Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Ilsa B. Kuffner Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Originator: Kristen A. Ewen Originator: Nathaniel Hanna Holloway Originator: Erin O. Lyons Originator: Lucy A. Bartlett Originator: Clayton G. Pollock Originator: Zandy Hillis-Starr Publication_Date: 20220920 Title: Experimental coral-growth data and time-series imagery for Acropora palmata and Pseudodiploria strigosa in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data; tabular digital data Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Ilsa B. Kuffner Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Originator: Kristen A. Ewen Originator: Nathaniel Hanna Holloway Originator: Erin O. Lyons Originator: Lucy A. Bartlett Originator: Clayton G. Pollock Originator: Zandy Hillis-Starr Publication_Date: 20220920 Title: Experimental Coral-Growth Data and Time-Series Imagery for Acropora palmata and Pseudodiploria strigosa in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P94BOI9T Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P94BOI9T Description: Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coral Reef Ecosystems Studies (CREST) project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/crest/) provides science that helps Department of Interior and other resource managers tasked with the stewardship of coral reef resources. This data release contains data on coral-growth rates and time-series photographs taken of colonies of the elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, and the symmetrical brain coral, Pseudodiploria strigosa, grown at three sites at Buck Island Reef National Monument in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands from June 2019 to August 2021. The data will be used to inform resource managers of the capacity for restoration and growth of these habitat-forming species of coral within National Park (and Virgin Islands territory) waters. Purpose: These data were obtained to directly quantify rates of coral growth (calcification, height, and planar-area footprint) in Acropora palmata and Pseudodiploria strigosa corals grown at three sites at Buck Island Reef National Monument from June 2019 to August 2021. The data will be used to inform resource managers of the capacity for future restoration and growth of these two habitat-forming species on Buck Island reefs to guide coral-reef ecosystem and species-recovery plans. Some datasets included in this release were interpreted in Toth and others (2023). Supplemental_Information: Scientific research permits: The data herein were collected with permission from the National Park Service and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary under permit number BUIS-2019-SCI-0004. To ensure that USGS-St. Petersburg data management protocols were followed, all surveys when data were collected were assigned the following USGS field activity numbers (FANs): 2019-321-FA, 2019-368-FA, 2020-308-FA, 2021-309-FA, 2021-324-FA and 2021-331-FA. Additional survey and data details are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20190619 Ending_Date: 20210820 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -64.62122 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -64.61143 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.79081 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.78408 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:d5b888e0-7781-44a0-8802-48c240a5cc00 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: aquatic biology Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: coelenterates Theme_Keyword: ocean temperature Theme_Keyword: sea-floor characteristics Theme_Keyword: marine biology Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: photography Theme_Keyword: time series datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: coral reef Theme_Keyword: coral Theme_Keyword: Acropora Theme_Keyword: Pseudodiploria Theme_Keyword: calcification Theme_Keyword: carbonate budget Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: United States Virgin Islands Place_Keyword: Saint Croix Island Place_Keyword: Buck Island Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: seafloor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Temporal_Keyword: Modern Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Ilsa B. Kuffner Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Research Marine Biologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: U.S.A. Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8048 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ikuffner@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Acknowledgment of Ilsa B. Kuffner and the U.S. Geological Survey as data sources would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 10 Version 21H2 (Build 19044.1706) Windows Feature Experience Pack 120.2212.4170.0; Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO Version 2202 (Build 16.0.14931.20648) 32 bit; Adobe Photoshop CC version 23.3.2; ExifTool (version 12.44). Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, L.T., Storlazzi, C.D., Kuffner I.B., Quataert, E., Reyns, J., McCall, R., Stathakopoulos, A., Hillis-Starr, Z., Hanna Holloway, N., Ewen, K.A., Pollock, C.G., Code, T., and Aronson, R.B. Publication_Date: 20230421 Title: The potential for coral reef restoration to mitigate coastal flooding as sea levels rise Series_Information: Series_Name: Nature Communications Issue_Identification: 14, Article number: 2313 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37858-2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jokiel, P.L., Maragos, J.E., and Franzisket, L. Publication_Date: 1978 Title: Coral growth: buoyant weight technique Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Paris, France Publisher: UNESCO Other_Citation_Details: Editors Stoddart, D.R. and Johannes, pages 529-541 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Morrison, J.M., Kuffner, I.B., and Hickey, T.D. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Methods for monitoring corals and crustose coralline algae to quantify in-situ calcification rates Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2013-1159 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: 11 pages Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131159 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Acropora palmata growth: Acropora palmata coral fragments were obtained from five colonies at Buck Island Reef National Monument chosen based upon historical knowledge of their condition over time, referred to as “legacy colonies”, as expressed by Zandy Hillis-Starr of the National Park Service (NPS). On June 24, 2019, USGS and NPS personnel collected 6 small branch tips each from these five distinctive, large colonies of A. palmata. A pneumatically powered, reciprocating saw attached to a Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) tank was used to cleanly cut the branch tips from the colonies, and then the corals were mounted on plastic (polyvinyl chloride) PVC disks with epoxy and fitted with stainless-steel bolts as described in Morrison and others (2013). Pseudodiploria strigosa growth: On June 26 and 27, 2019, ten small Pseudodiploria strigosa colonies each were collected from the south forereef (SFR) and northeast reef (NER) at Buck Island Reef National Monument, respectively, and mounted to plastic discs as described above. Because of inclement weather, P. strigosa deployed to the northwest reef (NWR) site were not collected until November 2019, and because there were no colonies found at that site, colonies deployed there were collected from the SFR site. The 30 P. strigosa colonies were stained with alizarin-red on the day they were deployed for later sectioning and use for measurement of linear extension and development and calibration of the Strontium/Calcium (Sr/Ca) temperature proxy. The 60 prepared coral colonies were deployed to the field sites to grow for a total of two years at the south forereef (SFR), northeast reef (NER), and northwest reef (NWR) sites. The corals were reversibly attached with a washer and wingnut to concrete blocks secured to the substratum. At the start of the experiment and during the four subsequent sampling visits, all corals were photographed, measured with calipers (length x width x height), and weighed using the buoyant-weight method (Jokiel and others, 1978). For more details about the methods used, refer to Morrison and others (2013). For the final sampling, because the caliper measurements performed by volunteers in July 2021 showed an unlikely average loss of coral planar area and height signifying insufficient training, USGS personnel remeasured the colonies in August 2021 and report these measurements in lieu of those made in July. Corals that died during the experiment were not included in further assessments of growth metrics (missing data are left blank). Calcification rates were normalized to the planar-footprint area of the colony at the beginning of each weighing interval as determined using calipers and the formula for the area of an ellipse. Process_Date: 202108 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Ilsa B. Kuffner Contact_Organization: Southeast Region Contact_Position: Research Marine Biologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8048 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ikuffner@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Photography: The photographs of the corals were taken by USGS personnel (E. Lyons and A. Stathakopoulos) or by NPS personnel (K. Ewen and Nathaniel Hanna Holloway) using a Nikon COOLPIX camera mounted on a tripod. The digital photographs were taken in the field of each colony with a ruler for scale. The images were subsequently used to create a time-series montage for each coral (L. Bartlett). Images were color corrected as needed and stitched together in chronological order using Adobe Photoshop CC version 23.3.2 to adjust for light regime and enhance contrast and brightness. Additionally, text indicating the coral identification number (if not handwritten on the photo stand with red-waxed pencil), the sampling season, and year were added to each image using Photoshop. The digital images are included in the data release download file, VI_coral_photo_record.zip. Process_Date: 2021 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Ilsa B. Kuffner Contact_Organization: Southeast Region Contact_Position: Research Marine Biologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8048 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ikuffner@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Populating the image headers: Credit, contact information, copyright, usage terms, image descriptions, attribution url, metadata link, and georeferencing information were added to the exchangeable image file format (EXIF) header of each image using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.44). Each coral species (APAL for Acropora palmata and PSTR for Pseudodiploria strigosa) and sample site (SFR, NER, NWR) were grouped together and the command was run on each group of images. The image groupings were as follows: APAL SFR, PSTR SFR, APAL NER, PSTR NER, APAL NWR, and PSTR NWR. All information in the script were the same among all images, aside from the EXIF:ImageDescription, EXIF:GPSLatitude and EXIF:GPSLongtitude information, as that information varied between the grouped site and coral species images. First, the following command was run on the grouped images to preserve filenames: exiftool -P "-XMP:PreservedFileName