Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Publication_Date: 20241125 Title: Radiometric Ages and Descriptive Data for Late Holocene Acropora spp. Corals From Dry Tortugas National Park Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular and raster digital data Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: Alexander B. Modys Originator: Selena A. Johnson Originator: Ilsa B. Kuffner Publication_Date: 2024115 Title: Radiometric Ages and Descriptive Data for Late Holocene Acropora spp. Corals From Dry Tortugas National Park Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular and raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P13L6DTF Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P13L6DTF Description: Abstract: This data release compiles radiometric data, photographs, and descriptive collection information (location, elevation, etc.) for late Holocene sub-fossil Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis coral samples collected from the coral reefs of Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida (DRTO) from 2015 to 2023. The samples were collected under scientific research permits from the U.S. National Park Service and all samples are currently recorded in the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center’s (USGS SPCMSC) Geologic Core and Sample Database (Williams and others, 2013) and archived at the center’s Core Archive. Purpose: Data were collected in order to determine the timing and spatial distribution of Acropora spp. coral populations at Dry Tortugas National Park. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20150521 Ending_Date: 20230615 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Description_of_Geographic_Extent: Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.87459 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.77258 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.70289 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.60740 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:33e67440-5882-4faf-af2e-9f2b19b53780 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: biota Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: paleoceanography Theme_Keyword: reef ecosystems Theme_Keyword: radiometric dating Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: coelenterates Theme_Keyword: Holocene Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: State of Florida Place_Keyword: Dry Tortugas Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4Th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8136 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: astathakopoulos@usgs.gov Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 11 Enterprise (Version 23H2); Adobe Photoshop CC (version 23.3.2); Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.2). Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Breanna N. Williams Originator: Heather A. Schreppel Originator: Christopher D. Reich Originator: Kathryn E.L. Smith Originator: Ginger Tiling-Range Originator: Chelsea A. Stalk Originator: Steven H. Douglas Originator: Shawn V. Dadisman Originator: James G. Flocks Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Publication_Date: 20130725 Title: St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center's geologic core and sample database Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service, tabular digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: ArcGIS Online Publisher: Esri Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: Hai Cheng Originator: R. Lawrence Edwards Originator: Erica Ashe Originator: Julie N. Richey Publication_Date: 20170907 Title: Local Radiocarbon reservoir age (ΔR) variability from the nearshore and open-ocean environments of the Florida Keys reef tract during the Holocene and associated U-Series and radiocarbon data Edition: 2.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7P8492Q Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P8492Q Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Fiona D. Hibbert Originator: Felicity H. Williams Originator: Stewart J. Fallon Originator: Eelco J. Rohling Publication_Date: 20180529 Title: A database of biological and geomorphological sea-level markers from the Last Glacial Maximum to present Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Data Issue_Identification: Volume 5, Article 180088 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Springer Nature Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.88 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Originator: Ilsa B. Kuffner Publication_Date: 20180426 Title: Descriptive core logs, core photographs, radiocarbon ages, and accretion data from Holocene reef cores collected throughout the Florida Keys reef tract Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7NV9HJX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HJX Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Marc P. Hijma Originator: Simon E. Engelhart Originator: Torbjörn E. Törnqvist Originator: Benjamin P. Horton Originator: Ping Hu Originator: David F. Hill Publication_Date: 20150217 Title: A protocol for a geological sea-level database Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Publication_Information: Publication_Place: West Sussix, UK Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Other_Citation_Details: Handbook of Sea‐Level Research, Chapter 34 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452547.ch34 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Richard A. Mortlock Originator: Richard G. Fairbanks Originator: Tzu-chien Chiu Originator: James Rubenstone Publication_Date: 20050201 Title: 230Th/234U/238U and 231Pa/235U ages from a single fossil coral fragment by multi-collector magnetic-sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Issue_Identification: Volume 69, Issue 3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier B.V. Other_Citation_Details: Pages 649-657 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.033 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nicole A. Abdul Originator: Richard A. Mortlock Originator: James D. Wright Originator: Richard G. Fairbanks Publication_Date: 20160227 Title: Younger Dryas sea level and meltwater pulse 1B recorded in Barbados reef crest coral Acropora palmata Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Paleoceanography Issue_Identification: Volume 31, Issue 2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU) Other_Citation_Details: Pages 330-344 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002847 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Hai Cheng Originator: R. Lawrence Edwards Originator: Chuan-Chou Shen Originator: Victor J. Polyak Originator: Yemane Asmerom Originator: Jon Woodhead Originator: John Hellstrom Originator: Yongjin Wang Originator: Xinggong Kong Originator: Christoph Spötl Originator: Xianfeng Wang Originator: E. Calvin Alexander Jr. Publication_Date: 20130623 Title: Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U–Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters Issue_Identification: Volumes 371-372 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Elsevier Other_Citation_Details: Pages 82-91 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.006 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Completeness_Report: Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal horizontal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal vertical positional accuracy tests were conducted. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Most of the samples detailed in this data release were collected by hand via self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)- and free-diving. For those samples, divers used a small sledgehammer and chisel to sub-sample suspected Acropora palmata or Acropora cervicornis reef frameworks and associated coral rubble within Dry Tortugas National Park. Three samples were obtained via rotary coring as described in Toth and others (2018). Process_Date: 20230615 Process_Step: Process_Description: The water depths where the samples were collected were recorded in the field using underwater depth gauges. The field-based measurements were corrected to mean sea level (MSL) using data from the nearest National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tidal datum. Elevation errors were incorporated and are associated with 1) estimating water depths with underwater depth gauges (0.5 meters [m]), 2) a sampling depth uncertainty based on the size of the samples collected for radiocarbon dating (0.01 m), and 3) for cores, the rotary coring method (0.15 m) as described by Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). A total elevation uncertainty was estimated based on the root-sum-square of the elevation errors. The elevation uncertainty was combined with the empirical depth distribution of Acropora palmata in Florida determined by Hibbert and others (2018) to estimate paleo-water depth in which the samples were growing. Process_Date: 2023 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8136 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: astathakopoulos@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: At the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS SPCMSC), a tile saw equipped with a diamond blade was used on the collected coral samples to obtain small pieces of internal coral aragonite free of visually observable diagenesis for dating. These subsamples were then sonicated in warm deionized water to remove any detrital material and were further processed for either Radiocarbon or Uranium-Thorium (U-Th) dating later in a dedicated laboratory, respectively. Process_Date: 2023 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8136 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: astathakopoulos@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Radiocarbon ages of the samples were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) performed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility (266 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA 02543) or the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550-9234) using standard methodologies (https://www2.whoi.edu/site/nosams/radiocarbon-data-and-calculations/). Measured radiocarbon ages were corrected for the fractionation of δ13C based on δ13C measured by AMS. All radiocarbon ages were calibrated to years before present (where “present” is 1950) using the temporally-explicit local radiocarbon reservoir age offsets for the nearshore regions of south Florida derived by Toth and others (2017). Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.xlsx Process_Step: Process_Description: Subsamples of each coral sample were powdered and analyzed for evidence of secondary alteration to calcite by X-ray diffraction (XRD) following methods described by Abdul and others (2016) using a Philips XPert Powder Diffractometer at the Department of Chemistry at Rutgers University (123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854) or at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver, Colorado (Federal Ave, Denver, CO 80225). Only subsamples with less than 0.2% calcite were used for Uranium-Thorium (U-Th) dating. U-Th isotopes were measured using the Thermo Scientific™ NEPTUNEPLUS™ Multi-collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) at the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Rutgers University following the methods described in Mortlock and others (2005), which were revised in Abdul and others (2016). All dates and activity ratios were calculated using half-lives published in Cheng and others (2013). These data were used to estimate ages before present (relative to 1950) with 2-sigma uncertainties. Process_Date: 2024 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_Useries_data.csv Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_Useries_data.xlsx Process_Step: Process_Description: Photography: Photographs were taken by USGS personnel (L. Toth, A. Stathakopoulos, A. Modys, and J. Morrison) using a GoPro™ camera in an underwater housing. The digital photographs were taken in the field of Acropora palmata reef framework and associated rubble and the samples taken from each. Images were color corrected as needed using Adobe Photoshop CC version 23.3.2 to adjust for light regime and enhance contrast and brightness. Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_photographs.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Research Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Populating the image headers: Credit, contact information, copyright, usage terms, image descriptions, attribution url, metadata link, and georeferencing information were added to the exchangeable image file format (EXIF) header of each image using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.2). All information in the script were the same among all images, aside from the EXIF:ImageDescription, EXIF:Artist, EXIF:GPSLatitude and EXIF:GPSLongtitude information, as that information varied between images. First, the following command was run on the images to preserve filenames: exiftool -P "-XMP:PreservedFileName allheaders.csv'. Specific tags may be specified with this command, if preferred. Process_Date: 20240808 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_photographs.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Breanna N. Williams Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street south City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bnwilliams@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 52 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean sea level Depth_Resolution: 0.1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.xlsx, DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values (.csv) and Microsoft Excel files (.xlsx) of radiocarbon data for late Holocene sub-fossil coral samples collected from the coral reefs at Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida from 2015 to 2023. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample name Attribute_Definition: Unique identifier for each coral sample dated in this study. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: A unique sample identifier assigned by USGS researchers at the time of collection. Typically, the sample ID contains an abbreviation of the sampling location or site name (PL, PLS, and PLN=Pulaski Light reef, South=Pulaski Shoal south, PW=Pulaski West, MB=Middle Bank, EK=East Key reef, SE=Southeast Reef, LK=Long Key island, BK=Bird Key reef) and a sample number for that location. Many, but not all sample IDs also contain information about the species of the sample as identified in the field (Ap=Acropora palmata and ACN=Acropora cervicornis). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Taxon Attribute_Definition: The identified taxa of coral sampled. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral species is Acropora palmata. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Corals of the World (https://www.coralsoftheworld.org) Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pseudodiploria sp. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral species is Pseudodiploria sp. This coral was initially identified in the field as Acropora cervicornis, but upon closer examination was determined to be Pseudodiploria sp. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Corals of the World (https://www.coralsoftheworld.org) Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. cervicornis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral species is Acropora cervicornis. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Corals of the World (https://www.coralsoftheworld.org) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location Attribute_Definition: The general geomorphic feature within Dry Tortugas National Park where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski Shoal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from Pulaski Shoal, a shallow-water bank located at the northeast side of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: East Key Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected near East Key, an emergent sand island to the southwest of Pulaski Light reef and on the eastern side of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Southeast Reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from Southeast Reef, a relict spur-and-groove reef located off of Garden Key on the southwest side of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Long Key island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected subaerially on the island called Long Key, which is located east of Garden Key and north of Southeast Reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site name Attribute_Definition: The specific reef site where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski Light reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected near the navigation light tower at the far east end of Pulaski Shoal. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski Shoal south Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected just south of Pulaski Light reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski West Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected on Pulaski Shoal ~3 kilometers (km) northwest of Pulaski Light reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Middle Bank Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected on a small ridge between Pulaski Light reef and Pulaski West. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: East Key reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected near East Key, an emergent sand island to the southwest of Pulaski Light reef and on the eastern side of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Long Key reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from Long Key reef, located to the east and southeast of Long Key island. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Long Key island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected subaerially on the island called Long Key, which is located east of Garden Key and north of Southeast Reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Bird Key reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected near the former location of Bird Key, south of Garden Key and southwest of Long Key reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate latitude (in decimal degrees, NAD83) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 24.60740 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.70289 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate longitude (in decimal degrees, NAD83) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -82.87459 Range_Domain_Maximum: -82.77258 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depth (m bsl) Attribute_Definition: The water depth in meters (m) of the sample below sea level (bsl), as recorded by USGS researchers in the field using underwater depth gauges. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -7.62 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.91 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Corrected depth (m MSL) Attribute_Definition: The water depth of the sample in meters (m) corrected to mean sea level (MSL) using local tide information. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -7.63 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.43 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation determination error (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with determining the water depth in the field using either underwater depth gauges (0.5 m) or based on the uncertainty of in situ measurements with a global positioning system (GPS) as described in Toth and others (2018). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.04 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.50 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coring method error (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with determining sample elevation from rotary cores, assumed to be 0.15 m (after Hijma and others, 2015). This uncertainty was only applied to the three samples that were collected from cores. All other cells were left blank. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.15 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.05 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sampling method error (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) elevation uncertainty in meters (m) associated with the thickness of the sample collected for radiocarbon dating, taken to be 1 centimeter (cm) (or 0.01 m). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.01 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation uncertainty (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The total two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) determined by calculating the root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the sampling method uncertainty, and, where applicable the coring method error. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.50 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.05 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coral depth distribution range (m; 95% CI) Attribute_Definition: The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the empirical depth distribution in meters (m) of the coral in Florida, as determined by Hibbert and others (2018). Blank values indicate the uncertainty was not applied because the sample was not collected underwater. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 15.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleo-water depth/Lower combined error (m; 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The estimated lowest paleo-water depth in meters (m) below mean sea level, taken as the root-sum-square of the total elevation uncertainty and 0. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.50 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.05 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleo-water depth/Upper combined error (m; 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The estimated highest paleo-water depth in meters (m) below mean sea level, taken as the root-sum-square of the total elevation uncertainty and the paleo-water depth. Blank values indicate the uncertainty was not applied because the sample was not collected underwater. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 15.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: In situ Attribute_Definition: Identifies whether the coral was determined to be in its original growth position on the reef (i.e., it was in situ). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: YES Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was determined to be in situ. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NO Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was not determined to be in situ. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conv 14C age (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The conventional 14C age is the measured 14C age corrected for the isotopic fractionation of δ13C as measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 685 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4290 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conv 14C error (1-sigma; yrs) Attribute_Definition: The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty on the conventional radiocarbon (14C) age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 30 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-13C (‰) Attribute_Definition: The measured delta-13C (δ13C) of the sample, used to correct for isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. Blank values indicate that the data was not reported by the lab. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -2.50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.99 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Parts per thousand Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R (yrs) Attribute_Definition: Marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, Delta-R (ΔR) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -229.19 Range_Domain_Maximum: -119.51 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R error (1-sigma; yrs) Attribute_Definition: The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty in the marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, Delta-R (ΔR) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 15.87 Range_Domain_Maximum: 25.57 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calibrated age (yrs cal BP) Attribute_Definition: The calibrated radiocarbon age in years before present (where "present" is 1950). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 374 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4503 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: +2-sigma range (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The maximum (oldest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 497 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4704 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: -2-sigma range (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The minimum (youngest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 253 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4318 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Lab ID Attribute_Definition: A unique sample ID ("WW" or "OS" number) assigned by the radiocarbon laboratory, where the sample was radiocarbon dated. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: A unique sample ID assigned by the laboratory that conducted the radiocarbon analysis. Samples analyzed by the Center for AMS (CAMS) at the Lawrence Livermoore National Laboratory were first processed by the USGS Radiocarbon Laboratory where they were assigned an ID with a "WW" prefix. Samples analyzed by the National Ocean Sciences AMS laboratory at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have a prefix of "OS". Attribute: Attribute_Label: Notes Attribute_Definition: Additional notes about the samples. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: See Toth et al., 2018b. Sample from reef core. Previously tide-corrected Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: This core was previously described in Toth and others (2018). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Depth was estimated Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The depth of this sample was estimated, rather than directly measured in the field. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Subaerial sample collected from a storm ridge Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected on land (subaerially) from a storm-deposited ridge on the beach. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_USeries_data.xlsx, DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_USeries_data.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values (.csv) and Microsoft Excel files (.xlsx) of U-Th data for late Holocene sub-fossil coral samples collected from the coral reefs at Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida from 2015 to 2023. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample name Attribute_Definition: Unique identifier for each coral sample dated in this study. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: A unique sample identifier assigned by USGS researchers at the time of collection. Typically, the sample ID contains an abbreviation of the sampling location or site name (PLS=Pulaski Light reef, PW=Pulaski West, LK=Long Key island, BK=Bird Key reef) and a sample number for that location. Many, but not all sample IDs also contain information about the species of the sample as identified in the field (Ap=Acropora palmata). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Taxon Attribute_Definition: The identified taxa of coral sampled. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral species is Acropora palmata. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Corals of the World (https://www.coralsoftheworld.org) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location Attribute_Definition: The general geomorphic feature within Dry Tortugas National Park where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski Shoal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from Pulaski Shoal, a shallow-water bank located at the northeast side of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Long Key island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected subaerially on the island called Long Key, which is located east of Garden Key and north of Southeast Reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Southeast Reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from Southeast Reef, a relict spur-and-groove reef located off of Garden Key on the southwest side of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site name Attribute_Definition: The specific reef site where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski Light reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected near the navigation light tower at the far east end of Pulaski Shoal. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Long Key island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected subaerially on the island called Long Key, which is located east of Garden Key and north of Southeast Reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pulaski West Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected on Pulaski Shoal ~3 kilometers (km) northwest of Pulaski Light reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Bird Key reef Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected near the former location of Bird Key, south of Garden Key and southwest of Long Key reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate latitude (in decimal degrees, NAD83) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 24.60740 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.70289 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate longitude (in decimal degrees, NAD83) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -82.87459 Range_Domain_Maximum: -82.77294 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depth (m bsl) Attribute_Definition: The water depth in meters (m) of the sample below sea level (bsl), as recorded by USGS researchers in the field using underwater depth gauges. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -5.18 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.91 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Corrected depth (m MSL) Attribute_Definition: The water depth of the sample in meters (m) corrected to mean sea level (MSL) using local tide information. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -5.64 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.58 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation determination error (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with determining the water depth in the field using either underwater depth gauges (0.5 m) or based on the uncertainty of in situ measurements with GPS as described in Toth and others (2018). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sampling method error (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) elevation uncertainty in meters (m) associated with the thickness of the sample collected for radiocarbon dating, taken to be 1 centimeter (cm) (or 0.01 m). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.01 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation uncertainty (m; +/- 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The total two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) determined by calculating the root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the sampling method uncertainty, and, where applicable the coring method error. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coral depth distribution range (m; 95% CI) Attribute_Definition: The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the empirical depth distribution in meters (m) of the coral in Florida, as determined by Hibbert and others (2018). Blank values indicate the uncertainty was not applied because the sample was not collected underwater. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleo-water depth/Lower combined error (m; 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The estimated lowest paleo-water depth in meters (m) below mean sea level, taken as the root-sum-square of the total elevation uncertainty and 0. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleo-water depth/Upper combined error (m; 2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The estimated highest paleo-water depth in meters (m) below mean sea level, taken as the root-sum-square of the total elevation uncertainty and the paleo-water depth. Blank values indicate the uncertainty was not applied because the sample was not collected underwater. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.54 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.54 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01 Attribute: Attribute_Label: In situ Attribute_Definition: Identifies whether the coral was determined to be in its original growth position on the reef (i.e., it was in situ). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: YES Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was determined to be in situ. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NO Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was not determined to be in situ. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: % Calcite Attribute_Definition: The percentage (%) of the coral sample composed of secondary calcite. This is an indicator of diagenetic alteration. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: <0.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: <0.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-Th age Attribute_Definition: The measured 230Th (U-Th) age of the coral sample used as age of the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1090 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4328 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years before 1950 Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-Th age uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) analytical uncertainty of the 230Th age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 23 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-Th age BP Attribute_Definition: The 230Th (U-Th) age of the coral sample used as age of the sample before present (where present is 1950). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1017 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4255 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-Th age BP uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) analytical uncertainty of the 230Th age in years before present (1950). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 23 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: 238U (ppm) Attribute_Definition: The measured concentration of the isotope 238U in the sample in parts per million (ppm). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.1068 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.6639 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million (ppm) Attribute: Attribute_Label: 238U uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) analytical uncertainty of the measured 238U in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0011 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0033 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million (ppm) Attribute: Attribute_Label: 232Th (pg/g) Attribute_Definition: The measured concentration of the isotope 232Th in the sample in picograms per gram (pg/g). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 22.265 Range_Domain_Maximum: 779.709 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: picograms per gram (pg/g) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Th232 uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) analytical uncertainty of the measured 232Th in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0267 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.5223 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: picograms per gram (pg/g) Attribute: Attribute_Label: [234U/238U] Attribute_Definition: The 234U/238U isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.1437 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.1461 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [234U/238U] uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) uncertainty of the 234U/238U isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0003 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0010 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-234U initial Attribute_Definition: Corrected initial δ234U (delta-234U initial) in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 145.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 147.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta-234U initial uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) corrected initial δ234U (delta-234U initial) in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [230Th/234U] Attribute_Definition: The 230Th/234U isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0099 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0389 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [230Th/234U] uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) uncertainty of the 230Th/234U isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0000 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0002 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [230Th/238U] Attribute_Definition: The 230Th/238U isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0113 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0445 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [230Th/238U] uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) uncertainty of the 230Th/238U isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0000 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0002 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [230Th/232Th] Attribute_Definition: The 230Th/232Th isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 570.9 Range_Domain_Maximum: 18828.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [230Th/232Th] uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) uncertainty of the 230Th/232Th isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 23.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [238U/232Th] Attribute_Definition: The 238U/232Th isostope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 13695 Range_Domain_Maximum: 434499 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: [238U/232Th] uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2-sigma) uncertainty of the 238U/232Th isotope activity ratio in the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 43 Range_Domain_Maximum: 602 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ratio Attribute: Attribute_Label: Notes Attribute_Definition: Additional notes about the samples. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Subaerial sample collected from a storm ridge Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected on land (subaerially) from a storm-deposited ridge on the beach. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_photographs.zip - This file contains photographic images in Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format of late Holocene Acropora palmata corals, reef framework, storm ridges, and associated rubble that were sampled. The file names include the site identification code (BK for Bird Key, EK for East Key, LK for Long Key, PLS for Pulaski Light reef, and PLW for Pulaski West), and a short description of what the image shows (example- BK_in_situ_Apal_1). EXIF imagery headers were added using EXIFTool to include pertinent metadata for each image. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: USGS SPCMSC Data Management Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Resource_Description: DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.csv, DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.xlsx, DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_Useries_data.csv, DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_Useries_data.xlsx, DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_photographs.zip Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-delimited text, Microsoft Excel format, JPEG Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P13L6DTF/data/DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_radiocarbon_data.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P13L6DTF/data/DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_Useries_data.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P13L6DTF/data/DRTO_late_Holocene_Acropora_photographs.zip Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20241125 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: USGS SPCMSC Data Management Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999