step 2) was modified by removing coastal land areas using the "Clip (Analysis)" tool with the habitat SHP file as the 'Input Features' and the Coastal Clip SHP file (from Step 3) as the 'Clip Features', creating the FloridaReefTract_Habitat_Clip SHP file. 2018 Step 5: Mean future elevation for each habitat type in the FloridaReefTract_ElevationSurface_OriginalClip DEM was calculated by applying previously published mean elevation changes in the Upper Florida Keys (UFK) that were projected 75 years into the future from the year 2002 (Yates and others, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CI9LNH). Mean projected elevation changes in the UFK were compiled by habitat type into a comma separated values (CSV) file using Microsoft Excel 2016. 2018 Step 6: Using the FloridaReefTract_Habitat_Clip SHP file in Esri ArcGIS, individual polygon SHP files were created for each habitat type using the "Select by Attribute" tool and exporting each habitat type as a separate SHP file. Individual DEMs were created from the FloridaReefTract_ElevationSurface_OriginalClip TIFF using the "Clip (Data Management)" tool to clip the full DEM to the extent of each habitat type SHP file by specifying the FloridaReefTract_ElevationSurface_OriginalClip as the 'Input Raster' and the habitat type SHP file as the 'Output Extent'. The "Raster Calculator (Spatial Analyst)" tool was used to project future elevation change per habitat type by modifying individual habitat DEMs by adding or subtracting the corresponding 'Mean projected elevation change 75 years from 2002 in the Upper Florida Keys (m/75 years)' from the 75_Year_FloridaReefTract_Seafloor_Projection_MeanElevation CSV file. Individual habitat DEMs were merged together using the "Mosaic to New Raster (Data Management)" tool with the 'Pixel Type' set to 32_BIT_FLOAT, 'Number of Bands' set to 1 and the 'Mosaic Operator' set to MEAN to create the final 75_Year_FloridaReefTract_Seafloor_Projection_DEM_MeanElevation TIFF file. 2018 Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20201013 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Raster Grid Cell 3404 2638 1 8.3E-4 8.3E-4 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 Mean lower low water (MLLW) 1.0 meters Explicit depth coordinate included with horizontal coordinates 75_Year_FloridaReefTract_Seafloor_Projection_MeanElevation.csv This file contains elevation statistics, provided in CSV format, for each habitat type found in the UFK. These data were used to compute the 75-year (from 2001) projected seafloor elevation change along the Florida Reef Tract. USGS Habitat types in Florida Reef Tract study site The habitat types found in the Florida Reef Tract. Habitat types are defined by the Unified Florida Reef Tract Map Version 2.0 and based on the Unified Classification (UC) system Class Level 2. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) Total study site The total Florida Reef Tract study site, includes all habitat types. USGS Aggregate reef Aggregate reef larger than 1 hectare (ha), contiguous reef, lacking sand channels. FWC Colonized pavement Contiguous to patchy pavement, lacking spur and groove channel formation, presence of macroalgae, hard coral, gorgonians, and other sessile invertebrates, dense enough to obscure underlying rock. FWC Dredged and excavated Dredged and excavated areas. FWC Individual or aggregated patch reef Patch reefs smaller than 1 ha, isolated reefs often with distinct halo or reef features covering >10% of the area. FWC Not classified Areas where habitat has not been classified. FWC Pavement Contiguous to patchy pavement, lacking spur and groove channel formations. FWC Pavement with sand channels Alternating linear sand and pavement formations, perpendicular to reef crest. FWC Pavement with seagrass Contiguous to patchy pavement, lacking spur and groove channel formations with seagrass. FWC Reef rubble Unconsolidated, dead, unstable coral rubble. FWC Reef rubble with seagrass Unconsolidated, dead, unstable coral rubble with seagrass. FWC Ridge Linear, shore-parallel, low-relief features, potentially ancient shoreline deposits. FWC Scattered rock or coral in unconsolidated sediment Mostly sand, reef features covering <10% of the area. FWC Seagrass continuous Continuous seagrass beds. FWC Seagrass discontinuous Discontinuous seagrass beds. FWC Spur and groove Alternating linear sand and coral formations, perpendicular to reef crest. FWC Tidal flats Tidal flats FWC Unconsolidated Sediment Unconsolidated sediment FWC Mean projected elevation change 75 years from 2002 in the Upper Florida Keys (m/75 years) The mean projected seafloor elevation change 75 years from 2002, in meters, derived from the Upper Florida Keys elevation change study. USGS -0.5977 0.2159 meters Max elevation in the 75 year Florida Reef Tract seafloor projection DEM (m) Maximum projected seafloor elevation 75 years from 2001, in meters. USGS -2.122 1.9349 meters Min elevation in the 75 year Florida Reef Tract seafloor projection DEM (m) Minimum projected seafloor elevation 75 years from 2001, in meters. USGS -58.826599 -1.4482 meters Mean elevation in the 75 year Florida Reef Tract seafloor projection DEM (m) Mean projected seafloor elevation 75 years from 2001, in meters. USGS -23.607251 -0.2607 meters SD (m) Standard deviation, in meters USGS 0.622065 9.946021 meters Kimberly K. Yates Southeast Region: ST. PETE COASTAL & MARINE SCIENCE CENTER Research Oceanographer mailing and physical

600 4Th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8059 kyates@usgs.gov Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. SHP, CSV, TIFF ArcGIS 10.6, RFC 4180 Esri Polygon Shapefile, comma-separated values, tagged image file format https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9AZVU1E/data/75_Year_FloridaReefTract_Seafloor_Projection_DEM_MeanElevation.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9AZVU1E/data/FloridaReefTract_Habitat_OriginalClip.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9AZVU1E/data/FloridaReefTract_ElevationSurface_OriginalClip.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9AZVU1E/data/75_Year_FloridaReefTract_Seafloor_Projection_MeanElevation.zip None 20201013 Kimberly K. Yates Southeast Region: ST. PETE COASTAL & MARINE SCIENCE CENTER Research Oceanographer mailing and physical

600 4Th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8059 kyates@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998