Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Sand Lines for the Undeveloped Areas of New Jersey's Barrier Islands, Extracted from Orthoimagery, March 9, 1991, to July 30, 2013 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 960 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Fla. Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/sandy_hook.zip Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/barnegat_bay.zip Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/great_bay.zip Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/great_channel.zip Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/ludlum_bay.zip Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/cape_may.zip Description: Abstract: Assessing the physical change to shorelines and wetlands is critical in determining the resiliency of wetland systems that protect adjacent habitat and communities. The wetland and back-barrier shorelines of New Jersey changed as a result of wave action and storm surge that occurred during Hurricane Sandy, which made landfall on October 29, 2012. The impact of Hurricane Sandy will be assessed and placed in its historical context to understand the future vulnerability of wetland systems. Making these assessments will rely on data extracted from current and historical resources such as maps, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and lidar elevation data, which document physical changes over time. This USGS Data Series publication includes several open-ocean shorelines, back-island shorelines, back-island shoreline points, sand area polygons, and sand lines for the undeveloped areas of New Jersey that were extracted from orthoimagery (ortho aerial photography) dated from March 9, 1991 to July 30, 2013. This data-set consists of lines that comprise the inland extent of the main body of sand (beach/dune/overwash area) found in the orthoimagery taken on the date specified in the filename and in the "Date_" field in the feature attribute table. They are based on the sand area polygons, nj_sandpo_*.shp, that are included in this Data Series publication and can be accessed via the Data Download page. Orthoimagery of New Jersey were acquired in digital format from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and New Jersey Geographic Information Network (NJGIN). The following list provides additional details about the orthoimagery used. The sand lines are organized by area with all dates for each area compiled into one data-set (shapefile) named nj_sandln__.shp. The orthoimage date for each line is included in the shapefile attribute table "Date_" field. Date Type Source Resolution 19910309-19910313 Pan USGS, DOQQ 1 m (meter) 19950325-19950407 CIR USGS, DOQQ 1 m 20020218-20020411 CIR NJGIN 1 m* 20060805-20060613 Natural USDA, NAIP 1 m 20070318-20070415 Natural NJGIN 1 m* 20080808-20080826 Natural USDA, NAIP 1 m 20100703-20100726 Natural USDA, NAIP 1 m 20120314-20120416 RGBI NJGIN 1 m* 20130707-20130730 Natural USDA, NAIP 1 m Pan - Panchromatic (1 band, gray scale) CIR - Color Infrared (infrared, red, green) Natural - Natural Color (red, green, blue) RGBI - Natural Color and Infrared (red, green, blue, and infrared) DOQQ - Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads NAIP - National Agriculture Imagery Program *Resampled from 1-foot resolution imagery then smoothed using a 3 m by 3 m focal mean. Purpose: These data were extracted from orthoimagery to document the changes to sand areas in the undeveloped areas of New Jersey's barrier islands due to Hurricane Sandy and over time from 1991 to 2013. These data will aid in developing an assessment of the physical change in wetlands due to wave action and storm surge from Hurricane Sandy and in determining the resiliency of wetland systems that protect adjacent habitat and communities. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19910309 Ending_Date: 20130730 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -74.905369 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.973971 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.482178 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.928692 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:f9f93cc6-bd67-4ce7-b403-c16733a53964 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: aerial photography Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: orthoimagery Theme_Keyword: orthophotography Theme_Keyword: sand Theme_Keyword: overwash Theme_Keyword: erosion Theme_Keyword: beach Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: LAND SURFACE > LAND USE/LAND COVER > LAND COVER Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > BARRIER ISLANDS Theme_Keyword: COASTAL PROCESSES > BEACHES Theme_Keyword: DOI/USGS/CMG > COASTAL AND MARINE GEOLOGY, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: Sandy Hook Place_Keyword: Barnegat Bay Place_Keyword: Great Bay Place_Keyword: Ludlum Bay Place_Keyword: Great Channel Place_Keyword: Cape May Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: National Seashore Place_Keyword: Monmouth County Place_Keyword: Ocean County Place_Keyword: Atlantic County Place_Keyword: Cape May County Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Temporal_Keyword: 1991 Temporal_Keyword: 1995 Temporal_Keyword: 2002 Temporal_Keyword: 2006 Temporal_Keyword: 2007 Temporal_Keyword: 2008 Temporal_Keyword: 2010 Temporal_Keyword: 2012 Temporal_Keyword: 2013 Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Variability in the quality of the imagery from one date to another, from one image to another taken on the same date, and from one part of an image to another part of the same image, exists due to many factors including variation in sun angle, atmospheric conditions, season, reflectivity of the earth surface, camera angle, camera lens, camera settings, film sensitivity, water turbidity, water depth, tide level, waves, and error in image rectification. No adjustments were made to account for tide level. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Coastal and Marine Geology Program as the originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Kristy Guy Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. S. City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8181 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kguy@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: Monday through Friday 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (Eastern Time) Data_Set_Credit: Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Coastal and Marine Geology Program as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices. Sharing of new data layers developed directly from these data would also be appreciated by the U.S. Geological Survey staff. Users should be aware that comparisons with other data-sets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in photointerpretation, mapping conventions, and digital processes over time. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.2.2.3552. Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: The coding of the unsupervised classes may have varied within a single image due to varying image quality and surface conditions (such as the color of the sand in overwash and scoured beach areas and in areas adjacent to inlets). Inconsistencies due to differences in image quality should be expected. Not all of the orthoimagery data-sets covered the entire study areas. No adjustments were made for varying tide levels. Completeness_Report: The NJGIN October-November, 2012, imagery was not suitable for this type of analysis. Some areas in the Great Bay April 1, 2007, imagery were not suitable for this type of analysis so it includes only partial coverage. The March 11, 1991, imagery did not cover the entire Cape May study area. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The horizontal accuracy of the data is unknown. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: USGS Publication_Date: 2015 Title: USGS DOQQ Orthoimagery Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: orthophotography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Publisher: USGS Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19910309 Ending_Date: 19950407 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS Orthoimagery Source_Contribution: This data source was used to locate the sand areas' inland extent. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Publication_Date: 2015 Title: USDA NAIP Orthoimagery Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: orthophotography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/GDGOrder.aspx Publisher: USDA Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20060805 Ending_Date: 20130730 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USDA Orthoimagery Source_Contribution: This data source was used to locate the sand areas' inland extent. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: New Jersey Geographic Information Network (NJGIN) Publication_Date: 2015 Title: NJGIN Orthoimagery Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: orthophotography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: https://njgin.state.nj.us/NJ_NJGINExplorer/DataDownloads.jsp Publisher: NJGIN Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20130315 Ending_Date: 20130315 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NJGIN Orthoimagery Source_Contribution: This data source was used to hand-digitize a back-island shoreline. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Publication_Date: 2015 Title: NOAA Orthoimagery Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: orthophotography Publication_Information: Publication_Place: http://storms.ngs.noaa.gov/storms/sandy/index.html Publisher: NOAA Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20121031 Ending_Date: 20121106 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Orthoimagery Source_Contribution: This data source was used to hand-digitize a back-island shoreline. Process_Step: Process_Description: Using ERDAS Imagine 9.3, the orthoimagery was trimmed to the six study areas. Forty image classes were generated using the unsupervised classification method set to principal axis initializing, 1 standard deviation, 10 iterations maximum, 0.95 convergence threshold, skip factor of 1 for both x and y (no skipping), and zeroes not classified. The resulting classes were visually examined and coded as either sand or not sand. Using ArcGIS 10.2, the coded rasters were converted to sand area polygons. Polygons outside the island were deleted. Non-sand polygons within the main beach area with areas less than 25 m2 were merged with the sand area. Sand polygons with areas less than 100 m2 were deleted. The open-ocean shoreline edge of the polygons were trimmed and filled to a hand-digitized water line (the same-date open-ocean shoreline found within sshrln_*.shp, which is included in this Data Series publication) to simplify the irregular and misclassified areas caused by wet sand and waves. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS Orthoimagery Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USDA Orthoimagery Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NJGIN Orthoimagery Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Orthoimagery Process_Date: 2015 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: sandpo_*.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. S. City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8181 Hours_of_Service: Monday through Friday 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM (Eastern Time) Contact_Instructions: If unable to reach the contact by telephone, please leave a voice message. Process_Step: Process_Description: The main sand (beach) polygons were selected and converted to lines. The lines that represented the inland extent of the main sand area (beach/dunes/overwash areas) were kept and, in general, composed a continuous line. Some lines surrounding islands of vegetation within the main beach area were also kept based on an editing rule. The vegetation island had to be 100 m2 or larger, had to be the closest vegetation island of that size to the continuous sand line, and the distance between the continuous sand line and the vegetation island had to be less than or equal to the shore-normal width of the vegetation island for 50 percent or more of the longshore length of the vegetation island. All other lines were deleted. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Sand Area Polygons (sandpo_*.shp) Process_Date: 2014 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: sandln_*.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. S. City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8181 Hours_of_Service: Monday through Friday 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM (Eastern Time) Contact_Instructions: If unable to reach the contact by telephone, please leave a voice message. Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1635 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.6096 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.6096 Planar_Distance_Units: meter Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: sandln_*.shp Entity_Type_Definition: Lines representing the inland extent of the main sand areas (beach/dunes/overwash areas). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Id Attribute_Definition: User specified identifier. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1635 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Date_ Attribute_Definition: Date of orthoimage source. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Date in month, day, year formatted as text. This date may represent a date range if the exact date is unknown. If that is the case, the range of dates is stated in the Note attribute. Attribute: Attribute_Label: YYYYMMDD Attribute_Definition: Date of orthoimage source formatted as an 8-digit number representing year, month, and day. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Date formatted as an 8-digit number representing year, month, and day. This date may represent a date range if the exact date is unknown. If that is the case, the range of dates is stated in the Note attribute. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Note Attribute_Definition: Additional information. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Additional text information. If the source orthoimage was taken within a range of dates, those dates are specified here. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kristy Guy Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Fla. Contact_Position: GIS/RS Analyst Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 9:00-5:00 Eastern Time Resource_Description: DS 960 Distribution_Liability: Although these data were processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ArcGIS shapefile Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/sandy_hook.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/barnegat_bay.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/great_bay.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/great_channel.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/ludlum_bay.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0960/downloads/cape_may.zip Fees: None if obtained online; otherwise prices vary. Ordering_Instructions: Publications are available from USGS Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0046 (telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS, e-mail: infoservices@usgs.gov). Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Person: Kristy Guy Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8181 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kguy@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: Monday through Friday 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (Eastern Time) Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None. Metadata_Use_Constraints: None. Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None. Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: NONE